Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 10, 2009). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 290-311).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--McMaster University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-244). Also available via World Wide Web.

The International Joint Commission was instituted under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909; it held its constitutive meeting in 1912. The prime purpose of this organization is to prevent or settle Canadian -U.S. boundary waters - and certain other - disputes. The functions and powers the Commission was given under the 1909 Treaty are divided into four categories: administrative, quasi-judicial, arbitral, and investigative and advisory. The administrative functions were restricted to a then controversial group of boundary waters in the prairies. In its quasi-judicial capacity, which accounted for the majority of its work in the first half of its existence, the Commission is empowered to grant or withhold permission for certain planned endeavours - public or private - that would affect boundary waters. Thus far, the services of the Commission in its arbitral capacity have not been called upon. In recent years most of the Commission's work has resulted from matters referred to it by the two federal Governments for investigation and advisory opinion. In its most comprehensive endeavour yet the Commission, at the request of the two Governments in 1964, investigated and reported upon pollution in the lower Great Lakes and the international section of the St. Lawrence River. The Commission's final findings and recommendations, published in December, 1970, provided the basis for the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, entered into by Canada and the United States sixteen months later. The Agreement is a comprehensive and detailed pollution abatement programme, based upon laid down water quality objectives. It gives the Commission certain, primarily surveillance powers wiith regard to Great Lakes pollution without, however, changing the fundamental structure of its functions and powers. Though the clean-up of the Great Lakes is taking considerably longer than expected the two signatory countries can, according to the wording of the Agreement, hardly be held liable for breach of treaty. A comparison with several international commissions concerned with water resources reveals that the performance record of the International Joint Commission is decidedly superior to that of the others. This can be attributed to certain extrinsic advantages which it has over its counterparts, such as the number of countries involved, their political, cultural and economic proximity, and the geographically balanced location of the boundary waters, as well as to the way in which it has conducted its business, thus building up a respectable reputation over the years. Nevertheless, the Commission can ill afford to rest on its laurels. There remains considerable room for improvement in its operations. Moreover, major decisions concerning its future structure as well as a reassessment of its future role will have to be made in the near future. The final part of this thesis examines 1. whether the size of the Commission itself should be increased or whether the present six Commissioners should, instead, all serve on a full-time basis; the!latter is preferred; 2. whether the Commission should, or should not move towards becoming an international Great Lakes environmental administrative authority; basically, it should not; 3. the extent to which the public can participate in the work of the Commission. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Magister Legum - LLM / Currently, one of the most dramatic threats to human security is constituted by internal armed conflicts. In 1998, violent conflicts took place in at least 25 countries. Of these armed conflicts, 23 were internal, engaging one or more non-State armed groups. A crucial feature of internal conflicts is the widespread violation of humanitarian law and human rights by armed groups, from rebel groups to private militias. This thesis aimed at identifying various ways of promoting a better implementation of the Geneva Conventions and its Protocols by NSAGs in the Great Lakes Region. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM

No description available.

This study examines the history and culture of the Odawa people from their prehistory until the present time. This paper looks at a creation story of the Odawa to see how they perceived their own beginnings. Following this, there is an examination of the prehistory, protohistory and history of this people. The section on the history of this people is broken up into three major periods---French, British and American. In the course of this examination, it is discovered that they were originally part of the loosely structured Anishnaabeg (People), or the Ojibwa, Odawa and Potawatomi, which were made up of separate bands. They then coalesced into the Odawa, primarily under the influences of European contact. Finally, in the American period, they split into two main groupings---the Great Lakes and Oklahoma. This paper explores why the Oklahoma group ended up acculturated while the Great Lakes bands retained their culture. / Department of Anthropology

Clean drinking and recreational water is essential for human survival and contaminated water cause 1.4 million deaths worldwide every year. Both developing and developed countries suffer as a consequence of unsafe water that cause waterborne diseases. The Great Lakes region, located in the United States is no exception. Climate change is predicted to cause an increase in waterborne disease outbreaks, worldwide, in the future. To adapt to this public health threat, vulnerability assessments are necessary. This literature study includes a vulnerability assessment that describes the main factors that affect the spreading of waterborne diseases in the Great Lakes region. Future climate scenarios in the region, and previous outbreaks are also described. The study also includes a statistical analysis where mean temperature and precipitation is plotted against waterborne disease cases. The main conclusion drawn is that the Great Lakes region is at risk of becoming more vulnerable to waterborne diseases in the future, if it does not adapt to climate change.

