A formulação de uma teoria da relatividade geral em espaços não-comutativos tem sido investigada usando-se diferentes abordagens atualmente. Neste contexto, é feita uma revisão do formalismo que descreve a não-comutatividade do espaço-tempo. A seguir, são investigadas as interações entre os campos do gráviton e o bóson escalar, formuladas em um espaço comutativo mostrando-se um método alternativo para reescrever a ação desta interação. Finalmente, utilizando-se este método, obtém-se o termo dominante da ação de interação entre os campos do gráviton e escalar em espaços não-comutativos. Deste modo, somos levados a considerar transformações de coordenadas restritas, com parâmetro infinitesimal "~ 'SOBRE' W "POT.'mü'"(x) tal que " " IND.'mü'"~ 'SOBRE' W "POT.'mü'" = 0. Temos assim a versão não-comutativa da gravidade unimodular / The formulation of a general relativity theory on noncommutative spaces has been investigated using many different approaches. In this context, a revision of the formalism that describes noncommutative spacetime is made. Next, the interactions between the fields of graviton and scalar is investigated in a commutative space showing an alternative method to rewrite the action of this interaction. Finally, using this method, one obtains the dominant term of the action of graviton interacting with a scalar particle in a noncomutative space. In this way, we are led to consider restricted transformations with infinitesimal parameter wμ(x), such that, ∂μ ˜ wμ = 0. Thus we have the noncommutative version of unimodular gravity.

University, Diss., 2007--Frankfurt (Main). / Zsfassung in engl. und dt. Sprache.

