The continuing of industrial revaluation and capitalism today are facing the most difficult enemy ever. 38 billion years of natural resources will be destroyed and over utilized within the next 10 years. The global business will be paying 1500 billion dollars to overcome the effect of changing wheather and natural environment especially those digital industry. The global high tech industry is having a ¡§Green colour¡¨ hits. It is not a war in invoice competition. It is a war for life. The continues of the technological advantages and fast development in industry, have bringing in a convenient life to human being but on the other hand it had introduced lots of troubles in our natural environment. The awareness of our natural environment began in 1970, the first ¡§Global Day¡¨ continues in 1972, Stockholm¡¦s environment and development conference, people begins their awareness of our natural environment, knowledge, understanding and its trouble. In August this year the European alliances will be announcing the three directions of the law in the waste of electrical engineering and facility and electrical facility and products awareness. Therefore the producers have to register their product before August this year. Which includes the digital produce company, products, after sales services and recycling business are all effected bye the law. The following trend of Green Process will be the next demand on industry generation. Under the green process direction, every products that produced have to be recyclable, Lead free, Halogen free . Therefore the trend will bring to a whole new revolution of digital industry. Taiwan¡¦s IC packing industry is one of the most important rule to be a part in global semiconductor. In order to be part of trend, and facing the changing environment, follow the flow is the only way to continue the business. Our aim for this research is to discover the green products¡¦ that¡¦s affect to the packing industry. Our research is hoping to discover a deep underneath for every cases of green process products changing and to the IC packing industry. We also hoping the research could analyze the future development of the green process environment.

Along with the increasing global environmental ism and the interest in green products, protecting the natural environment is essential to survival and economic development. The future marketing and promotion of products, in additional to the traditional variables of price and quality, requires consideration of a third variable - the environmental-friendly products. Many countries establish regulations to limit the application of ¡§lead¡¨ and other hazardous material. WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) mandates recycling of electrical and electronic products. RoHS (Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment) restricts 6 controlled materials starting on 2006.07.01. The ¡§lead-free¡¨ trend had unprecedented impact in the field of electronics. In the global industrial supply chain, Taiwan plays an important role in the manufacturing (OEM/ODM) stage. The Taiwan electronic industry¡¦s supply chain, in dealing with buyer¡¦s demands for green products have to take appropriate strategies to maintain the production competitive superiority of the global marketing. Facing the coming of the green electronic era, this research, with the aim on the solder industry and its future economic development, studies how the industry could effectively use the available resources, analyzes the internal operations and the external factors. Using the case study for A company, what are the feasible business model can apply? This research is hopping to elevate Taiwan¡¦s international competitiveness in light of the green revolution in the electronic industry.

Over the last few decades, the rising concern of environmental protection and consumers¡¦ increasing environmental consciousness have brought fundamental impacts to enterprises in the world. Environmental protection has become one of corporate social responsibilities, and in the meantime, one of the opportunities for profitability. Among all resources in organizations, human resource plays the most important role in keeping corporate competitive advantage. In order to create and maintain corporate competitive advantage, traditional human capital also has to be transformed into green human capital that possesses the ability to develop green innovation. The purpose of this research is to investigate how green human capital will be influential on the level green innovation, and how it actually leads to corporate competitive advantage. The study uses in-depth interviews and questionnaires to collect data for the analysis. The results reveal that green human capital strategic value has a positive impact on green product innovation and green product innovation has a mediating effect in the relationship between green human capital strategic value and responsiveness. On the other hands, green human capital uniqueness has a positive impact on green process innovation and green process innovation plays a mediating effect in the relationship between green human capital uniqueness and cost advantage.

