In this thesis proposals for different designs of a borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) have been developed for the building DN-huset in Stockholm, Sweden. To build a BTES results in savings in energy costs by approximately 44 %, i.e. 2 million Swedish crowns annually. Furthermore, a BTES would reduce the annual environmental impact with roughly 75-157 tonnes of CO2 equivalents per year, depending on how the electricity consumption’s environmental impact is estimated. The payback period is about 11 years, including the warm-up period that is necessary before commissioning the BTES. The savings in environmental impact and operating costs are a result of energy being reused. During the summer heat is stored in the bedrock beneath the building for retrieval about half a year later in the winter, when there is a heating demand. In addition to developing proposals for different BTES designs the thesis also examines the influence of certain design parameters, conservative choices and operating conditions.

A feasibility study on upgrading an existing heat distribution network to a low-temperature distribution grid has been carried out during this project. The integration of a solar thermal system combined with a borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) for covering the space heating demand of the buildings as well as the application of CO2 heat pumps and water storage tanks for domestic hot water (DHW) production were investigated in order to apply more renewable energy sources. The energy analysis included several measures, such as modeling the energy demand of the buildings, finding a reasonable number of solar collectors to be installed and dimensioning a ground source heat pump (with the use of CoolPack and Engineering Equation Solver EES) and a geothermal storage (Earth Energy Designer Software EED) as well as CO2 heat pumps (CoolPack/EES). An economic analysis of all proposed measures has been carried out based on the Net Present Value (NPV) and Net Present Value Quotient (NPVQ). Initial costs, annual costs, annual savings as well as the payback time of the energy systems have been calculated. It is found that it is not feasible to invest in the proposed energy system for space heating because the payback time (28 years) of the system is longer than the lifetime of the solar thermal system. Furthermore, the solar gain from the solar collectors is not sufficient for recovering the ground temperature of the BTES with solar energy only which is why external sources would be needed for supplying the remaining energy needed to recover the ground temperature. Results show that an integration of CO2 heat pumps and water storage tanks for DHW production is very promising as the payback time for the investigated system is only 4 years which is why this part should be investigated further.

No description available.

Energy demand for buildings has been rising during recent years. Increasing building energy consumption has caused many energy-related problems and environmental issues. The on-site community energy system application is a promising way of providing energy for buildings. Community energy system usage reduces the primary energy consumption and environmental effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to the implementation of the stand-alone energy systems. Furthermore, due to the increase in electricity price and shortage of fossil fuel resources, renewable energies and energy storage technologies could be great alternative solutions to solve energy-related problems. Generally, the energy system might include various technologies such as internal combustion engine, heat recovery system, boiler, thermal storage tank, battery, absorption chiller, ground source heat pump, heating coil, electric chiller, solar photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal collectors, and seasonal thermal energy storage. The economic, technical and environmental impacts of energy systems depend on the system design and operational strategy. The focus of this thesis is to propose unified frameworks, including the mathematical formulation of all of the components to determine the optimal energy system configuration, the optimal size of each component, and optimal operating strategy. The proposed methodologies address the problems related to the optimal design of the energy system for both deterministic and stochastic cases. By the use of the proposed frameworks, the design of the energy system is investigated for different specified levels of GHG emissions ratio, and the purpose is to minimize the annual total cost. To account for uncertainties and to reduce the computational times and maintain accuracy, a novel strategy is developed to produce scenarios for the stochastic problem. System design is carried out to minimize the annual total cost and conditional value at risk (CVaR) of emissions for the confidence level of 95%. The results demonstrate how the system size changes due to uncertainty and as a function of the operational GHG emissions ratio. It is shown that with the present-day technology (without solar technologies and seasonal storage), the lowest amount of GHG emissions ratio is 37%. This indicates the need for significant technological development to overcome that ratio to be 10% of stand-alone systems. This thesis introduces novel performance curves (NPC) for determining the optimal operation of the energy system. By the use of this approach, it is possible to identify the optimal operation of the energy system without solving complex optimization procedures. The application of the proposed NPC strategy is investigated for various case studies in different locations. The usage of the proposed strategy leads to the best-operating cost-saving and operational GHG savings when compared to other published approaches. It has shown that other strategies are special (not always optimal) cases of the NPC strategy. Based on the extensive literature review, it is found that it is exceptionally complicated to apply the previously proposed models of seasonal thermal energy storage in optimization software. Besides, the high computational time is required to obtain an optimum size and operation of storage from an optimization software. This thesis also proposes a new flexible semi-analytical, semi-numerical methodology to model the heat transfer process of the borehole thermal energy storage to solve the above challenges. The model increases the flexibility of the storage operation since the model can control the process of the storage by also deciding the appropriate storage zone for charging and discharging. / Thesis / Doctor of Engineering (DEng)