A formulação de uma teoria da relatividade geral em espaços não-comutativos tem sido investigada usando-se diferentes abordagens atualmente. Neste contexto, é feita uma revisão do formalismo que descreve a não-comutatividade do espaço-tempo. A seguir, são investigadas as interações entre os campos do gráviton e o bóson escalar, formuladas em um espaço comutativo mostrando-se um método alternativo para reescrever a ação desta interação. Finalmente, utilizando-se este método, obtém-se o termo dominante da ação de interação entre os campos do gráviton e escalar em espaços não-comutativos. Deste modo, somos levados a considerar transformações de coordenadas restritas, com parâmetro infinitesimal "~ 'SOBRE' W "POT.'mü'"(x) tal que " " IND.'mü'"~ 'SOBRE' W "POT.'mü'" = 0. Temos assim a versão não-comutativa da gravidade unimodular / The formulation of a general relativity theory on noncommutative spaces has been investigated using many different approaches. In this context, a revision of the formalism that describes noncommutative spacetime is made. Next, the interactions between the fields of graviton and scalar is investigated in a commutative space showing an alternative method to rewrite the action of this interaction. Finally, using this method, one obtains the dominant term of the action of graviton interacting with a scalar particle in a noncomutative space. In this way, we are led to consider restricted transformations with infinitesimal parameter wμ(x), such that, ∂μ ˜ wμ = 0. Thus we have the noncommutative version of unimodular gravity.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo de transdutor paramétrica de alto desempenho do tipo cavidade reentrante supercondutora (ressonante em 10 GHz) para ser implementado no detector brasileiro de ondas gravitacionais. Estes transdutores monitorarão as vibrações mecânicas de uma massa ressonante esférica de Cu-AI(6%) com 65 em de diâmetro em uma faixa de frequência de 3200 ±200Hz. Várias geometrias, materiais e métodos foram testados e comparados para otimizar parâmetros como os fatores-Q mecânico e elétrico. Por fim, um modelo inédito foi construído. Neste modelo, o acoplamento mecânico com a antena é feito por contração térmica e o acoplamento elétrico com o circuito externo é feito por acoplamento eletromagnético remoto. As membranas (que fecham as cavidades) foram totalmente fabricadas a partir de lâminas de nióbio com 99,8 o/o de pureza e 0,05 mm de espessura, enquanto nióbio RRR300 foi utilizado para construir o restante do transdutor. O projeto das novas dimensões de cavidade reentrante atingiu fator-Q elétrico de 5 x 105 e df jdx de 8 x 1014 Hzjm, aumentando respectivamente em duas e dez vezes os valores dos modelos anteriores. Em condições criogênicas, o fator de acoplamento crítico ({J ~ 1) entre a sonda e a cavidade foi conseguido com a sonda afastada 4,0 mm do interior da cavidade. Este efeito permite eliminar o uso do complexo sistema de antenas micro-fitas tradicionalmente adotado. O resultado final foi a construção de um conjunto completo de oito transdutores paramétricas do tipo cavidade reentrante que, acoplados à antena esférica, poderão atingir a sensibilidade espectral h~-10-21 Hz-1 /2 em futuro próximo. / The main purpose of this work was to develop a model of parametric transducer of superconducting reentrant cavity type (ressonant in 10 GHz) with high performance to be implemented in the Mario Schenberg brazilian gravitational wave detector. These transducers will monitor the mechanical vibrations of the 65 em diameter CuAI(6%) I spherical resonant mass in the 3200 ± 200 I-lav frequency range. Many geometries, materiais and methods were tested and compared to optimize parameters such as electric and mechanical Q-factor. Finally, a new model was built. In this model, the mechanical coupling with the spherical antenna is done by thermal contraction and the electrical coupling with the externai circuit is done by remate electromagnetic coupling. The menbranes (which dose the cavities) were completely manufactured from niobium foil with 99,8 o/o purity and 0,05 mm thíckness, whíle niobium RRR300 was used to build the remainder of the transducer. The design of the new dímensions of reentrant cavity reached electrical Q-factor of 5x105 and df jdx of 8 x 1014 Hzjm, increasing respectively in two and ten times the values of the previous models. At cryogenic conditions, the criticai coupling factor (/3 ~ 1) between the probe and the cavity was obtained with probe moved 4,0 mm away from the cavity. This effect allows to eliminate the use of complex microstrip antenna system, which was traditionally adopted. The final result was the construction of a complete set of eight parametric transducers that,attached to the spherical antenna, will possibly reach the sensitivity h -10-21 Hz-112 in the near future.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo de transdutor paramétrica de alto desempenho do tipo cavidade reentrante supercondutora (ressonante em 10 GHz) para ser implementado no detector brasileiro de ondas gravitacionais. Estes transdutores monitorarão as vibrações mecânicas de uma massa ressonante esférica de Cu-AI(6%) com 65 em de diâmetro em uma faixa de frequência de 3200 ±200Hz. Várias geometrias, materiais e métodos foram testados e comparados para otimizar parâmetros como os fatores-Q mecânico e elétrico. Por fim, um modelo inédito foi construído. Neste modelo, o acoplamento mecânico com a antena é feito por contração térmica e o acoplamento elétrico com o circuito externo é feito por acoplamento eletromagnético remoto. As membranas (que fecham as cavidades) foram totalmente fabricadas a partir de lâminas de nióbio com 99,8 o/o de pureza e 0,05 mm de espessura, enquanto nióbio RRR300 foi utilizado para construir o restante do transdutor. O projeto das novas dimensões de cavidade reentrante atingiu fator-Q elétrico de 5 x 105 e df jdx de 8 x 1014 Hzjm, aumentando respectivamente em duas e dez vezes os valores dos modelos anteriores. Em condições criogênicas, o fator de acoplamento crítico ({J ~ 1) entre a sonda e a cavidade foi conseguido com a sonda afastada 4,0 mm do interior da cavidade. Este efeito permite eliminar o uso do complexo sistema de antenas micro-fitas tradicionalmente adotado. O resultado final foi a construção de um conjunto completo de oito transdutores paramétricas do tipo cavidade reentrante que, acoplados à antena esférica, poderão atingir a sensibilidade espectral h~-10-21 Hz-1 /2 em futuro próximo. / The main purpose of this work was to develop a model of parametric transducer of superconducting reentrant cavity type (ressonant in 10 GHz) with high performance to be implemented in the Mario Schenberg brazilian gravitational wave detector. These transducers will monitor the mechanical vibrations of the 65 em diameter CuAI(6%) I spherical resonant mass in the 3200 ± 200 I-lav frequency range. Many geometries, materiais and methods were tested and compared to optimize parameters such as electric and mechanical Q-factor. Finally, a new model was built. In this model, the mechanical coupling with the spherical antenna is done by thermal contraction and the electrical coupling with the externai circuit is done by remate electromagnetic coupling. The menbranes (which dose the cavities) were completely manufactured from niobium foil with 99,8 o/o purity and 0,05 mm thíckness, whíle niobium RRR300 was used to build the remainder of the transducer. The design of the new dímensions of reentrant cavity reached electrical Q-factor of 5x105 and df jdx of 8 x 1014 Hzjm, increasing respectively in two and ten times the values of the previous models. At cryogenic conditions, the criticai coupling factor (/3 ~ 1) between the probe and the cavity was obtained with probe moved 4,0 mm away from the cavity. This effect allows to eliminate the use of complex microstrip antenna system, which was traditionally adopted. The final result was the construction of a complete set of eight parametric transducers that,attached to the spherical antenna, will possibly reach the sensitivity h -10-21 Hz-112 in the near future.

No description available.

