There is an ongoing discussion on grey zone deterrence and how states should deal with grey zone situations. Most studies are based around Russian actions in Crimea and Chinas actions in the East and South China Sea. The objective of this paper is to create a better understanding of the grey zone deterrence and the handling of grey zone situations by the Swedish navy. The method for achieving this is a text analysis of Swedish strategic, operative, and tactical doctrines. The result of the analysis shows that there is a discussion of grey zone deterrence on the operative level in the Swedish armed forces, where the Swedish navy can assist the police, coast guard, customs et.al. There is only a limited and implicit discussion on the tactical level specifically for naval units.  The conclusion of this paper is that the Swedish navy can work with other governmental departments to handle grey zone situations, however the Swedish navy is limited in the ability to handle grey zone situations independently.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Communication Studies and Journalism Perception of Media Contents, Status and Role in Czechoslovakia in 1977-1989 Diploma thesis Author: Zbyněk Vlasák Consultant: PhDr. Jakub Končelík, Ph.D. Abstract This thesis called Perception of Media Contents, Status and Role in Czechoslovakia in 1977-1989 analyzes possible principles and circumstances of perceiving the role of the media in a specific environment of the normalisation period using methods of oral history. Furthermore, the thesis examines the function of the media in the everyday life of normalisation households and identifies the sources of images responsible for bipolarization of the outside world and their nature. It also deals with the public view on the importance of free media for the functioning of a democratic society. Last but not least, the thesis tracks the possibility of obtaining information from official, unofficial and foreign media. To be able to conduct the above mentioned analyses, the base of this thesis lie in historiography, several chapters deal with formal and informal pressure exerted on the official media sources and circumstances of foreign media broadcast on the Czechoslovak territory. We do not omit the international context of the period 1977-1989 and...

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We present a multi-objective two-echelon vehicle routing problem with vehicle synchronization and "grey zone" customers arising in the context of urban freight deliveries. Inner-city center deliveries are performed by small vehicles due to access restrictions, while deliveries outside this area are carried out by conventional vehicles for economic reasons. Goods are transferred from the first to the second echelon by synchronized meetings between vehicles of the respective echelons. We investigate the assignment of customers to vehicles, i.e., to the first or second echelon, within a so-called "grey Zone" on the border of the inner city and the area around it. While doing this, the economic objective as well as negative external effects of transport, such as emissions and disturbance (negative impact on citizens due to noise and congestion), are taken into account to include objectives of companies as well as of citizens and municipal authorities. Our metaheuristic - a large neighborhood search embedded in a heuristic rectangle/cuboid splitting - addresses this problem efficiently. We investigate the impact of the free assignment of part of the customers ("grey Zone") to echelons and of three different city layouts on the solution. Computational results show that the impact of a "grey Zone" and thus the assignment of these customers to echelons depend significantly on the layout of a city. Potentially pareto-optimal solutions for two and three objectives are illustrated to efficiently support decision makers in sustainable city logistics planning processes.

This article discusses ambiguous tactics of German Communist resisters in the Third Reich. The official historiography of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) portrayed Communist resisters as unfaltering heroes. By contrast, revisionist studies published after 1990 presented Communists as traitors and renegades. This study transcends these approaches that revolve around legitimation or de-legitimation of the dictatorship, and examines the dubious manoeuvring of three German Communists who strategically collaborated with the Nazis, namely Theodor Bottländer, Friedrich Schlotterbeck and Wilhelm Knöchel. While Knöchel’s attempts to outwit the Gestapo failed and could not prevent his execution, Schlotterbeck and Bottl€ander found ways to survive - largely without betraying their comrades. Even so, the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), as well as its successor in the GDR, the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED), reprimanded venturesome, inventive and obstinate Communists, excluded them from the party and brought them to court. The harsh reactions are indicative of the inability of Communist historiography to acknowledge ‘Eigen-Sinn’, and highlight a central shortcoming of the antifascist doctrine. Likewise, more recent revisionist approaches have failed to recognise various attempts of Communists to minimise harm and survive in the grey zone between betrayal and loyalty.

