The most common form of nutritional deficiency worldwide is iron deficiency, which is associated with sup optimal early brain development. Literature indicates that children with a poor nutritional status during early development of the brain showed poorer cognitive functioning, deficient growth and muscle function. The first purpose of this study was to determine if iron status plays a role in motor competency. A second purpose was to determine if iron status shows an association with motor competency, behavioural characteristics and scholastic success, while a third purpose was to determine if the consumption of different teas will improve iron intake positively and consequently will improve motor development and behaviour. A test- retest research design was used in a randomised parallel study, with one group of children drinking tea and a control group drinking 'rooibos' tea. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) (Henderson & Sugden, 1992) was used to determine the DCD (Developmental co-ordination disorder) status in the group (N = 76). In this group, 45 children were classified as children with DCD. Blood samples were taken to determine the haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin saturation levels while a 24hr recall dietary questionnaire was used to determine nutritional intakes. Descriptive statistics, t-testing, effect sizes and analysis of co-variance were used to analyse the data. With regards to the first aim of the study, the results which were analysed by means of t-testing, effect sizes and co-variance of analysis indicated that iron deficiency showed significant relationships with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). When corrected for influences other than haemoglobin on gross motor competency manual dexterity, and especially ball skills, showed significant relationships with iron deficiency. These results demonstrate the importance of proper nutrition on motor and cognitive development. With reference to the second aim of the study the assessment of children with DCD by the teachers with regard to their manual dexterity and behavioural characteristics, indicated poorer manual dexterity and more behavioural problems compared to children without DCD. The children in the DCD group was also divided into a group where the MABC-total showed improvement and their haemoglobin levels increased (n=19). This group was then compared with a group of DCD children of which the MABC total decreased and a decrease in haemoglobin was found (n=6). Although the groups were small, the results indicate that manual dexterity skills and mathematics, reading and writing was poorer in the DCD-children whose iron status decreased. No definite association between the different teas and improvement of motor development and behaviour were indicated by the results. Overall, the conclusion can be made that a relationship between iron status and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) among 9-12 year old children exist. However, it is recommended that more studies of this nature should be done on school age children to substantiate the findings of this study. Intervention studies should also be implemented where the children with depleted iron anaemia status should receive iron supplementation. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Object: children with cerebral palsy. Problem: Cerebral palsy (CP) is frequent cause of children’s motor disorder. It affects person’s relationship with environment and limits his participation. Motor disorder and motor development in cerebral palsy depends on form and level of impairment and is very individual. Persons with cerebral palsy achieve different level of mobility. It is very important to choose properly responsible Gross Motor Function Measure scale. It should be clinically informative and be able to reflect changes in gross motor development. Besides, it should show effect of applied treatment method and help to formulate concrete goals of physical therapy. Physical therapy is an important part of any treatment plan for cerebral palsy patients. Treatment plan should be organized considering functional level and abilities of the children. There should be formulated goals and indicated means for reaching these goals in the treatment plan. Motor development will improve if treatment plan is purposeful. It should protect from developing contractures and deformations. In general treatment plan should increase cognitive skills and social integration. Purpose: to evaluate characteristics of application of Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) Scale for children with cerebral palsy. Tasks: to compare results of children with cerebral palsy evaluated according Gross Motor Function Measure Scale in both (88 and 66) versions; to determine aims of physiotherapy for 6 month... [to full text]

