The interactions of glycoconjugates with carbohydrate binding proteins are responsible for a wide range of recognition events in vivo; including immune response, cell adhesion and signal transduction. Glycoconjugates have already found many medicinal uses as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, but their full potential is yet to be realised. Access to a variety of homogeneously glycosylated glycoproteins is essential for the study of these important carbohydrate binding events. This requires the chemical synthesis and attachment of biologically relevant glycans to unglycosylated protein scaffolds in a site selective manner. Here we describe the use of a range of glycosyl iodoacetamides to glycosylate proteins selectively via their cysteine residues. We have chosen the green fluorescent protein mutant GFPuv for use as a protein scaffold due its known tolerance of two cysteine mutations (E6C and I229C) and the previous successful derivatisation of these cysteines with iodoacetamides.1 The inherent fluorescence of GFPuv also makes it a useful candidate for fluorescence based binding assays or cell labelling studies.16 active, mutants of GFPuv were created using a mixture of site directed mutagenesis and DNA shuffling (including one mutant containing six reactive cysteine residues). This was achieved by producing random combinations of two synthetic variants of GFPuv, one of which contained 33 surface cysteines. 94 bacterial colonies expressing active GFPuv were then sequenced and the new chimeric genes analysed. Four monosaccharides and one trisaccharide (N-glycan core mimic) suitable for the chemical glycosylation via cysteines were synthesised and successfully used to create a selection of homogeneous neoglycoproteins. These neoglycoproteins were demonstrated to interact differently with different lectins (including ConA, GNL and Jacalin) in a qualitative fluorescence based assay. Interactions were shown to vary with glycan structure, position of glycosylation sites and the number of glycosylation sites.

Fosfolipases D (FLD) do veneno das aranhas do gênero Loxosceles são capazes de causar entre outros efeitos, uma forte agregação plaquetária cujo mecanismo ainda não foi elucidado. Portanto, para estudar o papel das FLDs nesta atividade, uma FLD recombinante de L. gaucho (LgRec1) foi fusionada com a proteína fluorescente verde (EGFP) e utilizada como uma sonda para detectar a interação de LgRec1 com plaquetas. Essa quimera, denominada EGFP-LgRec1, manteve as principais características da LgRec1. A microscopia confocal das plaquetas mostrou que LgRec1 não requer componentes plasmáticos para se ligar às plaquetas, embora estes sejam necessários para que a LgRec1 induza agregação. Além disso, foi observado que a ação da LgRec1 leva à exposição de fosfatidilserina. Contudo, esta exposição não está relacionada à morte celular. Portanto, este trabalho mostrou que uma FLD de Loxosceles se liga a plaquetas, promovendo a exposição de fosfatidilserina, possibilitando a ligação de fatores de coagulação e resultando na agregação plaquetária. / Phospholipases D (PLD) from spider venom of the genus Loxosceles are capable of causing, among other effects, a strong aggregation of platelets and its mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, to study the role of PLDs in this activity, a recombinant L. gaucho PLD (LgRec1) was fused with a green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and used as a probe to detect the interaction of LgRec1 with platelets. This chimera, named EGFP-LgRec1, remained the main activities of LgRec1. Platelet confocal microscopy has shown that LgRec1 does not require plasma components to bind to platelets, although these are required for LgRec1 to induce aggregation. In addition, it has been observed that the action of LgRec1 leads to exposures of phosphatidylserine. However, this exposure is not related to cell death. Therefore, this work showed that a Loxosceles PLD binds to platelets, promoting an exposure of phosphatidylserine, that may act as a scaffold for coagulation factors, resulting in platelet aggregation.

Fosfolipases D (FLD) do veneno das aranhas do gênero Loxosceles são capazes de causar entre outros efeitos, uma forte agregação plaquetária cujo mecanismo ainda não foi elucidado. Portanto, para estudar o papel das FLDs nesta atividade, uma FLD recombinante de L. gaucho (LgRec1) foi fusionada com a proteína fluorescente verde (EGFP) e utilizada como uma sonda para detectar a interação de LgRec1 com plaquetas. Essa quimera, denominada EGFP-LgRec1, manteve as principais características da LgRec1. A microscopia confocal das plaquetas mostrou que LgRec1 não requer componentes plasmáticos para se ligar às plaquetas, embora estes sejam necessários para que a LgRec1 induza agregação. Além disso, foi observado que a ação da LgRec1 leva à exposição de fosfatidilserina. Contudo, esta exposição não está relacionada à morte celular. Portanto, este trabalho mostrou que uma FLD de Loxosceles se liga a plaquetas, promovendo a exposição de fosfatidilserina, possibilitando a ligação de fatores de coagulação e resultando na agregação plaquetária. / Phospholipases D (PLD) from spider venom of the genus Loxosceles are capable of causing, among other effects, a strong aggregation of platelets and its mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, to study the role of PLDs in this activity, a recombinant L. gaucho PLD (LgRec1) was fused with a green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and used as a probe to detect the interaction of LgRec1 with platelets. This chimera, named EGFP-LgRec1, remained the main activities of LgRec1. Platelet confocal microscopy has shown that LgRec1 does not require plasma components to bind to platelets, although these are required for LgRec1 to induce aggregation. In addition, it has been observed that the action of LgRec1 leads to exposures of phosphatidylserine. However, this exposure is not related to cell death. Therefore, this work showed that a Loxosceles PLD binds to platelets, promoting an exposure of phosphatidylserine, that may act as a scaffold for coagulation factors, resulting in platelet aggregation.