The purpose of this report is to get an overview of the CO2 reduction possibilities when adopting different renewable energy source, when the case studied building sustains a district heating network connection and when not, and how the renewable energy source flexibilities (Solar and Wind) differ depending on region. The method regards a ETC house that falls into the climate positive category and assesses the reduction when comparing CO2 emissions form the energy demand. The result for the flexibilities is then compared to the BBR demand. The result shows a difference of around 10% in production for the flexibilities when comparing the northern and middle region with the southern. And a decrease between 19-36% gCO2. Comparing a scenario with and without a connection to the district heating network showed that when the ground source heat pump offsets the energy demand, CO2, and cost reductions (6 and 4% respectively) can be seen. With an average installation cost, the payback period for the ground source heat pump can be estimated to be around 4 year. In conclusion the thesis project shows that the climate is a ruling factor when assessing energy questions for the residential sector. It also shows the difference in CO2 and cost that comes with it can be reduced and help mitigated the sectors effects on the environment. This in turn shows that the overall reduction of CO2 for the case studied building follows the demands and goals set by the European commission and gives motivation to expand the construction as cost is also reduced.

In order to reduce emissions from the building sector, which stands for than a fifth of the global energy consumption today, efficient and fossil free heating and cooling systems are of importance. This study investigates the combination of solar photovoltaic thermal collectors and ground source heat pump systems in order to regenerate energy to the ground in combination with free cooling. Research questions investigated was how techno-economically efficient a system with photovoltaic thermal collectors, ground source heat pumps and free cooling in a commercial building is. Moreover, the study evaluates what benefits and challenges such system can have. In addition, Polysun as a modeling tool was evaluated for modeling a system includingthese components. Polysun was used as a model tool to first set up a replication of an existing system in TRNSYS provided by researchers at KTH. The model was then scaled and adjusted with parameters to represent a commercial building using free cooling from Vasakronan, a Swedish property company. Photovoltaic thermal collectors were added to the model of the existing building, with two different configurations, and the heating and cooling demand of the building was varied. The results showed that a configuration with photovoltaic thermal collectors added after the evaporator side of the heat pump generated more energy to the system compared with an installation before the evaporator side of the heat pump. The possibilities of free cooling decreased with increasing number of solar collectors, due to the rise of temperature in the ground. From an economic perspective, photovoltaic thermal collectors are more expensive than photovoltaic modules, since it has an additional cost for the hydraulic system that depends on the building. However, photovoltaic thermal collectors also provide thermal energy that can help balancing borehole systems and reduce the risk for a need of additional drilling. The study performed an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the results, showing that the electricity price is the most sensitive parameter to the net present value of investing in photovoltaic thermal collectors. With the electricity price assumed in this study, the net present values were positive for all cases for the given interest rate and lifetime of 25 years. It was also concluded that the modeling tool Polysun has a user friendly interface where energy systems easily can be modeled. In terms of borehole configurations, there is a lack of modeling alternatives which resulted in unexpected temperature rises in the ground for the model. / Byggnadssektorn står idag för mer än en femtedel av den globala energiförbrukningen, där över hälften av energin kommer från fossila bränslen. Därför är det viktigt med effektiva och fossilfria uppvärmnings- och kylsystem för att minska utsläppen, där värmepumpar är ett bra alternativ. Denna studie undersöker kombinationen av termiska solceller och bergvärmepumpssystem i kommersiella fastigheter, med syfte att återladda energi till marken i kombination med frikyla. Syftet var att undersöka hur teknoekonomiskt effektivt ett sådant system är och vilka fördelar samt nackdelar som finns. Dessutom utvärderades modelleringsverktyget Polysun som användes föratt modellera systemen. Arbetet inleddes med att efterlikna ett befintligt system i Polysun från en tidigare studie från KTH som använt modelleringsverktyget TRNSYS. Därefter justerades detta system så att det skulle efterlikna en av Vasakronans byggnader som idag använder bergvärme och frikyla. Tre scenarier konstruerades till basmodellen där samtliga innefattade termiska solceller. Resultaten visade att antalet termiska solceller kunde minska i antal då dessa var kopplade efter förångarsidan av värmepumpen, jämfört med om de är installerade före förångarsidan av värmepumpen. Genom att öka antalet termiska solceller i systemet ökade temperaturen i borrhålen, vilket ledde till en minskad möjlig användning av frikyla. Ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv är termiska solceller dyrare än solceller som enbart genererar elektricitet, med en extra kostnad för det hydrauliska systemet som även beror på byggnadens utformning. Dock finns det andra fördelar med termiska solceller såsom att de kan hjälpa till att balansera borrhålssystem och minska behovet för att borra ytterligare borrhål. I studien utfördes en osäkerhets- och känslighetsanalys av resultaten, vilken visade att elpriset har stor påverkan på nettonuvärdet av en investering i termiska solceller. Med det elpris som antogs i denna studie var nettovärdet positivt för alla fall med den givna kalkylräntan och livstiden för systemet. Polysun visade sig vara ett modelleringsverktyg med ett användarvänligt gränssnitt där energisystem lätt kan modelleras. När det gäller konfigurationer av borrhål finns det begränsade modelleringsalternativ, där resultaten visade oväntade temperaturstegringar för marken i modellen.