Alkoholinio vaisiaus sindromo sąvoka yra labai plati, ja apibūdinamas kūdikio ar vaiko negrįžtamų anomalijų rinkinys (Lombard et al., 2007). Sindromas pasireiškia motorinio, socialinio, pažintinio ir kalbos vystymosi sutrikimais (Steinhausen et al., 2003), todėl AVS sergantiems asmenims taikomas kompleksinis gydymas (Burd et al., 2003). Tyrimo objektas – alkoholiniu vaisiaus sindromu sergančių vaikų stambioji ir smulkioji motorika. Tyrimo problema – nėra aišku, kokia kineziterapijos ar fizinio aktyvumo forma tinkamiausia alkoholinį vaisiaus sindromą turintiems vaikams, kad gerėtų stambioji ir smulkioji motorika. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti kineziterapijos poveikį vaikų stambiajai ir smulkiajai motorikai esant alkoholiniam vaisiaus sindromui. Šiam tikslui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai: 1) Įvertinti stambiosios motorikos rodiklius vaikams, turintiems alkoholinį vaisiaus sindromą, taikant bendralavinančius pratimus (kontrolinė grupė) ir judriuosius žaidimus (tiriamoji grupė) prieš ir po kineziterapijos. 2) Įvertinti smulkiosios motorikos rodiklius vaikams, turintiems alkoholinį vaisiaus sindromą, taikant bendralavinančius pratimus (kontrolinė grupė) ir judriuosius žaidimus (tiriamoji grupė) prieš ir po kineziterapijos; 3) palyginti stambiosios ir smulkiosios motorikos rezultatus tarp vaikų, kuriems taikyti bendralavinantys pratimai ir judrieji žaidimai; 4) palyginti bendrą standartinį motorikos rodiklį tarp vaikų, kuriems taikyti bendralavinantys pratimai ir vaikų, kuriems taikyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Fetal alcohol syndrome is an umbrella term used to describe the irreversible array of anomalies associated with in utero alcohol exposure (Lombard et al, 2007). Fetal alcohol syndrome manifestes by developmental perturbation in motor, social, cognitive and language domain (Steinhaussen et al, 2003). Appropriate management nearly always involves a multidisciplinary team effort with ongoing programming (Burd et al, 2003). Subject: gross and fine motor in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Problem: there is no clear evidence about the most proper form of physiotherapy or physical activity on purpose to improve gross and fine motor functions in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Objective: to determine the effectiveness of physiotherapy on gross and fine motor in children with fetal alcohol syndrome. There are four tasks to reach an objective: 1) to determine gross motor indexes for children with fetal alcohol syndrome in casual physiotherapy group (control) and active playing group (investigative) before and after physiotherapy; 2) to determine fine motor indexes for children with fetal alcohol syndrome in casual physiotherapy group (control) and active playing group (investigative) before and after physiotherapy; 3) to compare fine and gross motor indexes between the casual physiotherapy group and active playing group; 4) to compare standard motor score between the casual physiotherapy group (control) and active playing group (investigative); The fine and gross motor... [to full text]

The most common form of nutritional deficiency worldwide is iron deficiency, which is associated with sup optimal early brain development. Literature indicates that children with a poor nutritional status during early development of the brain showed poorer cognitive functioning, deficient growth and muscle function. The first purpose of this study was to determine if iron status plays a role in motor competency. A second purpose was to determine if iron status shows an association with motor competency, behavioural characteristics and scholastic success, while a third purpose was to determine if the consumption of different teas will improve iron intake positively and consequently will improve motor development and behaviour. A test- retest research design was used in a randomised parallel study, with one group of children drinking tea and a control group drinking 'rooibos' tea. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) (Henderson & Sugden, 1992) was used to determine the DCD (Developmental co-ordination disorder) status in the group (N = 76). In this group, 45 children were classified as children with DCD. Blood samples were taken to determine the haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin saturation levels while a 24hr recall dietary questionnaire was used to determine nutritional intakes. Descriptive statistics, t-testing, effect sizes and analysis of co-variance were used to analyse the data. With regards to the first aim of the study, the results which were analysed by means of t-testing, effect sizes and co-variance of analysis indicated that iron deficiency showed significant relationships with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). When corrected for influences other than haemoglobin on gross motor competency manual dexterity, and especially ball skills, showed significant relationships with iron deficiency. These results demonstrate the importance of proper nutrition on motor and cognitive development. With reference to the second aim of the study the assessment of children with DCD by the teachers with regard to their manual dexterity and behavioural characteristics, indicated poorer manual dexterity and more behavioural problems compared to children without DCD. The children in the DCD group was also divided into a group where the MABC-total showed improvement and their haemoglobin levels increased (n=19). This group was then compared with a group of DCD children of which the MABC total decreased and a decrease in haemoglobin was found (n=6). Although the groups were small, the results indicate that manual dexterity skills and mathematics, reading and writing was poorer in the DCD-children whose iron status decreased. No definite association between the different teas and improvement of motor development and behaviour were indicated by the results. Overall, the conclusion can be made that a relationship between iron status and Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) among 9-12 year old children exist. However, it is recommended that more studies of this nature should be done on school age children to substantiate the findings of this study. Intervention studies should also be implemented where the children with depleted iron anaemia status should receive iron supplementation. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Literature shows that HIV/AIDS greatly affects the self-esteem of HIV/AIDS directly affected learners (these affected learners are either directly infected, or one or both parents are or had been infected). Studies also show that appropriate motor activities can have a positive influence on a child's self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an appropriate motor development programme on the large muscle skills and the self-esteem of 4 to 6 year old HIV/AIDS directly-affected learners. Eight gross motor and perceptual motor skills, as well as self-esteem was evaluated among 28 directly-affected HIV/AIDS (HIV/AIDS-infected as well as - affected) learners in a pre-primary school for terminally sick children in Promosa, a township of Potchefstroom, South Africa. Evaluation took place before and after the implementation of a 12-week long appropriate large muscle development programme. A co-variance analysis (ANCOVA) was done on post-test scores to correct possible differences between pre-test scores in order to achieve a statistical more significant comparison between the experimental and control groups. The motor scores as well as the self-esteem scores of the experimental group showed statistically significant (p≤0.05) improvements after the programme, in contrast with the scores of the control group which showed no significant improvements after completion of the large muscle development programme. These improvements entailed certain fundamental locomotor and balance skills, and self-perceived competence with reference to certain movement skills, as well as peer acceptance. The results imply that by improving the gross motor and perceptual motor skills of HIV/AIDS directly-affected learners by means of an appropriate motor development programme, the self-esteem and related aspects of these learners may be enhanced. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Darbo tiklsas: įvertinti ikimokyklinio amžiaus mergaičių, kurioms kūdikystėje buvo nustatyti motorinės raidos sutrikimai, stambiąją ir smulkiąją motoriką. Pasirinktam darbo tikslui įgyvendinti buvo iškelti šie uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti ikimokyklinio amžiaus mergaičių, kurioms kūdikystėje buvo nustatytas specifinis motorinės raidos sutrikimas, stambiąją motoriką ir palyginti su kontroline grupe. 2. Įvertinti ikimokyklinio amžiaus mergaičių, kurioms kūdikystėje buvo nustatytas specifinis motorinės raidos sutrikimas, smulkiąją motoriką ir palyginti su kontroline grupe. Tyrimas buvo vykdomas Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Medicinos akademijos, Sporto institute bei viename Kauno lopšelyje darželyje. Tyrime dalyvavo 45 tiriamosios. Buvo vykdomi antropometriniai matavimai, stambiosios ir smulkiosios motorikos vertinimas. Išvados: 1. Įvertinus ikimokyklinio amžiaus mergaičių stambiosios motorikos gebėjimus nustatėme, kad tiriamųjų, kurioms kūdikystėje buvo diagnozuotas specifinis motorinės raidos sutrikimas, buvo prastesnė statinė pusiausvyra, šoklumas, manipuliacijos kamuoliu bei galūnės judesio greitis lyginant su mergaitėmis, kurioms nebuvo diagnozuoti raidos sutrikimai kūdikystės laikotarpiu (p<0,05). 2. Smulkiosios motorikos įvertinimas parodė, kad mergaitės, kurioms kūdikystėje buvo diagnozuotas specifinis raidos sutrikimas, pasižymėjo prastesne dinamine bei abipuse rankų koordinacija (p<0,05). / Objective of the work: to evaluate gross and fine motor of the preschool girls, who have had motor development disorder in infancy. Goals of the work: 1. To evaluate preschool girls, who have had motor development disorder in infancy, gross motor and to compare with control group. 2. To evaluate preschool girls, who have had motor disorder in infancy, fine motor and to compare with control group. The study was made in Lithuanian university of health science Medicine academy’s Sport institute and in one of Kaunas kindergarten nursery – school. The study examined 45 preschool girls. We investigated anthropometric measurements (weight, height), gross and fine motor. Conclusion: 1. The evaluation of preschool girls, who have had motor disorder in infancy, revealed that these girls showed worse results in such gross motor abilities like static balance, spring, manipulation with ball, extremity movement speed in comparison with the girls which didn’t had any motor disorders in infancy. 2. Fine motor evaluation showed that, girls, who have had motor disorder in infancy, had worse hand dynamic and bimanual coordination results (p<0,05).

