Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Zuzana Drobná Supervisor: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title: Dynamometry as a prognostic and prediction marker Dynamometry is a method for measuring muscle strength. It is one of the methods of biomechanical motion analysis. There are two types of dynamometry. Isokinetic dynamometry is based on isokinetic muscle contraction. In this contraction, the muscles change their length. Isometric dynamometry is based on isometric muscle contraction. The length of the muscle does not change during the contraction. In my master thesis, 22 studies were included. Of this, 18 were engaged in a dynamometer, which measured muscle strength. Studies have been focused on prediction of short and long-term mortality, prognosis of hospitalized and severely ill patients, prediction of disease symptoms (cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease). I searched for studies according to the PubMed database. In 16 studies, it was confirmed that dynamometry can be used in the present time as a reliable diagnostic, predictive and prognostic method. Dynamometry is characterized as a simple, objective, non-invasive, easily transposable and reproducible method. Keywords: dynamometer, muscle...

Une situation de violence intentionnelle infligée de l’extérieur, propulse le sujet sur une scène qui infiltre le présent d’une actualisation du passé et provoque un vertige abyssal qui invite à une figurabilité interne de traumas primordiaux conjugués à l’évènementiel. Cette expérience a valeur d’épreuve et force la mise au travail psychique.En s’appuyant sur la clinique des violences conjugales et de celle des victimes d’agression « sur la voie publique », trois axes de recherche sont proposés :- Les processus de répétition agis, cauchemardés ou oralisés, agents de changement.- Le corps et la psyché en tant que surfaces de réception et de figuration des violences- La prégnance du détail comme moteur essentiel du traitement du trauma.A la suite d’une agression, le processus astériforme fournit des points d’accroche pour faire bord au risque d’anéantissement grâce à un mouvement de reprise, par diffraction, focalisation, et unification-différenciation. Faute de pouvoir se représenter l’irreprésentable, à savoir le Réel de la mort, le sujet trace une esquisse, et met en place les prémices d’une figuration dont il va pouvoir se saisir. Après l’effondrement se dessine une possibilité de reconstruction. / In situations where violence is deliberately inflicted from outside, the victim is propelled into a position where the present is infiltrated by an actualisation of the past and provokes a deep confusion linked to internal experiences of past events and primordial traumas. This experience has a test value and forces the beginning of the psychical work.Three axes of research are proposed in considering the victim experience in domestic as well as public violence:- To consider using acted, nightmares and verbalisation process of repetition as agents of change.- The body and the psyche as surfaces for reception and figuration of violence.- The use of expressed salient details as a driving force of the trauma treatment.Following an attack, the psychic asterism approach provides reference points and is able to promote the recovery process by way of diffraction, focusing an reunifying. In an attempt to represent the unrepresentable together with the reality of death, the victim will start to sketch the beginning of a figuration which he will be able to grab.Following a collapse, there begins to appear a possibility of rebuilding.

This study analyzed the relationships present between grip strength, wrist flexion, arm length, partial and total, and throwing velocity. Thirty-one subjects were tested to obtain the data on these variables. A multiple linear regression equation produced a significant F ratio for the relationship between grip strength and throwing velocity. Neither wrist flexion nor arm length obtained a significant F ratio to throwing velocity. A stepwise multiple regression equation again displayed a significant F ratio for grip strength and throwing velocity. Wrist flexion and arm length did not produce a significant F ratio for their relationships to throwing velocity. This study concludes that of the variables tested, only grip strength displayed a significant relationship to throwing velocity. This study indicates that throwing velocity can be predicted at a moderate level from the measurement of grip strength.

Harvesting heads are an essential part of today’s forestry industry, enabling a high rate of tree felling from a single operator. Requirements for the forestry machine they are attached to are strongly linked to the weight of the harvesting head, providing an incentive to make the heads as light as possible. This can be done in various ways, of which one is switching the material to one that is lighter.This thesis examined the feasibility of producing the frame of a harvesting head in carbon fiber reinforced polymer. This was done through a redesign approach in several phases. The design and requirements of the existing harvesting head were detailed, the strengths and weaknesses of the material were studied, and topology optimization was utilized as a tool for better understanding the load paths and possible material placement. Concepts aimed at enabling production and use of the new frame while keeping features necessary for component attachment and function was then generated.The results showed a frame made largely from carbon fiber reinforced polymer, but with elements of steel, and with a total weight reduction of 45% compared to the original design. The conclusions of the thesis, within the established delimitations, is that a frame from this material is possible but complex to produce.