Ground Source Heat Pumps (GHSPs) is a relevant application and around 3 million installations are setting up at the beginning of 2010 (IEA ECES Annex 21). The improvements in GSHPs are currently focused on the optimization of the system and the reduction of costs installations. The thermal conductivity of the ground and thermal resistance of the Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) are important design parameters for Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) systems. The Thermal Response Test (TRT), which has been used up to now in the GHE design, only allows estimating mean values for thermal conductivity of the surrounding ground and borehole resistance. However, the ground thermal conductivity and borehole thermal resistance may present local variation along the borehole depth. For improving conventional TRT, the optical fiber technology is applied to collect information about the temperature profiles in the borehole. Thermal Response Test (TRT) logs the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures; meanwhile, the Distributed Thermal Response Test (DTRT) carries out a profile of the temperature along the borehole depth, in this case with fiber optic cables. This Master of Science Thesis focuses on the comparison and analysis of DTRT measurements in a U-pipe borehole in order to estimate the thermal conductivity and the borehole thermal resistance along the borehole. The comparison and the analysis are carried out by: •Comparing the differences of TRT results depending on the heat power rate considered – constant and by steps-. •Comparing the results from two different resolution Distributed Test Sensing (DTS) equipments: Halo and Sentinel DTS. •Comparing the differences of TRT results as depending on the analytical procedure based on the line source theory: line source model and line source approximation.

In Canada 15% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are produced by the residential sector’s energy demand. The majority of the energy demand is space heating which is primarily met with natural gas combustion. Motivation exists to reduce GHG emissions due to their contribution to climate change. Integrated Community Energy Harvesting (ICE-Harvest) systems seek to integrate thermal and electrical energy production, storage, redistribution, and consumption in a way that reduces GHG emissions. Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) is implemented in ICE-Harvest systems as seasonal thermal energy storage. This thesis presents a novel model of BTES thermal response with reduced complexity to aid in early siting, design, optimization, and control systems development work for ICE-Harvest systems. The reduced model can be used to approximate periodic steady state BTES thermal response. The model provides information on average ground storage volume temperature, outlet fluid temperature, heat exchanger fluid to storage volume heat transfer rate, storage volume top loss heat transfer rate, storage volume side and bottom loss heat transfer rate, and annual thermal energy storage efficiency which aids system modelling efforts for BTES in solar thermal and ICE-Harvest systems. The reduced model is formed from a solution of the thermal energy balance equations for the BTES ground storage volume and heat exchanger fluid with simplified operating conditions for a yearly BTES charging and discharging cycle. Ground storage volume temperature is lumped as a single value. Heat transfer rates between the storage volume and the heat exchanger fluid and the storage volume and its surroundings are modelled with periodic steady state thermal resistance values for the charging and discharging timesteps. A TRNSYS DST simulation of BTES is validated against measurements from a BTES installation and TRNSYS DST is used to generate the periodic steady state thermal resistance values the reduced model requires. The periodic steady state thermal resistance values of BTES charging and discharging are dependent on BTES design parameters (spacing between boreholes, number of boreholes, borehole depth, and storage volume size) and ground thermal properties (thermal capacity and thermal conductivity) which is presented in a series of parameter sweeps with respect to a reference simulation. The reduced model predicts periodic steady state average storage volume temperature with a RMSD of 0.96°C for charging and 1.3°C for discharging when compared to the TRNSYS DST reference simulation. The reduced model predicts the periodic steady state heat exchanger total energy transfer within 1.8% for the charging timestep and 2.8% for the discharging timestep when compared to the TRNSYS DST reference simulation. The reduced model’s periodic steady state thermal resistance values are demonstrated to be independent of heat exchanger fluid inlet temperature except for the side and bottom loss thermal resistance during discharging. The reduced model cannot replicate the change in heat transfer direction that occurs during BTES discharging when the temperature of the storage volume decreases below the temperature of the surrounding ground, however, the magnitude of the energy transfer that would occur is negligible compared to the magnitude of the BTES heat exchanger total energy transfer. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