O Gross Motor Function System Expanded and Revised (GMFCS E & R) e o Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) têm sido amplamente utilizados na pesquisa e na prática clínica como complemento ao diagnóstico da paralisia cerebral (PC). Ambos consistem em cinco níveis, sendo que o nível V indica maior limitação funcional. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural do GMFCS E & R e MACS, avaliar a confiabilidade inter-avaliadores (entre terapeutas e entre terapeutas e pais) e intra-avaliadores (terapeutas) acerca dos sistemas de classificação (GMFCS E & R e MACS) e verificar a influência de fatores relacionados à criança (tipo de PC) e aos pais (escolaridade, renda, ocupação e idade) na confiabilidade entre terapeutas e pais. Participaram 100 crianças com PC, que eram acompanhadas pelo serviço de neurologia ou de reabilitação de um hospital terciário no interior paulista na faixa etária entre 4 a 18 anos, e seus pais. Para a aplicação dos sistemas de classificação realização da tradução e adaptação transcultural do GMFCS E & R, seguiram-se seis estágios: tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotradução para língua de origem, comitê de análise, submissão aos autores e pré-teste. A coleta de dados foi feita por dois terapeutas com diferentes níveis de experiência na área de neuropediatria. Os terapeutas classificaram a função motora grossa da criança (GMFCS E & R) através da observação direta (controle de cabeça, tronco, transferências, mobilidade) e os pais responderam ao GMFCS Family Report Questionnaire, onde deveriam selecionar uma opção, dentre cinco, correspondente ao nível motor da criança. Quanto à habilidade manual (MACS), os terapeutas observaram a criança manipulando objetos (brinquedos, alimentação, vestuário) e obtiveram informações dos pais. Os pais realizaram a classificação da habilidade manual da criança com base na leitura do folheto explicativo do MACS. Foram realizadas filmagens das observações das crianças para avaliação da confiabilidade intra-avaliadores (terapeutas), após um mês da avaliação inicial. Utilizou-se o coeficiente Kappa (k) para avaliação da confiabilidade inter-avaliadores (entre terapeutas e entre terapeutas e pais) e intra-avaliadores (terapeutas) acerca do GMFCS E & R e MACS e o teste do qui-quadrado (x2) para verificar a associação entre os fatores relacionados à criança e aos pais. Após realizados os seis estágios referentes à tradução e adaptação transcultural do GMFCS E & R e MACS, as versões em português foram aprovadas pelos autores. Em relação à confiabilidade inter-avaliadores (AV1 e AV2), obteve-se concordância quase perfeita para o GMFCS E & R e MACS (K = 0,902 e 0,90 respectivamente), assim como intra-avaliadores, obtendo-se concordância quase perfeita para ambos avaliadores acerca do GMFCS E & R (k=1,00) e MACS (K= 0,958 para AV1 e K= 0,833 para AV2). Em relação à confiabilidade entre terapeutas e pais, esta foi substancial para GMFCS E & R (K = 0,716) e considerável para MACS (K =0, 368). Em relação ao GMFCS E & R, verificou-se que o porcentual de discordâncias no grupo de pais que não trabalha fora é significativamente superior ao porcentual de discordância de quem trabalha fora (x 2 =4,79; p= 0,03), quando comparada à classificação do terapeuta. Maior freqüência de pais classificaram as crianças como severamente limitada, comparada à classificação do terapeuta (x 2 =4,26; p= 0,04). Em relação ao MACS, verificou-se que as discordâncias entre terapeutas e pais foram significativamente superiores nas crianças de 4 a 6 e 6 a 12 anos do que em relação às crianças de 12 a 18 anos (p=0,05), assim como pais na faixa etária de 20 a 30 anos discordaram significativamente mais do terapeuta (p=0,04). É importante considerar a influência de fatores ambientais no desempenho típico da criança com PC em relação à função motora grossa e habilidade manual. Portanto, embora terapeutas e pais apresentem diferentes perspectivas em relação a tais aspectos, por julgarem diferentes contextos como referência (pais consideram o desempenho em casa, escola, ambientes externos; o terapeuta, o ambiente clínico), os dois pontos de vista necessitam ser apreciados conjuntamente. Conclui-se que as versões traduzidas para o português Brasil do GMFCS E & R, GMFCS Family Report Questionnaire são confiáveis para classificar crianças com PC por pais e terapeutas. / The Gross Motor Function System Expanded and Revised (GMFCS E & R) and Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) has been widely used in research and clinical practice to complement the diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). Both consist of five levels where the level V indicates greater functional limitation. The aim of this study was to carry out the process of translation and cultural adaptation of the GMFCS E & R and MACS, evaluate the inter-rater reliability (between therapists and between therapists and parents) and intra-rater (therapists) about rating systems and verify the influence of factors related to the child (type PC) and parents (education, income, occupation and age) in reliability between therapists and parents. Participants 100 children with CP who were accompanied by the department of neurology and rehabilitation of a tertiary hospital in São Paulo aged 4-18 years and their parents. To perform the translation and cultural adaptation of the GMFCS E & MACS, followed by six stages: translation, synthesis of translations, back translation for source language, analysis committee, submission to the authors and pretest. Data collection was done by two therapists with different levels of experience in neuropediatric.Therapists rated the child\'s