<p>To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, shifting the energy sources used in buildings, transportation, industry, etc., from fossil fuels to clean electricity is a trend. The increasing electricity demand stresses the existing electric grids. Buildings consume 73% of all U.S. electricity and are responsible for 30% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.  Residential and commercial buildings' space heating/cooling system consumes considerable electricity. Integrating thermal energy storage (TES) in building heating/cooling systems can mitigate the challenge of electric grids. Applying TES to existing air-source heat pump (ASHP) systems is the most studied for residential buildings. However, the high-quality thermal energy requirement for charging the TES tank results in low thermal performance of the ASHP system. Moreover, the failure of ASHP in cold climates requires a supplemental electric heater that significantly reduces the system efficiency and may lead to a higher annual peak for the grids.</p> <p>This study proposes integrating TES with ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems as a more effective solution for building decarbonization due to the high efficiency of renewable-energy-based GSHPs year-round. This study focuses on proving the effectiveness of TES-integrated GSHPs for building decarbonization.  A dual-source heat pump (DSHP) with a hybrid TES and ground heat exchanger (GHE) named dual-purpose underground thermal battery (DPUTB) is investigated. The study uses modeling and experiments to verify the system's energy efficiency, decarbonization potential, and demand response capability. The modeling process involves developing various models, from component-level to system-level, and investigating advanced control strategies. A first-of-this-kind dynamic model of the DPUTB is developed to enable high-resolution system simulation for the GSHP system. The simulation is conducted using Modelica with rule-based control (RBC). A model predictive control (MPC) is also developed based on dynamic building envelope and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system models. A cutting-edge co-simulation testbed integrates Modelica physical models with a MATLAB MPC controller model for advanced control evaluation. A prototype system of the DPUTB+DSHP is tested in a flexible research platform (FRP) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), which allows for component and system-level testing and remote automation controls. </p> <p>The study highlights the importance of proper insulation in the performance of the DPUTB, which consists of a TES tank enclosed by an outer tank functioning as a GHE. With appropriate insulation, a full-size DPUTB can store 1-ton cooling (3.5 kW) for four hours after eight hours of charging. Simulation results suggest that decoupling the TES with the GHE could reduce energy consumption by 27%.  System-level simulations confirm that the DSHP+DPUTB system, with a customized RBC, outperforms the conventional ASHP. The proposed system can reduce the annual HVAC electricity cost by up to 50% while saving 45% on electricity consumption. In the Northern areas of the United States, the annual peak load of the HVAC system can be reduced by 60%.  However, this reduction is less in the Southern parts of the as the system's higher efficiency in winter dominates the overall decrease. The application of MPC can further reduce the cost and energy consumption of the system by 35% theoretically. However, the accuracy of model prediction affects its performance in practical applications, which can be mitigated by employing technologies such as machine learning and reinforcement learning. Further research is required to verify these technologies.</p> <p>The DSHP+DPUTB system, a type of TES-integrated GSHP, has been well-designed and demonstrated superior performance to conventional systems, with greater flexibility and thermal efficiency. As a result, this system can enable electrification in the space heating sector without requiring an escalation in the grid. Moreover, alternative controls can be utilized to exploit its decarbonization potential fully.</p>

The performance of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems can be negatively affected over time by soil temperature degradation of boreholes (BH) in heating dominated climates. Land area is scarce in the dense urban environments typical of multi-family houses (MFH) and can lead to accelerated degradation- in tight BH fields. Heat extracted from photovoltaic thermal collectors (PVT) can help with BH regeneration; thus, limiting degradation. Additionally, free cooling (FC) is proposed in this study to tackle the anticipated cooling demandi ncrease in Sweden, while resolving the listed challenges of GSHP systems. A novel multi-source (MS) system integrating FC, PVT and GSHP together shall be investigated in this study. Firstly, implementing