This thesis is a study of the validity and application of the on-shell recursion relations within the theory of General Relativity. These relations are also known as the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten (BCFW) relations. They reduce the calculation of a tree-level graviton scattering amplitude into the evaluation of two smaller physical amplitudes and of a propagator. With multiple applications of the recursion relations, amplitudes can be uniquely constructed from fundamental three-graviton amplitudes. The BCFW prescriptions were first applied to gauge theory. We thus provide a self-contained description of their usage in this context. We then generalize the proof of their validity to include gravity. The BCFW recursion relations can then be used to reconstruct the full theory from cubic vertices. We finally describe how these three-graviton vertices can be determined uniquely from Poincare symmetries.

This thesis is a study of the validity and application of the on-shell recursion relations within the theory of General Relativity. These relations are also known as the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten (BCFW) relations. They reduce the calculation of a tree-level graviton scattering amplitude into the evaluation of two smaller physical amplitudes and of a propagator. With multiple applications of the recursion relations, amplitudes can be uniquely constructed from fundamental three-graviton amplitudes. The BCFW prescriptions were first applied to gauge theory. We thus provide a self-contained description of their usage in this context. We then generalize the proof of their validity to include gravity. The BCFW recursion relations can then be used to reconstruct the full theory from cubic vertices. We finally describe how these three-graviton vertices can be determined uniquely from Poincare symmetries.

Dans le contexte de la Physique des Particules, la naturalité du Modèle Standard est une question qui fait débat. En effet, en l'absence de nouveaux phénomènes, le domaine de validité du Modèle Standard doit s'étendre jusqu'à l’échelle de Planck où la gravité quantique joue un rôle important. La différence en énergie entre l’échelle de Planck et l’interaction électrofaible est énorme (17 ordres de grandeur) ce qui est connu sous le nom de problème de la hiérarchie et constitue un problème de naturalité du Modèle Standard de la Physique des Particules. Une solution à ce problème serait l'ajout de dimensions spatiales supplémentaires.Cet ajout de dimensions supplémentaires entraîne l’introduction de nouvelles particules : les excitations du graviton, qui peuvent se désintégrer en 2 photons. La production de gravitons peut donc être observée dans des collisionneurs de hautes énergies notamment au LHC, en analysant les collisions proton-proton donnant un état final en 2 photons.L'analyse en diphoton, avec le détecteur ATLAS, avec une énergie dans le centre de masse de 13 TeV, permet d'explorer un intervalle en masse de détection d’environ 500 GeV à 7 TeV où pourraient se révéler des signatures de dimensions spatiales supplémentaire. Le challenge principal de l’analyse est de réaliser une bonne estimation de la composante du Modèle Standard dans les événements diphotons reconstruits par ATLAS. Cette analyse permet alors, en cas de compatibilité des données avec le Modèle Standard, d’améliorer sensiblement les limites d’exclusion sur les paramètres des modèles de dimensions supplémentaires. / In the context of particle physics, the naturalness of the Standard Model is still under discussion. In the absence of any new phenomena, the Standard Model should remain valid up to the Planck energy scale where quantum gravity plays an important role. The difference in energy between the electroweak interaction and the Planck scale is huge (17 orders of magnitude), which is known as the hierarchy problem and constitutes a naturalness issue for the Standard Model.A solution to this problem is the addition of additional space dimensions. This addition of space dimensions leads to the introduction of new particles which are graviton excitations and can decay into two photons. It might be possible toobserve graviton production at high energy colliders, especially at the LHC with the collision of proton-proton and looking at 2 photons in the final state.The diphoton analysis, with the ATLAS detector with an energy in the center of mass of 13 TeV, allows to probe a mass interval from 500 GeV to 7 TeV, where signatures of additional space dimensions, if they exist, can be studied. The main challenge of the analysis is to perform a good estimation of the SM contribution to signal. To perform this, it is necessary to discriminate true photons from misidentified jets or electronic noise. In the case of compatibility between data and the SM, this analysis allows to increase significantly the exclusion limits of the parameters of theadditional space dimensions model.

It is shown in three examples that future cosmological data may allow us to constrain fundamental physics in interesting ways. The first example illustrates that correlations in the polarization of the cosmic microwave background may allow us to put the strongest limit yet on the mass of a particle, the graviton, at a level of m . 10−30 eV. In the second example, it is shown that observations of the correlations of temperature anisotropies and polarization of the cosmic microwave background may reveal hints for the realization of a class of string theoretic inflationary models that go by the name of axion monodromy inflation, or, rule them out. If the evidence for inflation strengthens substantially, just the requirement that inflation occurred may be used to constrain models of fundamental physics. The third example shows that a class of string compactifications that are commonly used in the context of string phenomenology cannot support inflation and might thus be ruled out by cosmology. For completeness, a review of the physics underlying the cosmic microwave background radiation is included and some analytical results for the signatures of primordial gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background are given. / text