gross motor function (GMFCS & E) through direct observation (head control, trunk, transfers, mobility) and parents responded to GMFCS Family Report Questionnaire, which should select an option Among five, corresponding to the child\'s motor. As for manual ability (MACS), therapists observed the child handling objects (toys, food and clothing) and obtained information from parents. Parents held the classification of manual ability of the child based on reading the brochure MACS. Were filmed observations of children to assess intra-rater reliability (therapists), one month after the initial evaluations. To assess the reliability used the kappa coefficient (k) and the chi-square (x2) to determine the association between factors related to the child and parents, the reliability between therapists and parents. Performed after the six stages related to translation and cultural adaptation of the GMFCS E & R and MACS, the Portuguese versions were approved by the authors. Regarding inter-rater reliability (AV1 and AV2), we obtained almost perfect agreement for the GMFCS E & R and MACS (K = 0.902 and 0.90 respectively) as well as intra-rater, yielding almost perfect agreement for both evaluators about the GMFCS E & R(k = 1.00) and MACS (K = 0.958 for AV1 and AV2 for K = 0.833). Regarding reliability between therapists and parents, this was substantial for GMFCS E & R (K = 0.716) and to considerable MACS (K = 0, 368). Regarding the GMFCS E & R, it was found that the percentage of disagreements in the group of parents who do not work out is significantly higher than the percentage of those working outside of disagreement (x 2 = 4.79, p = 0.03), compared to ratings of therapist. Parents classify children as more severely limited than therapists (x 2 = 4.26, p = 0.04). It is important to consider the influence of environmental factors on the performance of children with PC in relation to gross motor function and manual ability. Therefore, parents and therapists have different perspectives regarding such aspects, judging by different contexts as reference (parents consider performance at home, school, outdoors, therapist, the clinical setting), the two points of view need to be assessed together. We conclude that the translated versions for Portuguese - Brazil\'s GMFCS E & R, GMFCS Family Report Questionnaire are reliable to classify children with CP by parents and therapists.

TITLE: The physical condition of badminton players AUTHOR: Kateřina Hejdrychová DEPARTMENT: Katedra tělesné výchovy PedF UK SUPERVISOR: PaedDr. Ladislav Pokorný ABSTRACT: This diploma thesis deals with the composition of fitness training of badminton players. The first part of the thesis theoretically describes the development of individual motor skills and their application and inclusion in the training process of badminton. In the second part, an evaluation of the psychical condition of adolescent and junior national team players and badminton players is performed. The psychical condition was examined using a test battery in cooperation with the Czech Badminton Association. The results of the thesis are annotated results of individual groups of players. KEYWORDS: Badminton, psychical condition, gross motor skills, testing

In view of the current use of the Carolina Curriculum for Preschoolers with Special Needs (Carolina) as an alternative to the widely used Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development (Brigance) for assessing the motor development of preschool aged children, a study was undertaken to establish the validity of the Carolina using the Brigance as a criterion test. A sample of 2 7 preschool special education children ranging in age from 36 to 71 months from three categories-learning handicapped (LH), severely handicapped (SH) and severely handicapped Down's Syndrome children (SHD)-were assessed by an adapted physical education specialist. Each subject was evaluated on two separate days within one week using the Carolina and the Brigance. The subjects were also evaluated concurrently by their classroom teachers using a Teacher Observation check sheet prepared by the adapted physical education specialist. Correlation coefficients using the developmental age scores obtained on the three test instruments and the correlations comparing the three categories to each test instrument ranged from .90 to .98 (r. (25) = .486, p < .01 ). These findings offered strong support for the concurrent validity of the Carolina. Additional analysis of the data using a 3 x 3 ANOVA for repeated measures resulted in a significant F ratio for the dependent variable of functional level, E (2,24) = 4.82, p = 0.174. The Sheffe post hoc analysis procedure indicated a statistically significant difference between the LH and the SHD categories. vi

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Tai Chi exercise on motor skills in older adults residing in independent living. Twenty-eight self-ambulatory older adults (age: 77 8.92; male: N = 1, female: N = 27) with no serious or restrictive health conditions, MMSE score 21, or recent surgery, completed this study. Participants engaged in one-hour biweekly Tai Chi exercise or BINGO sessions for eight weeks. Fine and gross motor skills were tested at four time-points throughout the study. Repeated measures 2x4 [2(Tai Chi exercise x BINGO) x 4(Baseline x Intraintervention x Post x Retention)] RM ANOVA was used with alpha of 0.05. Significant differences noted in fine motor function tasks (nondominant > dominant hand), and for the 6MWT, suggesting that Tai Chi exercise or BINGO may help older adults to perform activities of daily living, maintain independency, and gain a better quality of life.