FC in a GSHP system for the scenario considered only provided marginal regeneration of the BH in the longterm. Both the SPF4+ and total life cycle cost (TLCC) of an FC+GSHP and GSHPsystem remained virtually constant. Furthermore, operation interference of FC and PVT in the MS system can be mitigated by considering their relative location in the system. In this study, cooling is the priority, thus placing the FC system after the BH field but before the PVT system in the brine loop is recommended. In that case, only 0.56% of the annual cooling is not delivered due to FC operation interference and the PVT thermal yield is decreased on average by 3.52%. By decreasing the BH spacing from 15 to 5 m, a slight SPF4+ increase to 3.22 is possible in a system with FC and 48 PVT collectors. With a sensitivity analysis it was shown that if a 15% decrease is achieved in electricity prices then the TLCC of this system can be lower than the TLCC of 2.13 MSEK for a GSHP system. / Prestandan hos ytjordvärmepump (GSHP) kan påverkas negativt över tid av försämrad marktemperatur i borrhål (BH) i klimat som domineras av uppvärmning. I täta stadsmiljöer med flerfamiljshus (MFH) är markytan knapp, vilket kan leda till accelererad nedbrytning i trånga BH-fält. Värme som utvinns från solfångare (PVT) kan bidra till regenerering av BH, vilket begränsar nedbrytningen. Dessutom föreslås frikyla (FC) i denna studie för att hantera den förväntade ökningen av kylbehovet i Sverige, samtidigt som man löser de listade utmaningarna med GSHP-system. Ett nytt multikällsystem (MS) som integrerar FC, PVT och GSHP tillsammans ska undersökas i denna studie. För det första gav implementeringen av FC i ett GSHP-system för det aktuella scenariot endast marginell regenerering av BH på lång sikt. Både SPF4+ och den totala livscykelkostnaden (TLCC) för ett FC+GSHP och GSHP-system förblev praktiskt taget konstant. Dessutom kan driftstörningar från FC och PVT i MS-systemet minskas genom att ta hänsyn till deras relativa placering i systemet. I denna studie prioriteras kylning, och därför rekommenderas att FC-systemet placeras efter BH-fältet men före PVT-systemet i brineslingan. Endast 0.56% av den årliga kylningen levereras inte på grund av störningar i FC-driften och PVT:s värmeutbyte minskar i genomsnitt med 3.52%. Genom att minska BH-avståndet från 15 till 5 m är en liten ökning av SPF4+ till 3.22 möjlig i ett system med FC och 48 PVT-kollektorer. En känslighetsanalys visade att om elpriserna minskar med 15% kan TLCC för detta system bli lägre än TLCC på 2.13 MSEK för ett GSHP-system.

No description available.

[ES] La energía geotérmica de baja entalpía es una alternativa eficiente y renovable a los sistemas convencionales para proporcionar calefacción, refrigeración y producir agua caliente sanitaria (ACS) de forma sostenible. El proyecto GEOTeCH plantea el desarrollo de sistemas con bomba de calor geotérmica más eficientes y con un coste menor en comparación con el mercado. Para ello, se ha desarrollado un nuevo tipo de intercambiador enterrado coaxial con flujo helicoidal en el tubo externo que presenta una mayor eficiencia y permite reducir la longitud de intercambiador a instalar, así como una bomba de calor dual con compresor de velocidad variable, capaz de trabajar con el terreno o el aire como fuente/sumidero, seleccionando la que proporcione un mejor rendimiento del sistema. El principal objetivo es desarrollar un sistema eficiente y replicable para proporcionar calefacción, refrigeración y producir ACS en el sector de mercado de pequeños edificios con un tamaño menor en el campo de intercambiadores enterrados y un aumento de la eficiencia. Para demostrar la aplicabilidad de estos sistemas, se han construido tres instalaciones demostración en tres países europeos. En esta tesis doctoral se ha desarrollado un modelo dinámico completo del sistema en el software TRNSYS, capaz de reproducir el comportamiento de los diferentes componentes y del sistema en general. Este modelo constituye una herramienta útil para el desarrollo y análisis de diferentes estrategias de control sin la necesidad de implementarlas en instalaciones reales, así como analizar el comportamiento del sistema funcionando bajo condiciones diferentes. Para este propósito, es necesario desarrollar modelos detallados de los nuevos componentes desarrollados en el proyecto: el intercambiador enterrado coaxial helicoidal y la bomba de calor dual; para poder acoplarlos al resto de componentes en el modelo completo del sistema. Por ello, se ha desarrollado un modelo dinámico del nuevo intercambiador, capaz de reproducir con precisión el comportamiento a corto plazo del intercambiador, enfocado a la evolución de la temperatura del fluido, y se ha validado con datos experimentales en diferentes condiciones de operación. Para poder reproducir no solo el comportamiento dinámico del intercambiador enterrado, sino también la respuesta a largo plazo del terreno y