Thesis title: Evaluation of effectiveness of using myoelectric prosthesis by people with congenital or acquired amputation of the upper limb Aims: The aim of my thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of myoelectric prosthesis using by people with upper limb amputation. Find out how effectively users are able to manage individual tasks with myoprosthesis and basic ADL activities. Methodology: The research group consisted of 6 people with upper limb amputation. In this thesis, there were used three methods of data collection. The first method that was applied was a survey, which was used to obtain anamnestic data by the research group. The second method of data collection was the observation of probands during the performance of individual tasks. The third chosen method was measurement by using a special test aimed at evaluation of the effectiveness while using and the involvement of myorpothesis in the locomotor chain against a healthy upper limb. Results: Based on observations and measurements, it was performed that all probands are able to functionally and effectively involve the myoprosthesis in the locomotor chain in the performance of individual tasks. Another positive result of this thesis was the finding that all probands obtained in the test over 50% rate of effective use when comparing the...

Motorsport has become a multidisciplinary sport in which skilled engineers and strategists play as big a part in the team’s success as the athlete driving the car. In Formula One it is common practice for teams to have dedicated resources on the track that are supported by a second team back at the home base who analyses telemetry data and performs simulations to refine the racing strategy. Optimal control calculations are typically used to optimise vehicle setup parameters (such as ride height and heave spring stiffness) and driver inputs (such as braking and steering) specific to each track. Traditionally this approach has been employed by minimising time over a single lap. Although this is useful in qualifying simulations, there is an unexplored element of optimising a vehicle’s "race pace". Drivers complete qualifying laps using minimal fuel with new tyres to get the best possible lap time but this performance cannot be sustained throughout the whole race. Drivers need to manage their tyres so that they do not wear prematurely and have a detrimental effect on their performance. This work places an emphasis on tyre modelling and in particular how optimal control can be used to optimise a tyre management strategy. A model has been presented that reduces grip as a function of tyre wear. This ensures that the qualifying pace cannot be sustained indefinitely. A thermodynamic model consisting of two states (surface and carcass temperature) is used to calculate tyre wear, which ultimately dictates how much grip can be provided by each tyre. The objective function for the optimal control problem is to minimise time over multiple laps and the absolute tyre wear (in mm tread) is constrained to a predefined limit. This ensures that the consequences of pushing the car to its limits are considered: overheating temperatures and accelerated wear will be detrimental to racing performance. The optimal control solver needs to manage the tyre temperatures carefully over a racing distance. It has been shown that lap times degrade more severely as the tyres reach the end of their life. At some point in the race this drop off in performance will render the car uncompetitive and strategists can use this model to evaluate the performance of different tyre compounds at each track and to strategically plan pit stops during a race. / Dissertation (MEng (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng (Electronic Engineering) / Unrestricted

Bakgrund: Sportfysioterapeuter hjälper atleter att förbättra sport-specifika förmågor. Inom ishockey är slagskottet den skotteknik som producerar den snabbaste puckhastigheten. Handgreppsstyrka har visat sig vara viktig för en hockeyspelares sport-specifika förmågor och klubbrörelser. Skridskohastighet är en viktig variabel sett till hockeyspelares övergripande prestationsnivå. Syfte: Att undersöka den genomsnittliga maximala skotthastigheten, den genomsnittliga maximala handgreppsstyrkan och den genomsnittliga maximala skridskohastigheten hos en grupp manliga svenska elithockeyspelare och undersöka sambandet mellan den maximala skotthastigheten och den maximala handgreppsstyrkan samt skridskohastigheten. Metod: Ett lag på tjugotre manliga elithockeyspelare tillfrågades varav tjugo deltog i studien. Endast utespelare tillfrågades. Tvärsnittstudie med kvantitativ ansats bestående av enstaka mätningar på en grupp. Skotthastighet, handgreppsstyrka och skridskohastighet mättes en gång per testperson vid tre separata tillfällen. Resultat: Sjutton hockeyspelare slutförde studien. Den genomsnittliga maximala skotthastigheten var 128,167 km/h. Den genomsnittliga maximala handgreppsstyrkan var 60,2 kg. Den genomsnittliga skridskohastigheten var 1,405s mätt på en sträcka av 15 meter. Sambandet mellan skotthastighet och handgreppsstyrka var svagt negativt och ej statistiskt signifikant (r=-0,042; p=0,876). Sambandet mellan skotthastighet och skridskohastighet var svagt negativt och ej statistiskt signifikant (r=-0177; p=0,508).     Konklusion: De genomsnittliga maximala värdena på skotthastighet, handgreppsstyrka och skridskohastighet är jämförbara med andra studiers värden. Sambandet mellan skotthastighet och handgreppstyrka samt skridskohastighet var svagt vilket pekar på att dessa faktorer inte är en indikator på skotthastigheten vid ett slagskott. Fler studier behövs för att stödja studiens resultat. / Background: Sportsfysiotherapists help athletes improve their sport-specific abilities. In ice-hockey, the slap shot is the shot-technique that produces the greatest puck velocity. Hand grip strength have shown to be important to hockey players sport-specific abilities and stick movements. Skating speed is an important variable for the hockey players overall performance.    Aim: To investigate the mean hand grip strength, skating speed and shooting speed on a group swedish male elite ice-hockey players and investigate the correlation between these factors.     Methods: A team of twentythree male elite hockey players were asked to participate in the study. Twenty players participated. A cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach consisting of single measures on one group. Puck velocity, handgrip strength and skating speed were measured one time per player on three separate sessions.    Results: Seventeen hockey players completed the studie. The mean puck velocity was 128,167 km/h. The mean hand grip strength were 60,2 kg. The mean shooting speed were 1,405s measured on a distance of 15 meters. The correlation between puck velocity and hand grip strength were not statistically significant weak negative (r=-0,042; p=0,876). The correlation between mean puck velocity and shooting speed were not statistically significant weak negative(r=-0,177; p=0,508).    Conclusion: The mean maximal values of puck velocity, hand grip strength and shooting speed are comparable with similar values from other studies. The correlation between puck velocity and hand grip strength and shooting speed were weak which indicate that these factors do not affect the puck velocity from a slap shot. Further studies are needed to strengthen this study's result.