In order to reduce emissions from the building sector, which stands for than a fifth of the global energy consumption today, efficient and fossil free heating and cooling systems are of importance. This study investigates the combination of solar photovoltaic thermal collectors and ground source heat pump systems in order to regenerate energy to the ground in combination with free cooling. Research questions investigated was how techno-economically efficient a system with photovoltaic thermal collectors, ground source heat pumps and free cooling in a commercial building is. Moreover, the study evaluates what benefits and challenges such system can have. In addition, Polysun as a modeling tool was evaluated for modeling a system includingthese components. Polysun was used as a model tool to first set up a replication of an existing system in TRNSYS provided by researchers at KTH. The model was then scaled and adjusted with parameters to represent a commercial building using free cooling from Vasakronan, a Swedish property company. Photovoltaic thermal collectors were added to the model of the existing building, with two different configurations, and the heating and cooling demand of the building was varied. The results showed that a configuration with photovoltaic thermal collectors added after the evaporator side of the heat pump generated more energy to the system compared with an installation before the evaporator side of the heat pump. The possibilities of free cooling decreased with increasing number of solar collectors, due to the rise of temperature in the ground. From an economic perspective, photovoltaic thermal collectors are more expensive than photovoltaic modules, since it has an additional cost for the hydraulic system that depends on the building. However, photovoltaic thermal collectors also provide thermal energy that can help balancing borehole systems and reduce the risk for a need of additional drilling. The study performed an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the results, showing that the electricity price is the most sensitive parameter to the net present value of investing in photovoltaic thermal collectors. With the electricity price assumed in this study, the net present values were positive for all cases for the given interest rate and lifetime of 25 years. It was also concluded that the modeling tool Polysun has a user friendly interface where energy systems easily can be modeled. In terms of borehole configurations, there is a lack of modeling alternatives which resulted in unexpected temperature rises in the ground for the model. / Byggnadssektorn står idag för mer än en femtedel av den globala energiförbrukningen, där över hälften av energin kommer från fossila bränslen. Därför är det viktigt med effektiva och fossilfria uppvärmnings- och kylsystem för att minska utsläppen, där värmepumpar är ett bra alternativ. Denna studie undersöker kombinationen av termiska solceller och bergvärmepumpssystem i kommersiella fastigheter, med syfte att återladda energi till marken i kombination med frikyla. Syftet var att undersöka hur teknoekonomiskt effektivt ett sådant system är och vilka fördelar samt nackdelar som finns. Dessutom utvärderades modelleringsverktyget Polysun som användes föratt modellera systemen. Arbetet inleddes med att efterlikna ett befintligt system i Polysun från en tidigare studie från KTH som använt modelleringsverktyget TRNSYS. Därefter justerades detta system så att det skulle efterlikna en av Vasakronans byggnader som idag använder bergvärme och frikyla. Tre scenarier konstruerades till basmodellen där samtliga innefattade termiska solceller. Resultaten visade att antalet termiska solceller kunde minska i antal då dessa var kopplade efter förångarsidan av värmepumpen, jämfört med om de är installerade före förångarsidan av värmepumpen. Genom att öka antalet termiska solceller i systemet ökade temperaturen i borrhålen, vilket ledde till en minskad möjlig användning av frikyla. Ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv är termiska solceller dyrare än solceller som enbart genererar elektricitet, med en extra kostnad för det hydrauliska systemet som även beror på byggnadens utformning. Dock finns det andra fördelar med termiska solceller såsom att de kan hjälpa till att balansera borrhålssystem och minska behovet för att borra ytterligare borrhål. I studien utfördes en osäkerhets- och känslighetsanalys av resultaten, vilken visade att elpriset har stor påverkan på nettonuvärdet av en investering i termiska solceller. Med det elpris som antogs i denna studie var nettovärdet positivt för alla fall med den givna kalkylräntan och livstiden för systemet. Polysun visade sig vara ett modelleringsverktyg med ett användarvänligt gränssnitt där energisystem lätt kan modelleras. När det gäller konfigurationer av borrhål finns det begränsade modelleringsalternativ, där resultaten visade oväntade temperaturstegringar för marken i modellen.