la interacción entre intercambiadores en un campo, se ha desarrollado otro modelo en TRNSYS que realiza esta función. De esta manera, al acoplar ambos modelos es posible reproducir el comportamiento a corto plazo del intercambiador enterrado a la vez que la respuesta a largo plazo del terreno. Por otro lado, se ha implementado en TRNSYS un modelo de la bomba de calor dual desarrollado. Con este modelo es posible calcular la capacidad de la bomba de calor dependiendo del modo de operación en que esté funcionando, de la frecuencia del compresor y otras variables y condiciones de operación. El modelo del sistema dual en TRNSYS se ha utilizado para hacer un análisis de su comportamiento funcionando en diferentes climas, para ello se han seleccionado tres ciudades en España y en Europa con diferentes climas y se han realizado simulaciones del sistema funcionando en cada ciudad. Por otro lado, también se ha modelado en TRNSYS una de las instalaciones demostración del proyecto GEOTeCH, incluyendo el edificio climatizado y el acoplamiento con los fan coils. Con este modelo se estudia una nueva estrategia para controlar la frecuencia del compresor en base a la temperatura de las habitaciones, en lugar de controlarla en base a la temperatura de suministro, con el objetivo de reducir el consumo del compresor cuando ya se haya conseguido el confort. Además, otras estrategias de optimización se han analizado con el modelo.Por tanto, los modelos desarrollados constituyen herramientas útiles para ayudar en el diseño del sistema y los diferentes componentes, el análisis de su comportamiento y el d / [CA] L'energia geotèrmica de baixa entalpia es planteja com una alternativa eficient i renovable als sistemes convencionals per proporcionar calefacció, refrigeració i produir aigua calenta sanitària (ACS) de forma sostenible. El projecte GEOTeCH planteja el desenvolupament de sistemes amb bomba de calor geotèrmica més eficients i amb un cost menor en comparació amb el mercat. Per a això, s'ha desenvolupat un nou tipus d'intercanviador enterrat coaxial amb flux helicoïdal en el tub extern que presenta una major eficiència i permet reduir la longitud a instal·lar, així com una bomba de calor dual amb compressor de velocitat variable, capaç de treballar amb el terreny o l'aire com a font, seleccionant la que proporcione un millor rendiment. Aquests components s'utilitzen en el nou sistema amb bomba de calor dual. El principal objectiu és desenvolupar un sistema eficient i replicable per proporcionar calefacció, refrigeració i produir ACS en edificis xicotets amb una grandària menor d'intercanviadors soterrats i un augment de l'eficiència. Per demostrar l'aplicabilitat d'aquests sistemes, s'han construït tres instal·lacions demostració en Itàlia, Països Baixos i Regne Unit. En aquesta tesi s'ha desenvolupat un model dinàmic complet del sistema en TRNSYS, capaç de reproduir el comportament dels components i del sistema en general. Aquest model constitueix una eina útil per al desenvolupament i anàlisi de diferents estratègies de control sense la necessitat d'implementar-les en instal·lacions reals, així com analitzar el comportament del sistema funcionant en condicions diferents. Per a això, cal desenvolupar models detallats dels nous components desenvolupats en el projecte: l'intercanviador enterrat i la bomba de calor dual; per poder acoblar-los a la resta de components. Per això, s'ha desenvolupat un model dinàmic del nou intercanviador enterrat, capaç de reproduir amb precisió el comportament a curt termini de l'intercanviador, enfocat a l'evolució de la temperatura del fluid, i s'ha validat amb dades experimentals en diferents condicions d'operació. Per a poder reproduir no només el comportament dinàmic de l'intercanviador soterrat, sinó també la resposta a llarg termini del terreny i la interacció entre intercanviadors en un camp, s'ha desenvolupat un altre model en TRNSYS que realitza aquesta funció. D'aquesta manera, en acoblar els dos models és possible reproduir el comportament a curt termini de l'intercanviador enterrat, al mateix temps que la resposta a llarg termini del terreny. D'altra banda, s'ha implementat en TRNSYS un model de la bomba de calor. Amb aquest model és possible calcular la capacitat de la bomba de calor depenent del mode d'operació en què estiga funcionant, de la freqüència del compressor i altres variables i condicions d'operació. El model del sistema dual en TRNSYS s'ha utilitzat per a fer una anàlisi del seu comportament funcionant en diferents climes, per a això s'han seleccionat tres ciutats a Espanya i tres a Europa amb diferents climes i s'han realitzat simulacions del sistema funcionant en cada ciutat durant un any. S'ha analitzat l'eficiència del sistema en cada ciutat, així com l'ús de cadascuna de les fonts (aire / terreny). D'altra banda, també s'ha modelat en TRNSYS una de les instal·lacions demostració del projecte GEOTeCH, incloent l'edifici d'oficines climatitzat