As startups digitais ocorrem como um fenômeno da própria Sociedade em Rede e de uma mudança profunda e qualitativa nas relações entre pessoas, espaços e coisas. Seus fluxos produtivos traduzem uma intensa transitividade dos espaços de produção, um protagonismo permanente com novas tecnologias digitais e uma mobilização do corpo como máquina produtiva. Esta pesquisa aborda a criação das startups na sua fase inicial, ou seja, nos momentos de idealizações do pensamento que age, na relação entre ideia e ação, especificando o movimento de travessia dos seus criadores, aqui chamados de Novos Idealistas, num percurso de alta criticidade denominado Zona Cinzenta. A partir dos pontos de ideação-previsão e experimentação-criação, a pesquisa produz reflexos sobre a arte desse empreendedorismo em situação-embrião. Com o objetivo de produzir um tecimento das suas ações na travessia, a pesquisa realiza um acompanhamento de processos nos territórios moventes das startups, desenvolvendo uma cartografia de conceitos que pulsam com intensidade neste transcurso. As teorias que situam o contexto desse novo modo de produzir, configurado pela hegemonização do trabalho imaterial, referenciam os caminhos da pesquisa, situando o conhecimento como principal força produtiva. Para entender esta travessia, a pesquisa navegou nos fazeres das startups, observando de dentro os movimentos de produção, a linguagem e o acionamento das máquinas comunicativas. Ao acompanhar os desejos e expor cases das ações, esta investigação assinala o fenômeno das startups como um novo empreendedorismo marcadamente digital, ecossistêmico e comunicativo. / Digital startups occur as phenomena of the Internet Society and a deep and qualitative change in relationships between people, places and things. Their production flows reveal an intense transitivity of production spaces, a permanent leading role with new digital technologies, and mobilization of the body as a productive machine. This research deals with the creation of startups in their initial phase. That is, in those moments of idealization of thoughts that relate idea and action, that specify the movement of their creators, here called New Idealists, on a high criticality path through what is called a Grey zone. Starting from the points of ideation-prediction and experimentation-creation, the research produces reflections on the art of this entrepreneurship in an embryo situation. With the goal of interweaving their actions in this passage, the research performs a monitoring process in areas where startups act, mapping concepts that pulsate with intensity along this course. The theories that contextualize this new production mode, in which immaterial labor dominates, reference the paths of research, placing knowledge as the main productive force. To understand this passage, the research navigated the doings of startups, observing from inside the movements of production, the language, the activation of the communication machines. In following the desires and exposing \'cases\' of actions, this research points to the phenomenon of startups as a new entrepreneurship, markedly digital, ecosystemic and communicative.

As startups digitais ocorrem como um fenômeno da própria Sociedade em Rede e de uma mudança profunda e qualitativa nas relações entre pessoas, espaços e coisas. Seus fluxos produtivos traduzem uma intensa transitividade dos espaços de produção, um protagonismo permanente com novas tecnologias digitais e uma mobilização do corpo como máquina produtiva. Esta pesquisa aborda a criação das startups na sua fase inicial, ou seja, nos momentos de idealizações do pensamento que age, na relação entre ideia e ação, especificando o movimento de travessia dos seus criadores, aqui chamados de Novos Idealistas, num percurso de alta criticidade denominado Zona Cinzenta. A partir dos pontos de ideação-previsão e experimentação-criação, a pesquisa produz reflexos sobre a arte desse empreendedorismo em situação-embrião. Com o objetivo de produzir um tecimento das suas ações na travessia, a pesquisa realiza um acompanhamento de processos nos territórios moventes das startups, desenvolvendo uma cartografia de conceitos que pulsam com intensidade neste transcurso. As teorias que situam o contexto desse novo modo de produzir, configurado pela hegemonização do trabalho imaterial, referenciam os caminhos da pesquisa, situando o conhecimento como principal força produtiva. Para entender esta travessia, a pesquisa navegou nos fazeres das startups, observando de dentro os movimentos de produção, a linguagem e o acionamento das máquinas comunicativas. Ao acompanhar os desejos e expor cases das ações, esta investigação assinala o fenômeno das startups como um novo empreendedorismo marcadamente digital, ecossistêmico e comunicativo. / Digital startups occur as phenomena of the Internet Society and a deep and qualitative change in relationships between people, places and things. Their production flows reveal an intense transitivity of production spaces, a permanent leading role with new digital technologies, and mobilization of the body as a productive machine. This research deals with the creation of startups in their initial phase. That is, in those moments of idealization of thoughts that relate idea and action, that specify the movement of their creators, here called New Idealists, on a high criticality path through what is called a Grey zone. Starting from the points of ideation-prediction and experimentation-creation, the research produces reflections on the art of this entrepreneurship in an embryo situation. With the goal of interweaving their actions in this passage, the research performs a monitoring process in areas where startups act, mapping concepts that pulsate with intensity along this course. The theories that contextualize this new production mode, in which immaterial labor dominates, reference the paths of research, placing knowledge as the main productive force. To understand this passage, the research navigated the doings of startups, observing from inside the movements of production, the language, the activation of the communication machines. In following the desires and exposing \'cases\' of actions, this research points to the phenomenon of startups as a new entrepreneurship, markedly digital, ecosystemic and communicative.