Community members benefit from the opportunities and services that are provided by park and recreation departments. As technology has continued to improve, it has begun to influence some of the services and programs offered by park and recreation departments. This study presents information regarding World Wide Web use in parks and recreation departments in 1998. The study surveyed those park and recreation departments who were members of the National Recreation and Parks Association's Great Lakes Region in 1998. A total of 419 departments were included in the study. These 419 departments were grouped into three population categories (Under 15,000; 15,000-49,999; 50,000 and above). A survey return rate of 58% was achieved. Survey respondents were asked to list current and future uses of the World Wide Web in their departments by program and by activity. Respondents were also asked to identify why they were or were not using the web. The study also examined if there were differences between agency size and World Wide Web use, agency size and the number of computers used, and agency size and the number of computer specialists employed. Recreation professionals can use this study to identify whether their department would benefit from World Wide Web use. The information can assist in identifying strengths and weaknesses of the web in the recreation profession and in departments similar to their own. / School of Physical Education

This thesis starts by arguing that the civil conflicts that erupted in the African Great Lakes are rooted in a continuous pursuit of power, in which ethnic, regional and political identifiers are used by the contenders for power to rally community support. In an introductory chapter, I go back to the colonial era, drawing attention to Burundi and Rwanda, and then describe in more details Burundi's refugee crisis, ex-combatants' demobilization and the 2010 elections, all of which will be addressed in the subsequent chapters. <p><p>In the second chapter, entitled "On the Instrumental Power of Refugees: Household Composition and Civil War in Burundi", I study changes in household composition following household's exposure to civil war in Burundi. The analyses rely on a panel dataset collected in rural Burundi in 2005 and 2010. To address concerns over the endogenous distribution violence, I use an instrumental variables strategy using the distance to refugee camps, in which the Hutu rebellion was organized from the mid-1990s onwards. The analysis focuses on the impact of violence on demographic changes within households.<p><p>The third chapter, entitled "Who Benefited from Burundi's Demobilization Program?" and co-authored with Olivier Sterck (University of Oxford) and Philip Verwimp (ULB), assesses the impact of the demobilization cash transfers program, which took place from 2004 onwards in post-war Burundi. In the short run, we find that the cash payments had a positive impact on beneficiaries' consumption, non-food spending and investments. Importantly, it also generated positive spillovers on civilians in their home villages. However, both the direct impact and the spillovers seem to vanish in the long run. Ex-combatants' investments in assets were not productive enough to sustain their consumption pattern in the long run, as they ultimately ran out of demobilization money. <p><p>In the fourth chapter, entitled "From Rebellion to Electoral Violence. Evidence from Burundi" and co-authored with Andrea Colombo (ULB) and Olivier Sterck (University of Oxford), we aim at understanding the triggers of electoral violence in 2010, only a few months after the end of the war. We find that an acute polarization between ex-rebel groups -capturing the presence of groups with equal support - and political competition are both highly conducive to electoral violence. Disaggregating electoral violence by type, we show that these drivers explain different types of violence. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that ethnic diversity is not associated with electoral violence in post-conflict Burundi. <p><p>In the last chapter, entitled "Who Benefits from Customary Justice? Rent-seeking, Bribery and Criminality in sub-Saharan Africa" and co-authored with Olivier Sterck (University of Oxford), we have a closer look at the judicial system of Uganda, an important institution in a post-conflict economy. In many African countries, customary and statutory judicial systems co-exist. Customary justice is exercised by local courts and based on restorative principles, while statutory justice is mostly retributive and administered by magistrates' courts. As their jurisdiction often overlaps, victims can choose which judicial system to refer to, which may lead to contradictions between rules and inconsistencies in judgments. In this essay, we construct a model representing a dual judicial system and we show that this overlap encourages rent-seeking and bribery, and yields to high rates of petty crimes and civil disputes. <p><p>In Burundi, history has shown that instability in one country of the Great Lake region may destabilize the whole area, with dramatic effect on civilian population. Understanding the dynamics laying at the origin of violence, during and after civil conflict, is crucial to prevent violence relapse in any form, from petty criminality to larger scale combats. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished