Aux environs de Paris, entre le cœur d’agglomération et la couronne rurale, entre ville et campagne, s’étend un espace hybride où la part des espaces végétalisés – boisements, espaces agricoles, délaissés – est prépondérante mais fragmentée par les espaces bâtis. Le Conseil régional d’Île-de-France a cherché à mettre en valeur cet entre-deux au début des années 1980 au travers d’un projet de ceinture verte, outil d’aménagement conçu au cours du XXe siècle pour lutter contre l’étalement urbain. Faute de moyens, ne tranchant pas sur des limites précises, se chargeant de fonctions fluctuantes, la Ceinture verte est restée à l’état de projet flou. Dans le même temps, l’espace de la Ceinture verte n’a eu de cesse d’être investi par des attentes environnementales des citadins : quête d’un cadre de vie et de loisirs proches de la « nature », préoccupations en faveur de la biodiversité, recherche de services écosystémiques. Cette thèse montre le poids de ces attentes socio-environnementales sur la végétation, la territorialisation à laquelle elle participe ou la déterritorialisation dont elle est le symptôme, selon qu’elle est désirée ou délaissée. En observant les caractéristiques très anthropiques de la flore, cette thèse donne donc à voir la dimension sociale de la végétation en Ceinture verte, par-delà les velléités environnementales. Pour y parvenir, elle recourt à des méthodes géomatiques, d’analyse paysagère et de biogéographie (via des analyses statistiques multivariées de données botaniques originales), dans le cadre renouvelé d’une géographie environnementale qui participe indissociablement de la géographie physique et de la géographie humaine. En Ceinture verte, la question environnementale est d’abord un instrument de l’aménagement urbain contribuant à la qualité du cadre de vie au sein des espaces les plus favorisés (la vallée de Chevreuse est ici prise en exemple), et à la mise en ordre urbaine des espaces les moins bien intégrés à la métropole (la Plaine de Pierrelaye en est une illustration). Se construit ainsi à la périphérie de Paris une nature domestiquée, jardinée, urbanisée. / In the surroundings of Paris, between the urban heart and the rural outer ring, between the city and the countryside, lies an hybrid area mainly composed of vegetation spaces – woodland, cropland, spontaneous vegetation – which are fragmented by the urban sprawl. In the early 1980’s, the Île-de-France regional Council sought to protect those in-between spaces by promoting a Green belt. In the case of Paris, due to a lack of law support, confusions in the boundaries and evolving functions, the implementation of this planning tool, developed to contain urban sprawl along the 20th century, failed. Meanwhile, the area of the Green belt has never stopped gaining environmental attention from city dwellers. There, they especially seek a quality of life and leasures in « natural » landscapes, they are concerned about biodiversity preservation, they wish to benefit from ecosytem services. This thesis shows the impact of socio-environmental expectations on vegetation spaces by shaping or dismantling territories, depending on the attractiveness of the vegetation or its neglect. Hence, by highlighting the anthropogenic characteristics of plants, our work shows the social dimension of vegetation, despite the environmental intentions. Geomatic methods, landscape analysis and biogeography methods (statistical analysis of botanical data) are conveyed in the spirit of a renewed environmental geography which mingles physical and human geography. In the Île-de-France Green belt, environmental issues serve urban planning objectives, i.e. contribute to the quality of life in the wealthier parts (Vallée de Chevreuse is used as an example here) and put into urban order the less integrated areas (Plaine de Pierrelaye illustrates this aspect). As a result, a domesticated, gardened, even urbanised type of nature is being created in the surroudings of Paris.

This thesis investigates the architectural role of green belts and recreational zones as one solution to urban sprawl, ultimately creating healthier, more livable cities. A list of concepts and guidelines will be derived from both historical and modern green belt efforts, for the development of a more livable city in the 21st century. These concepts will then be tested as a tool on the city of Halifax. The concepts and guidelines will be used in the development of a green belt master plan. The plan will connect Halifax through existing and proposed parks and recreation. Secondly, it will develop a series of networks and connections enhancing the ability for alternate methods of transportation into and out of the urban core, facilitated by the design of a pedestrian bridge. Finally, a second design will support the existing program of mountain biking and create a unique architectural cycling experience for both the user and the observer.

This thesis explores interorganizational cooperation as a tool for grassroots expansion. It focuses on the importance of grounding development work in grassroots perspectives, while acknowledging the structural and practical limitations to this that exist inherently in the organization of the international system and in the nature of development actors. In order to address these limitations, it analyzes the resources, methods, and missions of development actors. It uses this analysis to demonstrate how coordination maximize resources and enables actors to increase their impact. Through a structural analysis of international, national, and local actors and development practices, this paper assesses where there is room in the international system for cooperation. To measure this question it lays out the underlying nature of the international system and the implications it inherently has that complicate interorganizational cooperation and grassroots expansion. Through the case of the Green Belt Movement, this paper investigates the potential for grassroots expansion. This case study demonstrates where there is room for cooperation by illustrating relevant collaborative projects. The Green Belt Movement specifically examines the potential for coordination in Kenya for climate justice, women’s rights, and community empowerment.

No description available.

Yes / Nelson Mandela, speaking of peace parks said “I know of no political movement, no philosophy, no ideology, which does not agree with the concept of peace parks … in a world beset by conflict and division peace is one of the cornerstones of the future … in the entire world” The IUCN publication, Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Co-operation[1], lists over 600 such regions and defines Parks for Peace as: “transboundary protected areas that are formally dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and to the promotion of peace and co-operation”. The single Prokletije mountain range is divided by three borders. It is one of the most beautiful and untouched areas of high natural habitat in Europe. One of the aims here is to preserve this most outstanding area of natural beauty and value, as well as making a contribution towards peace and stability in the region, promoting the growth of community between ethnic and religious groups. Interest in a peace park for this area has already been activated in Belgrade, Peć, Plav, Podgorica, Shkodra, Tirana, Plav and elsewhere, although, as Franz Stummann observed, “Politicians don’t see what’s happening on the borders” [2]. It has been said that "borders constitute the main cause of wars ... neighboring countries are the most prone to fight. The danger of violence creeps around borders" [3]. Despite considerable skepticism initially, a "peace park", covering a wide geographical area has been developing for the past decade in the area surrounding the meeting point in the high remote mountains of Kosovo/Albania/Montenegro. Each of these aspire to EU membership. There are already many people, NGOs, local and national authorities working on ongoing relevant projects within the area, as well as dialoguing, across the borders.

O cinturão verde de São Paulo aparece à consciência fetichista como expressão fenomênica do processo de acumulação e de desenvolvimento civilizatório do capital. No entanto, esse mesmo processo, sob a perspectiva da teoria crítica do valor pode ser pensado como explicitação do negativo como determinação da reprodução social. Nesse sentido, a partir da literatura geográfica e de trabalhos de campo pode-se compreender o processo de formação do cinturão verde, não mais como algo dado e naturalizado, mas como expressão social na relação sujeito-objeto, na qual o negativo põe a identidade aos termos. Desloca-se a análise da cisão entre rural e urbano, entre cidade e campo para o campo da crítica, na qual a cisão predicada como negativa impõe à análise a explicitação da negatividade constituinte de seus momentos lógicos e categoriais. Da produção crítica de valor, engendrada pelo desenvolvimento social das forças produtivas e pela divisão social do trabalho, tem-se a produção imanente do negativo como elemento determinante à reprodução social, que por sua vez se fenomeniza conformando na cisão cidade campo, o cinturão verde. É nesse cinturão que a agricultura e o imobiliário confrontam-se, mediados pelo capital financeiro, explicitando, sob o véu material da urbanização, o contrário da acumulação, explicitando que o desenvolvimento do cinturão verde não se põe como acumulação de capital e urbanização, mas como crise e negatividade imanentes ao capital. / Sao Paulo\'s green belt appears to the fetishized consciousness as a phenomenal expression of the accumulation and the civilizational development of the capital. However, this same process, from the perspective of value criticism can be thought as an explicitness of the negative as a determination of social reproduction. In this sense, as from geographic literature and as from fieldwork the formation process of the green belt may be no longer understood as something given and naturalized, but as a social expression of the specific relationship between subject and object, in which is the negative that sets the identity of the terms. Therefore, it moves the scission between rural and urban, between city and countryside to other qualitatively different level, in which the scission predicated as negative requires an analysis of the explicitness from the constituent negativity of its logical and categorical moments. The critical production of value, engendered by the social development of the forces of production and by the social division of labor, engenders the immanent production of the negative as a determining element to the social reproduction, which in turn makes a phenomenon pursuant to the scission city-countryside and therefore the green belt. In the green belt agriculture and the real estate market confront one another mediated by financial capital, explaining in the apparent urbanization the otherwise of accumulation, explaining that the development of the green belt it is not set as an urbanization/accumulation, but as immanent negativity and crises of the capital.

Issues of the environment have received increasing attention as demonstrated by the rise of the ecological movement in response to the threat of overpopulation, intensive agricultural methods and chemical pollution, all of which are reinforced by industrialization. Ecofeminist theories assert that industrialisation and capitalism have resulted in the oppression of both women and nature. Ecofeminism therefore represents a critique of patriarchal frameworks as well as a grassroots political movement with strategies to bring about an ecological revolution. However, ecofeminism as articulated in the West has been criticised for homogenizing and essentialising women. This study conceives ecofeminism from an African perspective by examining the work of Maathai and her Green Belt Movement (GBM) in relation to the Kenyan context. The study examines the effect of hegemonic practices such as colonialism and capitalism on the environment and gender relations. The study motivates the argument that Maathai's GBM offers a critique of industrialism and capitalist patriarchy occasioned by colonialism as well as a response to sustainability. The study advances the argument that the GBM represents a rethinking of the homogenizing imperative of western ecofeminism. The central hypothesis of this article is that Wangari Maathai's GBM is an African ecofeminist activism, which through environmental issues and interventions highlights gender relations and challenges patriarchy within national and global ideological structures. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of Kwazulu-Natal, 2006.