i l'acoblament amb els fan coils. Amb aquest model es pretén estudiar una nova estratègia per a controlar la freqüència del compressor d'acord amb la temperatura de les habitacions, en lloc de controlar-la en base a la temperatura de subministrament, amb l'objectiu de reduir el consum del compressor quan les habitacions ja es troben en condicions de confort. A més, altres estratègies d'optimització s'han analitzat amb el model. Per tant, els models desenvolupats constitueixen eines útils per ajudar en el disseny del sistema i els diferents components, l'anàlisi del / [EN] Low enthalpy geothermal energy is considered as an efficient and renewable alternative to conventional systems to provide heating, cooling and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production in a sustainable way. In this context, the GEOTeCH project proposes the development of more efficient geothermal heat pump systems with a lower cost compared to the market. To this end, a new type of coaxial Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) with helical flow through the outer tube has been developed, which presents a higher efficiency and allows to reduce the length of the heat exchanger to be installed, as well as a Dual Source Heat Pump (DSHP) with variable speed compressor, capable of working with the ground or air as a source / sink, selecting the one that provides the best performance of the system. These components are used in the new DSHP system developed. The main objective is to develop efficient and replicable systems to provide heating, cooling and DHW in the market sector of small buildings with a smaller size of the BHE field and an increase in the efficiency. To demonstrate the applicability of these systems, three demonstration facilities have been installed in Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. In this thesis, a complete dynamic model of the system has been developed in the TRNSYS software, capable of reproducing the behavior of the different components and the system in general. This model is a useful tool for the development and analysis of different control strategies without the need to implement them in real installations, as well as analyses the behavior of the system operating under different conditions. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop detailed models of the new components developed in the project: the BHE and the DSHP; to couple them to the rest of the components of the system. For this reason, a dynamic model of the new BHE was developed, able to accurately reproduce its short-term behavior, focused on the evolution of the fluid temperature, and validated with experimental data in different operating conditions. In order to reproduce not only the dynamic behavior of the BHE, but also the long-term response of the ground and the interaction between BHEs in a field, another model was developed in TRNSYS. In this way, by coupling both models, it is possible to reproduce the short-term behavior of the BHE as well as the long-term response of the ground. On the other hand, a model of the DSHP was implemented in TRNSYS. With this model, it is possible to calculate the capacity of the heat pump depending on the operating mode in which it is operating, the frequency of the compressor and other variables and operating conditions. The model of the hybrid system in TRNSYS has been used to make an analysis of its behavior working in different climatic conditions, for which three cities have been selected in Spain and three in Europe, with different climates. So, different simulations of the system have been carried out in each city for one year. The efficiency of the system in each city has been analyzed, as well as the use of each of the sources (air / ground). On the other hand, one of the demo-sites of the GEOTeCH project, including the conditioned office building and the coupling with the fan coils, has also been modelled in TRNSYS. With this model, it is studied a new strategy to control the frequency of the compressor based on the temperature of the rooms, instead of controlling it based on the supply temperature, with the aim of reducing the consumption of the compressor when the rooms are already in comfort conditions. In addition, other optimization strategies have been analyzed with the model. Therefore, the models developed, both for the BHE and the system, are able to reproduce their operation and can be used as virtual installations, constituting useful tools to help in the design of the system and the different components, the analysis of their behavior and the development of optimization strategies. / I would like to acknowledge the financial support that has made this PhD thesis possible. The present work has been supported by the European Community Horizon 2020 Program for European Research and Technological Development (2014-2020) inside the framework of the project 656889 – GEOTeCH (Geothermal Technology for Economic Cooling and Heating), also by the Generalitat Valenciana inside the program “Ayudas para la contratación de personal investigador en formación de carácter predoctoral (ACIF/2016/131)” and by the Institute for Energy Engineering of the Universitat Politècnica de València. / Cazorla Marín, A. (2019). MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF AN INNOVATIVE COAXIAL HELICAL BOREHOLE HEAT EXCHANGER FOR A DUAL SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/125696