Un nouveau procédé d'extraction des huiles essentielles a été développé, mis au point et optimisé nommé «Vapo-diffusion Assistée par Micro-ondes (MSDf)». Le procédé MSDf à été appliqué à l'extraction des huiles essentielles des peaux d'oranges et de fleurs de lavande. Ce procédé est basé sur la combinaison d'une technique d'extraction classique : l'hydro-diffusion et le chauffage micro-ondes comme technologie d'intensification. Une deuxième nouvelle approche pour l'extraction des huiles essentielles à partir de matrices aromatiques sèches et sans ajout de vapeur ni d'eau nommé «Diffusion à sec générée par micro-ondes (MDG)». Le procédé MDG à été appliqué à l'extraction des huiles essentielles des graines de carvi. Le MSDf et le MDG apparaissent comme des procédures «douces» permettant un gain de temps et d'énergie considérable et la diminution des rejets de CO2 dans l'atmosphère / Microwave steam diffusion (MSDf) was developed as a cleaner and new process design and operation for isolation of essentials oils and was compared to conventional steam diffusion (SDf). This green process has been applied and tested using two aromatic matrixes: fresh orange peels and dry lavender flowers. This process is based on the combination of a traditional technique of extraction: hydro-diffusion and the microwave irradiation energy. Without adding any steam or water, we proposed also a novel and green approach for extraction of secondary metabolites from dried plant materials. This “steam and water free” approach based on a simple principle involves the application of microwave irradiation and earth gravity to extract the essential oil from dried caraway seeds. MSDf and MDG were better than SDf in terms of energy saving, cleanliness and reduced waste water

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:55:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4561.pdf: 2229870 bytes, checksum: e51008e96773b0184eb28a316cf86d57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Penicillin G acylase (PGA, E.C.3.5.1.11) from Escherichia coli is an enzyme of great industrial importance, widely used for the hydrolysis of penicillin G, producing the 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), which is a key molecule for the synthesis of semi-synthetic penicillins. Among them, amoxicillin has a broad spectrum of activity against a variety of bacteriological infections. Industrially, amoxicillin is produced by chemical processes, which require drastic reaction conditions, several steps of protection and deprotection of reactive groups in order to prevent non-selective hydrolytic reactions, use of organochloride solvents with non-recyclable waste generation, which are toxic and harmful to the environment. The enzymatic synthesis is a more attractive alternative from the environmental point of view and economic. The tendency of the pharmaceutical industry is the development of enzymatic methods to produce these β-lactam semi-synthetic antibiotics, including amoxicillin. Nevertheless, a major obstacle to its industrial implementation is the limited yield, as a consequence of undesirable hydrolytic side-reactions, which lead to the formation of the by-product (p-hydroxyphenylglycine, POHPG) throughout the course of the reaction. This drawback can be partially avoided by reducing the water activity (aw) in the medium. For this purpose, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional organic media due to their high thermal and chemical stability, non-flammability, easy recycling, and negligible vapor pressure. Within this context, this work researched the development of an integrated green process for the recovery, reuse and recycle of the by-product (POHPG) of the kinetically controlled enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin, employing PGA immobilized on Sepabeads® in a totally aqueous medium reaction (sodium phosphate buffer 100 mM, pH 6.5), and assessed the catalytic activity of this biocatalyst in the presence of different ILs as cosolvents for these synthetic reactions, in terms of selectivity (synthesis/hydrolysis, S/H ratio) and conversion of the substrate 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). The recovery of the by-product (POHPG) of the kinetically controlled enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin in a totally aqueous reaction medium was done efficiently, achieving a final purity of 99% for the POHPG, which was successfully reused for the production of the substrate p-hydroxyphenylglycine ethyl ester (POHPGEE), achieving a conversion of 93%. Then, POHPGEE was recycled to the reactor (without any further purification) for another batch of enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin, following the characteristic profile that is expected for these synthetic reactions. This integrated green process generated sodium chloride (NaCl) as waste, which is an inert and harmless salt. Moreover, the assessment of the use of ILs as cosolvents for the reactions of kinetically controlled enzymatic synthesis of amoxicillin presented promising results. An increase of 400% in the selectivity was observed for the reactions carried out in the presence of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI.PF6), as cosolvent at a concentration of 75% (VIL/VWATER) in relation to the standard reaction performed in totally aqueous medium. Similarly, this figure reached more than 350% for reactions conducted in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMI.NTf2) at the same volume fraction, while for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI.BF4) there was only a slight increase in selectivity (about 57%). The highest conversion of 6-APA was achieved using BMI.NTf2 as cosolvent at a concentration of 71% (VIL/VWATER), representing an increase of more than 36% compared to standard aqueous reaction. No deactivation of the enzyme was observed after the reactions in any of the ILs, and the physical integrity of the biocatalyst particles was entirely maintained. The results of this work collaborated for the advance in the study of the enzymatic synthesis of semi-synthetic penicillins through the use of technologies more green . / Penicilina G acilase (PGA, E.C.3.5.1.11) de Escherichia coli é uma enzima de grande importância industrial, amplamente utilizada para a hidrólise de penicilina G, produzindo o ácido 6-aminopenicilânico (6-APA), que é uma molécula chave para a síntese de penicilinas semi-sintéticas, dentre elas, a amoxicilina, que possui um amplo espectro de ação contra uma variedade de infecções bacteriológicas. Industrialmente, a amoxicilina é produzida por meio de processos químicos, os quais requerem condições drásticas de reação, diversos passos de proteção e desproteção de grupos reativos para impedir reações hidrolíticas não seletivas, utilização de solventes organoclorados com geração de resíduos não recicláveis, que são tóxicos e nocivos ao meio ambiente. A síntese enzimática é uma alternativa mais interessante do ponto de vista ambiental e econômico. A tendência da indústria farmacêutica é o desenvolvimento de métodos enzimáticos para a produção destes antibióticos β-lactâmicos semi-sintéticos, incluindo a amoxicilina. Entretanto, um dos principais impedimentos para a sua implementação industrial é o rendimento limitado, em decorrência de reações laterais de hidrólise indesejáveis, que levam à formação do subproduto (p-hidroxifenilglicina, POHFG) durante todo o andamento da reação. Este inconveniente pode ser parcialmente evitado reduzindo a atividade da água (aw) no meio. Para esta finalidade, os líquidos iônicos (LIs) surgiram como uma alternativa aos meios orgânicos convencionais, devido à sua elevada estabilidade térmica e química, não inflamabilidade, fácil reciclagem e pressão de vapor desprezível. Neste contexto, este trabalho pesquisou o desenvolvimento de um processo integrado verde para a recuperação, reutilização e reciclo do subproduto (POHFG) da síntese enzimática cineticamente controlada de amoxicilina, empregando PGA imobilizada em Sepabeads® em um meio de reação totalmente aquoso (tampão fosfato de sódio 100 mM, pH 6,5), e avaliou a atividade catalítica deste biocatalisador na presença de diferentes LIs como cossolventes para estas reações sintéticas, em termos de seletividade (síntese/hidrólise, relação S/H) e conversão do substrato ácido 6-aminopenicilânico (6-APA). A recuperação do subproduto (POHFG) da síntese enzimática cineticamente controlada de amoxicilina em meio totalmente aquoso foi realizada eficientemente, atingindo uma pureza final de 99% para a POHFG, a qual foi reutilizada com sucesso para a produção do substrato éster etílico da p-hidroxifenilglicina (EEPOHFG), atingindo uma conversão de 93%. Em seguida, o EEPOHFG foi reciclado ao reator (sem qualquer purificação adicional) para outra batelada de síntese enzimática de amoxicilina, seguindo o perfil característico que é esperado para estas reações sintéticas. Este processo integrado verde gerou como resíduo o sal cloreto de sódio (NaCl) que é inerte e inofensivo. Além disso, a avaliação da utilização de LIs como cossolventes para as reações de síntese enzimática cineticamente controlada de amoxicilina apresentou resultados promissores. Um acréscimo de 400% na seletividade foi observado para as reações realizadas na presença de hexafluorfosfato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio (BMI.PF6), como cossolvente na concentração de 75% (VLI/VÁGUA) em relação à reação padrão realizada em meio totalmente aquoso. De maneira similar, este número alcançou mais do que 350% para as reações conduzidas em bis(trifluormetilsulfonil)imida de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio (BMI.NTf2) na mesma fração volumétrica, enquanto que para tetrafluorborato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio (BMI.BF4) houve apenas um ligeiro aumento na seletividade (cerca de 57%). A mais elevada conversão de 6-APA foi obtida empregando BMI.NTf2 como cossolvente na concentração de 71% (VLI/VÁGUA), representando um aumento de mais do que 36% em comparação à reação padrão aquosa. Nenhuma desativação da enzima foi observada após as reações em qualquer um dos LIs, e a integridade física das partículas do biocatalisador foi integralmente mantida. Os resultados deste trabalho colaboraram para o avanço no estudo da síntese enzimática de penicilinas semi-sintéticas através do emprego de tecnologias mais verdes .