The sense of the diploma paper is to make a new entrance - green belt - for the paper factory - WANEMI. There is the exhibition pavillion and the administration building situated in the green belt. The main point of the diploma is the exhibition pavillion. The project is based on the basic principle of ekological architecture like - demounting, using of the waste water and using of the waste warm air. The elementary pavillions´ shape reminds of a paper folder. There are another small exhibitions and constructions in the park. Everything is united by shape and material. The park is the cultural area for sport and education.

A partir do sistema agrícola, buscou-se compreender como os agricultores de pequenas unidades organizam sua produção e como ela é subordinada aos mercados. O estudo foi realizado no bairro rural de Santo Ângelo onde residem 284 famílias de posseiros produtores de hortaliças. Isso permitiu a compreensão da organização atual do mercado (CEAGESP, CEAAP, CDR, supermercados e outros) com relação à atuação dos agentes econômicos e aos mecanismos de monopólio do capital sobre a produção deste tipo de propriedade. Partindo do pressuposto de que as pequenas unidades são frutos da contradição do modo de produção capitalista, sendo responsáveis por uma parte significativa da produção de alimentos frescos destinados aos grandes centros urbanos, chega-se à conclusão de que à subordinação aos mercados é a principal causa da ocorrência do processo de desintegração que este tipo de propriedade enfrenta. Apesar disso, os agricultores encontraram na organização política a maneira de permanecerem produzindo na localidade onde se encontram / The agriculture development has relegated the cultivate of vegetables, in Brazil, to small familiar production units. The Mogi das Cruzes municipality is the highest producer in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Almost all the production is destinated to São Paulo market, where it is comercialized in locals like CEAGESP or CEAAP. From these locals, the vegetables are distributed to other regions of São Paulo state or the country. This study intend to discuss the organization of vegetables production and its comercialization in Metropolitan Region of São Paulo

Le 4 mai 1913, s’ouvre dans les locaux de la Chambre de Commerce de Nancy, la première exposition d’urbanisme jamais organisée en France, l’Exposition de la Cité Moderne, avec pour point d’orgue un avant-projet de plan d’extension de la capitale lorraine. Caractérisé par un Grand boulevard de circonvallation qui redessine les limites d’une ville en plein développement, ce plan incarne les ambitions urbaines d’un nouvel âge d’or régional né de la proximité de la frontière avec l’Allemagne depuis 1871 et du formidable essor du bassin minier de Briey depuis les années 1900. Cependant, l’exposition n’est pas le fait des édiles nancéiens, mais des maîtres de forges de la Société industrielle de l’Est, et le plan n’est pas du à l’initiative des organisateurs, mais d’un collectif d’architectes locaux plus connus pour leur participation à l’École de Nancy. Au moment même où la place Stanislas s’impose comme une référence incontournable, la qualité de l’enquête documentaire internationale menée au préalable, et la participation du Musée social, mais aussi la publication du projet dans les colonnes de L’Architecture, et son exposition à Gand, Lyon et Paris, achèvent de faire de ce plan d’extension un témoin singulier des premiers temps de l’urbanisme. Au-delà des conditions lorraines et nancéiennes de son émergence, le propos ambitionne de resituer sa genèse par rapport aux grandes questions morphologiques soulevées par le débat international qui s’organise autour des manifestations de Berlin et de Londres, et plus particulièrement, de la question du traitement des limites de la Grande ville, entre boulevard de ceinture et cité-jardin, entre système de parcs et ceinture verte. / May 4, 1913, opens in the premises of the Chambre de Commerce de Nancy, the first exhibition of urban planning ever organized in France, the Exposition de la Cité Moderne, culminating in a preliminary draft of a plan d’extension of the Lorraine capital. Characterized by a Grand Boulevard de Circonvallation that redraws the limits of a city in full development, this plan embodies the urban ambitions of a new regional golden age born from the proximity of the border with Germany since 1871, and formidable boom of the mining basin of Briey since the 1900’s. However, the exhibition is not the fact of the city councilors of Nancy, but of the ironmasters of the Société Industrielle de l'Est, and the plan is not due to initiative of the organizers, but a group of local architects better known for their participation in the École de Nancy. At the very moment when Place Stanislas stands out as an essential reference, the quality of the international documentary survey conducted in advance, and the participation of the Musée Social, but also the publication of the project in the columns of L'Architecture, and its exhibition in Ghent, Lyon and Paris, complete this expansion plan as a singular witness of the early days of urban planning. Beyond the Lorraine and Nancy conditions of its emergence, the intention is to resituate its genesis in relation to the big morphological questions raised by the international debate which is organized around the Berlin and London demonstrations, and more particularly, the question the treatment of the limits of the Big City, between belt-boulevard and garden-city, between park system and green belt.