The UK government’s Carbon Plan-2011 aims for 80% carbon emission reduction by 2050, and the 2009 UK National Renewable Energy Action Plan has set a target of delivering 15% of total energy demand by renewable energy sources by 2020. Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems can play a critical role in reaching these goals within the building sector. Achieving such benefits relies on proper design, integration, installation, commissioning, and operation of these systems. This work seeks to provide evidence to improve the practices in design, installation and operations of large GSHP systems. This evidence has been based on collection and analysis of data from an operational large-scale GSHP system providing heating and cooling to a university building. The data set is of significance in that it is collected from a large-scale system incorporating fifty-six borehole heat exchangers and four heat pumps. The data has been collected at high frequency since the start of operation and for a period of three years. The borehole heat exchanger data is intended to form a reference data set for use by other workers in model validation studies. The ground thermal properties at the site have been estimated using a novel combination of numerical model and parameter estimation methods. The utility of the reference data set has been demonstrated through application in a validation study of a numerical borehole heat exchanger model. The system heat balances and power consumption data have firstly been analysed to derive a range of performance metrics such as Seasonal Performance Factors. Analysis has been carried out at the system and individual heat pump level. Annual performance has been found satisfactory overall. A series of analyses have been carried out to investigate the roles of circulating pump energy, control system operation and dynamic behaviour. Monitoring data from one of the heat pumps has also been analysed in further detail to make comparisons with manufacturer’s steady-state performance data and with consideration to variations in fluid properties. Some modest degradation from stated performance has been identified. The most significant operational factors accounting for degradation of overall system performance have been excessive pump energy demands and short cycling behaviour. Some faults in operation of the system during the monitoring period have also been identified. A series of recommendations are made as to ways to improve the design and operation of large-scale GSHP systems based on this evidence. These recommendations are chiefly concerned with better design for part-load operation, reduction in pump energy demands and more robust control systems.

Master’s thesis deals with the theme in three parts theoretical, practical and experimental. Project deals with heating nursery school and experiment deals with capacity reduction borehole heating exchanger for ground – source heat pump.

In the context of energy transition, geothermics play an important role for the heating and cooling supply of both residential and commercial buildings. Thereby, the increasingly and intensive utilisation of shallow geothermal resources bears the risk of over-exploitation and thus poses a future challenge to ensure the sustainability and safety of such systems. Particularly, the well-established technology of borehole heat exchanger-coupled ground source heat pumps is applied for the thermal exploitation of the shallow subsurface. Due to the complexity of the involved physical processes, numerical modelling proves to be a powerful tool to enhance process understanding as well as to aid the planning and design processes. Simulations can also support the management of thermal subsurface resources, planning and decision-making on city and regional scales. In this work, the so-called dual-continuum approach was adopted and enhanced to develop a coupled numerical model considering flow and heat transport processes in both the subsurface and borehole heat exchangers as well as the heat pumps’ performance characteristics, and including the relevant phenomena influencing the underlying processes. Beside the temperature fields, the efficiency and thus the consumption of electrical energy by the heat pump is computed, allowing for the quantification of operational costs and equivalent carbon-dioxide emissions. The model is validated and applied to a number of numerical studies. First, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis on the efficiency and sustainability of such systems is performed. Second, a method for the quantification of technically extractable shallow geothermal energy is proposed. This procedure is demonstrated by means of a case study for the city of Cologne, Germany and its implications are discussed. / Im Rahmen der Energiewende nimmt die Geothermie eine besondere Rolle in der thermische Gebäudeversorgung ein. Die zunehmende, intensive Nutzung oberflächennaher geothermischer Ressourcen erhöht die Gefahr der übermäßigen thermischen Ausbeutung des Untergrundes und stellt damit eine wachsende Herausforderung für die Nachhaltigkeit und Sicherheit solcher Systeme dar. Zur Erschließung oberflächennaher geothermischer Energie wird insbesondere die etablierte Technologie Erdwärmesonden-gekoppelter Wärmepumpen eingesetzt. Aufgrund der daran beteiligten komplexen physikalischen Prozesse erweisen sich numerische Modelle als leistungsfähiges Werkzeug zur Erweiterung des Prozessverständnisses und Unterstützung des Planungs- und Auslegungsprozesses. Zudem können Simulationen zum Management thermischer Ressourcen im Untergrund sowie zur Planung und politischen Entscheidungsfindung auf städtischen und regionalen Maßstäben beitragen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde, basierend auf dem sogenannten ”dual-continuum approach” und unter Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der Wärmepumpe, ein erweitertes gekoppeltes numerisches Modell zur Abbildung der in Erdwärmesonden und dem Untergrund stattfindenden Strömungs- und Wärmetransportprozesse entwickelt. Das Modell ist in der Lage, alle relevanten Einflussfaktoren zu berücksichtigen. Neben den Temperaturfeldern im Untergrund und der Erdwärmesonde werden die Effizienz und damit der Stromverbrauch der Wärmepumpe simuliert. Damit können sowohl die Betriebskosten als auch der äquivalente CO 2 -Ausstoß abgeschätzt werden. Das Modell wurde validiert und in einer Reihe numerischer Studien eingesetzt. Zuerst wurde eine umfassende Sensitivitätsanalyse zur Effizienz und Nachhaltigkeit entsprechender Anlagen durchgeführt. Weiterhin wird ein Verfahren zur Quantifizierung des technisch nutzbaren, oberflächennahen geothermischen Potentials vorgestellt und anhand einer Fallstudie für die Stadt Köln demonstriert, gefolgt von einer Diskussion der Ergebnisse.

Studien använder linjärprogrammering för att optimera driften av det termiska energisystemet på Karlstad centralsjukhus ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Bakgrunden till studien är de höga elpriser som rådde under slutet av 2021 samt att det i dagsläget finns kunskapsluckor angående hur systemet bör köras optimalt. Studien baseras på driftdata från 2021. Energisystemet som optimeras är uppbyggt av kylvärmepumpar, bergvärmepumpar, kylmaskiner, frikyla, fjärrvärme och marklager. Ett förhållande för hur många kWh termisk energi som produceras per tillförd kWh el tas fram för samtliga komponenter, vilket sedan används för att modellera energisystemet. Optimering av systemet ger vilka komponenter som skall användas vid olika tidpunkter för att uppfylla ett bestämt värmebehov och kylbehov. Resultatet i form av optimal drift under 2021 analyseras och används för att ta fram driftrekommendationer för energisystemet i framtiden. En metod för att teoretiskt begränsa marklagrets kapacitet vid optimering presenteras. Metodenanvänder nettoenergi till marklagret över en specifik tidsperiod för att approximera temperaturen på brinevätskan ut ur marklagret. Genom att sätta temperaturbegränsningar på brinevätskan kan därigenom nettoenergin till marklagret begränsas. Baserat på data från 2021 tillåts nettoenergin till marklagretvariera mellan -14 700 kWh och 12 500 kWh per 24 timmar. Resultaten visar att det under vintern är fördelaktigt att primärt använda bergvärmepumparna A-D i kombination med frikyla. Sekundärt används kylvärmepumparna E-F. Skillnaden mellan primär och sekundär systemlösning är liten och de båda kan ses som relativt likvärdiga. Fjärrvärme används enbart som sista alternativ under vintern. Energikällan för bergvärmepumparna bör variera mellan Klarälven och marklager med avsikt att utnyttja marklagrets kapacitet optimalt. Vår och höst fallet är till stora delar likvärdigt med vinterfallet med undantaget att det innehåller fler variationer till följd av förändringar i omgivande förutsättningar. Under sommaren bör enbart fjärrvärme användas för att tillgodose värmebehovet. Frikyla och kylmaskinerna 2-3 används för att tillgodose kylbehovet. Frikyla reserveras till att användas under de tidpunkter då kylbehovet är som högst. Effektavgiften för fjärrvärme står för 25,7 % av total driftkostnad i optimalt driftfall. För att minska kostnaderna anses det därför viktigt att kapa effekttopparna för fjärrvärme. Studien undersöker eventuella fördelar med att koppla frikyle-värmeväxlaren mot Klarälven med avsikt att kunna utnyttja den mer än vad som görs i dagsläget. Systemlösningen ger ingen signifikant minskning av driftkostnader vid simulering av ett års drift. Det kan dock vara fördelaktigt att koppla frikyla mot Klarälven ur perspektivet att kunna justera nettoenergin till marklagret för att förhindra långsiktiga temperaturförändringar i berggrunden. Årlig driftkostnad kan minskas genom att öka maxkapaciteten för värmepumparna. En ökning avbergvärmepumparnas kapacitet motsvarande en komponent minskar total årlig kostnad med 4,6 %. En ökning av kylvärmepumparnas kapacitet motsvarande en komponent minskar total årlig kostnad med 1,5 %. Att öka maxkapaciteten för övriga komponenter ger ingen signifikant förändring av årlig driftkostnad. Förbättring av studien innebär att basera modellen på bättre indata samt ta hänsyn till fler detaljer i systemet. Vidare studier bör fokusera på att tillämpa resultaten för att verifiera dem i verkligheten samt göra investeringskalkyler över att utöka kapaciteten för värmepumparna. / The study uses linear programming to optimize the operation of the thermal energy system at Karlstad Central Hospital from an economic perspective. The background to the study is the high electricity prices that occurred at the end of 2021 and the fact that there are currently knowledge gaps regarding how the system should be run optimally. The study is based on operational data from 2021. The energy system that is optimized is made up of cooling heat pumps, ground source heat pumps, cooling machines, free cooling, district heating and ground storage. A ratio for how many kWh of thermal energy that is produced per kWh of supplied electricity was produced for all components, which was then used to model the energy system. Optimization of the system provides which components are to be used at different times to meet a specific heating and cooling demand. The result in the form of optimal operation during 2021 is analyzed and used to produce operating recommendations for the energy system in the future. A method for theoretically limiting the capacity of the ground storage during optimization is presented. The method uses net energy to the ground storage over a specific period of time to approximate the temperature of the brine liquid out of the ground storage. By setting temperature limits on the brine liquid, the net energy to the ground storage can thereby be limited. Based on data from 2021, the net energy to the ground storage is allowed to vary between -14 700 kWh and 12 500 kWh per 24 hours. The results show that during the winter it is advantageous to primarily use the ground source heat pumps A-D in combination with free cooling. Secondary, the cooling heat pumps E-F are used. The difference between primary and secondary system solution is small and the two can be seen as relatively equivalent. District heating is only used as a last resort during the winter. The energy source for the ground source heat pumps should vary between the Klarälven river and the ground storage with the intention of utilizing the capacity of the ground storage optimally. The spring and autumn case is largely equivalent to the winter case, with the exception that it contains more variations as a result of changes in surrounding conditions. During the summer, only district heating should be used to meet the heat demand. Free cooling and cooling machines 2-3 are used to meet the cooling needs. Free cooling is reserved for use during the times when the cooling demand is at its highest.The power fee for district heating accounts for 25.7% of the total operating cost in the optimal operating case. To reduce costs, it is therefore considered important to cut the power peaks for district heating. The study examines the possible benefits of connecting the free cooling heat exchanger to the Klarälven river with the intention of being able to use it more than what is currently the case. The system solution does not provide a significant reduction in operating costs when simulating one year of operation. It might however be advantageous to connect free cooling to the Klarälven river from the perspective of being able to adjust the net energy to the ground storage to prevent long-term temperature changes in the bedrock. Annual operating costs can be reduced by increasing the maximum capacity of the heat pumps. An increase in the capacity of the ground source heat pumps equivalent to one component reduces the total annual cost by 4.6%. An increase in the capacity of the cooling heat pumps equivalent to one component reduces the total annual cost by 1.5%. Increasing the maximum capacity for the other components does not result in a significant change in annual operating costs. Improvements of the study means basing the model on better input data and taking into account more details in the system. Further studies should focus on applying the results to verify them in reality andmake investment calculations regarding expansion of the capacity of the heat pumps