Companies attempt to overcome their competitors by creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Innovation, understood as the introduction of a new good or service in the economic system by the producers, who educate consumers to look for new things that differ from those already on the market (SCHUMPETER, 1989) is configured as one of the most important means to achieve advantage over the rivals. Allied to this, the need for preservation of natural resources and the growing environmental appeal in recent years has motivated organizations to think green during the process and manufacture of its goods or services. Inserted in this scenario, the present study aimed to verify how the adoption of green innovation influences the achieving competitive advantage of companies in the electrical and electronic sectors Brazilian. Using a quantitative/descriptive model, the study adopted the conceptual model proposed by Chen, Lai and Wen (2006), which are presented two research hypotheses: (H1) green product innovation has a positive effect the pursuit of competitive advantage of organizations and (H2) green process innovation has a positive effect the pursuit of competitive advantage of organizations. Using a target population of the companies linked to the Brazilian Association of Electrical and Electronics Industry (ABINEE), the sample consisted of 113 organizations representing 20.62% of this population. Data collection occurred between the months of October to December 2011 and used a Likert-type questionnaire with five-point scale. The results showed that the level of adoption of green innovative practices, as well as the level of adoption of factors that lead to competitive advantage between the firms is high, because all the variables measured presented averages above the midpoint of the scale (3.00). Also it was verified by means Regression Analysis, that the relationship between green product innovation and achieving competitive advantage, and the relationship between green process innovation and achieving competitive advantage is considered significant, but at the moderate level, because the value of R2 was found 0.274, indicating that 27.4% of the variation of competitive advantage can be explained from the green innovation. Thus, it was found that both the green product innovation and green process innovation affect positively the pursuit of competitive advantage, and innovation process with greater intensity. / As empresas buscam superar suas concorrentes por meio da criação e sustentação de vantagens competitivas. A inovação, entendida como a introdução de um novo bem ou serviço no sistema econômico por meio dos produtores, que educam os consumidores a buscarem coisas novas que diferem daquelas já existentes no mercado (SCHUMPETER, 1989) configura-se como um dos mais importantes meios para alcançar vantagem frente às rivais. Aliado a isso, a necessidade de preservação dos recursos naturais e o apelo ambiental crescente dos últimos anos tem motivado as organizações a pensarem de maneira verde durante os processos e fabricação de seus bens ou serviços. Inserido nesse cenário, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar como a adoção de inovações verdes influencia na obtenção de vantagem competitiva das empresas dos setores elétrico e eletrônico brasileiro. De natureza quantitativa/descritiva, o estudo adotou o modelo conceitual proposto por Chen, Lai e Wen (2006), onde são apresentadas duas hipóteses de investigação: (H1) a inovação de produtos verdes afeta positivamente a busca por vantagem competitiva das organizações e (H2) a inovação de processos verdes afeta positivamente a busca por vantagem competitiva das organizações. Utilizando como população-alvo as empresas vinculadas à Associação Brasileira da Indústria Elétrica e Eletrônica (ABINEE), a amostra foi composta por 113 organizações que representaram 20,62% dessa população. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre os meses de Outubro a Dezembro de 2011, por meio de questionário do tipo Likert, com escala de cinco pontos. Os resultados apontaram que o nível de adoção de práticas inovativas verdes, bem como de fatores que conduzem à vantagem competitiva entre as empresas participantes é elevado, uma vez que todas as variáveis mensuradas apresentaram médias acima do ponto intermediário da escala (3,00). Também constatou-se, por meio da Análise de Regressão, que a relação entre a inovação de produtos verdes e a obtenção de vantagem competitiva, bem como a relação entre a inovação de processos verdes e a obtenção de vantagem competitiva é considerada significativa, mas ao nível moderado, já que o valor encontrado de R2 foi de 0,274, indicando que 27,4% da variação da vantagem competitiva podem ser explicados a partir da inovação verde. Assim, verificou-se que tanto a inovação de produtos verdes quanto a inovação de processos verdes afetam positivamente a busca por vantagem competitiva, sendo que as inovações de processos com maior intensidade.