My thesis focuses on the problems of ecotourism, or more precisely its borders from an anthropological perspective, using example of a typical Cambodian community named Chambok. Based on five months of research, together with ethnographic methods of research I found out that boundaries of ecotourism are complex, multi-layered, problematic and negotiated and also that there are so called "grey zones" encompassing them. It is the conceptualization of these zones and boundaries, which is my contribution to current anthropological debate about ecotourism, which has been largely left out until now.

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Cette recherche porte sur une catégorie spécifique de travailleurs, les Travailleurs Indépendants Economiquement Dépendants (TIED), qui associent une indépendance juridique à une dépendance économique vis-à-vis d’un seul client. En cumulant des caractéristiques typiques des deux catégories classiques que sont les salariés et les travailleurs indépendants, les TIED s’inscrivent dans une zone grise du marché du travail. A partir d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de TIED français et brésiliens du secteur des Technologies de l’Information, nous nous interrogeons sur la signification sociale de cette forme d’emploi hybride et sur la façon dont elle émerge sur des marchés du travail aussi différents que ceux de la France et du Brésil. L’analyse des conditions de travail des enquêtés permet d’abord de situer les TIED sur un continuum entre salariat déguisé et véritable travail indépendant et de distinguer deux profils-types : les prestataires intégrés à la structure commanditaire et les indépendants en transition. Pour étudier les trajectoires professionnelles de ces travailleurs, nous mobilisons ensuite l’approche par les capabilités d’Amartya Sen (2000) : nous montrons que les parcours des TIED – privés des protections du droit du travail par leur indépendance juridique – reposent sur des processus d'accumulation et de conversion de différents types de ressources en libertés réelles (ou capabilités). De plus, si l’approche de Sen permet d’expliquer les différences de capabilités observées au sein de notre échantillon, nous proposons d’enrichir son cadre d’analyse afin de l’adapter à l’étude de trajectoires socioprofessionnelles. Les analyses réalisées nous conduisent enfin à distinguer deux groupes d’enquêtés, les "TIED réticents" et les "TIED épanouis" : les TIED réticents, plus nombreux au Brésil, expriment un attachement fort au salariat, alors que les TIED épanouis voient dans la position de TIED une façon d’échapper à des emplois décevants et trouvent souvent avantage à une situation qui leur offre plus d’autonomie que le salariat et plus de confort que la véritable indépendance. En nous appuyant sur les travaux de Fraser (2010) et Boltanski et Chiapello (2011), nous montrons comment le positionnement des TIED épanouis contribue indirectement à la remise en cause du rôle de l’Etat social.Les TIED apparaissent en définitive comme une figure emblématique d’un processus ambivalent d’individualisation qui contribue à l’émergence d’un sujet en quête d’autonomie, délié de ses appartenances traditionnelles, tout en favorisant une confrontation directe de l’individu avec le marché qui accroît les inégalités. Dès lors, si les désirs d’émancipation et d’autonomie des TIED épanouis nous semblent devoir être pris au sérieux, une réflexion s’impose sur les mesures susceptibles d’étendre les capabilités des individus tout en luttant contre l’exacerbation des inégalités et en préservant un système de mutualisation des risques fondé sur la solidarité. / This research deals with a specific category of workers, the Economically Dependent Self-employed Workers (EDSW), who associate legal independence with an economic dependence upon a single client. Combining typical characteristics of two traditional labor categories, wage-labor and self-employment, EDSW fall within a grey zone of the labor market. Starting from a qualitative survey conducted among French and Brazilian EDSW from the Information Technology sector, we question the social significance of this hybrid employment form and the way it emerges in labor markets as dissimilar as those of France and Brazil. At first, the analysis of EDSW working conditions enables to place them on a continuum between disguised wage-labor and real self-employment and to identify two typical profiles: service providers integrated to the client structure and transitioning self-employed workers. To study their occupational path, we then mobilize Amartya Sen’s capability approach (2000): we show that the careers of EDSW – deprived of labor law protection by their self-employment status – rely on accumulation and conversion processes of various resources types into real freedom (or capabilities). Moreover, if Sen's approach helps explaining the observed differences in capabilities within our sample, we propose to enrich its analytical framework in order to adapt it to socio professional path study. Finally, the conducted analyzes lead us to split our sample into two groups: the ‘reluctant EDSW’ and the ‘fulfilled EDSW’. The reluctant EDSW, more numerous in Brazil, express a strong attachment to wage-labor, whereas the fulfilled EDSW see in EDSW position a way to exit disappointing jobs and often find benefits in a situation which offers them more autonomy than wage-labor and greater comfort than actual self-employment. Mobilizing the theoretical contributions of Fraser (2010) and Boltanski and Chiapello (2011), we demonstrate how the positioning of the fulfilled EDSW contributes to indirectly challenge the welfare state’s role.EDSW ultimately appear as an icon of an ambivalent process of individualization which contributes to the emergence of a subject who is seeking for autonomy, relieved from its traditional affiliations, while simultaneously promoting a direct confrontation of the individuals with the market that increases inequalities. Therefore, if the fulfilled EDSW’s wishes for emancipation and autonomy should be seriously considered, a reflection is needed on measures that may increase individual capabilities while struggling against increasing inequalities and maintaining a system of risks management based on solidarity. / Essa tese está dedicada a uma categoria específica de trabalhadores, os Trabalhadores Autônomos Economicamente Dependentes (TAEDs), que cumulam uma autonomia jurídica com uma situação de dependência econômica em relação a um único cliente. Ao associar características típicas das duas categorias clássicas que são os assalariados e os trabalhadores autônomos, os TAEDs inscrevem-se numa zona cinzenta do mercado de trabalho. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada com TAEDs franceses e brasileiros do setor de Tecnologia da Informação, perguntamo-nos acerca do significado social dessa forma híbrida de trabalho e da sua emergência nos mercados de trabalho tão distintos da França e do Brasil. A análise das condições de trabalho dos entrevistados possibilita primeiro situar os TAEDs num continuum entre emprego assalariado e verdadeiro trabalho autônomo e diferenciar dois perfis: os prestadores integrados na estrutura cliente e os autônomos em transição. Para estudar as trajetórias profissionais desses trabalhadores, mobilizamos, em seguida, a abordagem pelas capacidades de Amartya Sen (2000): mostramos que os percursos dos TAEDs – que são privados das proteções trabalhistas pela sua autonomia jurídica – dependem de processos de acumulação e conversão de distintos tipos de recursos em liberdades reais (ou capacidades). Além disso, se a abordagem de Sen permite explicar as diferenças de capacidades observadas na nossa amostra, propomos enriquecer o seu marco de análise para adaptá-lo ao estudo de trajetórias socioprofissionais. As análises realizadas nos levam finalmente a distinguir dois grupos de entrevistados, os “TAEDs reticentes” e os “TAEDs satisfeitos”: os TAEDs reticentes, mais numerosos no Brasil, expressam um forte apego ao emprego assalariado enquanto os TAEDs satisfeitos veem na posição de TAED uma forma de se livrarem de empregos decepcionantes e, na maioria dos casos, creem vantajosa uma situação que oferece uma autonomia maior que o emprego assalariado e um conforto maior que o trabalho verdadeiramente autônomo. A partir das obras de Fraser (2010) e Boltanski e Chiapello (2011), mostramos que o posicionamento dos TAEDs satisfeitos questiona indiretamente o papel do Estado social. Os TAEDs aparecem então como uma figura emblemática de um processo ambivalente de individualização que contribui para a emergência de um sujeito que busca autonomia e está livre de seus pertencimentos tradicionais, ao mesmo tempo em que favorece um confronto direto do indivíduo com o mercado que aumenta as desigualdades. Se achamos que os desejos de emancipação e autonomia dos TAEDs satisfeitos têm que ser levados a serio, é necessário refletir sobre as medidas que poderiam expandir as capacidades dos indivíduos, lutando contra o aumento das desigualdades e preservando um sistema solidário de gestão dos riscos.