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<p dir="ltr">Ninety percent of humans are right-handed, and this is often construed to mean that the right hand is better than the left at all tasks, in the right-handed individuals. However, we often ignore the important role played by the left-hand when performing certain bimanual tasks. For instance, when slicing a bread loaf, stabilizing the bread with the left hand is as important as slicing it with the right hand. This implies that each hand is dominant in different types of tasks. The influential dynamic dominance theory posits that each hand’s specific dominance arises from the contralateral hemisphere specialization. The dominant (right) arm produces well-coordinated movements because the left hemisphere is superior at predictive control, and the non-dominant (left) arm shows better stabilizing performance because the right hemisphere is superior at impedance control. This theory has been proposed by studying arm movements. However, it is unclear whether the features of this theory extend to grip force control during object manipulation. This is an important gap in our knowledge; identifying the differences in hand-specific control of grip force would improve our understanding of sensorimotor control of skilled bimanual manipulations. Therefore, the goal of my dissertation was to investigate whether the features of dynamic dominance extend to the control of grip forces in bimanual object manipulation.</p><p dir="ltr">In this dissertation, I performed two studies to investigate the control of complex, bimanual object manipulation tasks. Participants held an object in each hand. The two objects were connected by a spring. The grip forces of each hand accounted not only for the dynamics of the object that the hand manipulated, but also for the destabilizing forces that arose from the actions of the other hand that were transmitted by the spring. This experimental design mimics ecological tasks like slicing bread to the first degree of approximation. The goals were to determine whether the features of hand-specific specialization of control observed in wrist movements is also evident in the movement of hand-held objects and in the control of grip forces during movement execution (study 1) and planning (study 2). Furthermore, I investigated how task uncertainty interacts with hemispheric specialization in modes of grip forces control in both studies.</p><p dir="ltr">In study 1, I investigated whether grip force characteristics differ between hands during an ongoing bimanual manipulation. The right hand produced accurate object movement performance accompanied by stronger modulations in grip force in response to dynamics of loads associated with object movement compared to the left hand. In contrast, the left hand stabilized the object’s position better by exerting a higher grip force on the object. The main contribution of this study is that it suggests that the left hemisphere specializes in predicting dynamics of loads associated with object movements whereas the right hemisphere specializes in ensuring object’s stability by increasing its impedance.</p><p dir="ltr">In study 2, I investigated anticipatory modulations in grip force before an impending bimanual object manipulation task. I studied how each hand prepared grip force for the expected increase in load force, thereby uncovering differences in underlying motor planning processes of each hand. Grip force increased in both hands; however, this increase was greater in the left hand. This result indicates that the right hemisphere relies more on impedance control during planning. The main contribution of this study is that it suggests that even the motor planning processes that prepare each hand for an impending motor action are specialized in a way consistent with the predictions of dynamic dominance theory.</p><p dir="ltr">This dissertation adds to the existing knowledge about hemispheric specialization of arm movement control and extends it to grip force control. Future studies should focus on how the control of arm movements and grip force interact in each hemisphere. Furthermore, building on this dissertation, future work on pathology- and age-related dexterity loss could potentially lead to better interventions that improve the quality of life in these populations.</p>