Bei oberflächennahen geothermischen Anwendungen kommt es zu Temperaturveränderungen im Untergrund, um Wärme zu gewinnen oder zu speichern. Die dadurch verursachten thermischen Auswirkungen können die thermischen, hydraulischen und chemischen Bedingungen des Untergrunds verändern und sich auf die Systemleistung auswirken. Die Situation wird noch komplizierter, wenn die Grundwasserleiter unterschiedlich gesättigt sind und eine Verunreinigung des Untergrunds vorliegt. In dieser Arbeit werden vollständig gekoppelte Wärme- und Stofftransportmodelle angewandt, um die Wechselwirkung zwischen oberflächennahen geothermischen Anwendungen und der unterirdischen Umgebung besser zu charakterisieren. Es werden drei verschiedene Szenarien untersucht. Zunächst werden die thermischen Auswirkungen und die Nachhaltigkeit einer intensiven oberflächennahen geothermischen Nutzung in einem Wohngebiet über einen Zeitraum von 24 Jahren bewertet. Überwachungsdaten des Standorts werden in das Modell integriert, und die Bedeutung standortspezifscher Kenntnisse für die Planung wird hervorgehoben. Zweitens wird der gekoppelte Feuchtigkeits- und Wärmetransport eines Erdwärmespeichersystems (BTES) untersucht. Es wird eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durchgeführt und die Wärmeentzugsefzienz zwischen verschiedenen Szenarien verglichen. Bei Austrocknung oder starker Gasphasenkonvektion werden signifkante Änderungen im Wärmetransportverhalten erwartet. Drittens wird ein nichtisothermes Drei-Komponenten-Zweiphasenströmungsmodell abgeleitet und mit der Finite-Elemente-Methode implementiert. Die Validierung des numerischen Modells bestätigt seine Fähigkeit, die gekoppelte Strömung sowie den Wärme- und Stofftransport in einem ungespannten Grundwasserleiter zu simulieren, der einem BTES-Betrieb ausgesetzt ist. Insbesondere wird das Potenzial für die thermisch verstärkte Verflüchtigung von Trichlorethylen (TCE) in wässriger Phase bewertet. Da durch die Wärmezufuhr eine Auftriebsströmung induziert wird, nimmt die Verringerung der Schadstoffmasse erheblich zu und erreicht nach fünf Jahren mehr als 70 %. Die in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können durch die Verbesserung ihrer ökologischen und ökonomischen Leistungen zu einer breiteren Akzeptanz von Technologien der flachen Geothermie beitragen. / Shallow geothermal applications induce temperature changes in the subsurface for heat extraction or storage purposes. Their induced thermal impacts may alter the thermal, hydraulic, and chemical conditions of the subsurface and feedback on the system performance. The situation is further complicated in variably saturated aquifers and when subsurface contamination exists. In this work, fully coupled heat and mass transport models are applied to improve the characterization of interaction between shallow geothermal applications and the subsurface environment. Three different scenarios are investigated. First, the thermal impact and sustainability of intensive shallow geothermal exploitation in a residential area is evaluated over a 24-year period. Monitoring data from the site is integrated into the model and the importance of site-specifc knowledge for planning is highlighted. Second, the coupled moisture and heat transfer of a soil borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) system is explored. A sensitivity analysis is performed and the heat extraction efciency is compared among various scenarios. Signifcant changes in the heat transport behavior are expected when drying out or strong gas phase convection occurs. Third, a non-isothermal three-component two-phase flow model is derived and implemented with the fnite element method. Validation of the numerical model confrms its ability to simulate the coupled flow, heat and mass transport in an unconfned aquifer subject to BTES operation. In particular, the potential for thermally-enhanced volatilization of aqueousphase trichloroethylene (TCE) is assessed. As buoyant flow is induced due to heat injection, reduction of the contaminant mass grows considerably, reaching more than 70% after fve years. The fndings obtained from this thesis can contribute to a wider adoption of shallow geothermal technologies through the enhancement of their environmental and economical services.

The thermal response of a borehole field is often described by non‐dimensional response factors called gfunctions.The g‐function was firstly generated as a numerical solution based on SBM (Superposition BoreholeModel). An analytical approach, the FLS (Finite Line Source), is also accepted for generating the g‐function. In thiswork the potential to numerically produce g‐functions is studied for circular borehole fields using the commercialsoftware COMSOL. The numerical method is flexible and allows the generation of g‐functions for any boreholefield geometry. The approach is partially validated by comparing the solution for a square borehole field containing36 boreholes (6x6) with g‐functions generated with the FLS approach and with the program EED (Earth EnergyDesigner). The latter is based on Eskilsons SBM, one of the first documents where the concept of g‐functions wasintroduced. Once the approach is validated, the square COMSOL model is compared with a circular geometryborehole field developed by the same method, consisting of 3 concentric rings having 6, 12, and 18 boreholes.Finally the influence on the circular geometry g‐function is studied when connecting the boreholes in radial zoneswith different thermal loads. / Den termiska responsen för ett borrhålsfält beskrivs ofta med den dimensionslösa responsfunktionen kallad gfunktion.Responsfunktionen togs först fram som en numerisk lösning med SBM (Superposition Borehole Model).En analytisk metod, FLS (Finite Line Source) är också accepterad för framtagandet av g‐funktioner. I det här arbetetundersöks förutsättningarna att numeriskt ta fram g‐funktioner för cirkulära borrhålsfält genom att använda detkommersiella simuleringsprogrammet COMSOL Multiphysics. Den numeriska metoden är flexibel och kananvändas för alla typer av borrhålsgeometrier. Metoden att använda COMSOL valideras delvis genom att jämföraresultatet för ett kvadratiskt borrhålsfält innehållande 36 borrhål (6x6) med lösningar framtagna med FLS och meddimensioneringsprogrammet EED (Earth Energy Designer). Det senare har sin grund i Eskilsons SBM, ett av deförsta arbeten där begreppet g‐funktion introducerades. När metoden att använda COMSOL verifierats, jämförsden kvadratiska borrhålsmodellen med en cirkulär borrhålskonfiguration, upprättad med samma metod,innehållande 3 koncentriska ringar om vardera 6, 12, 18 borrhål. Slutligen undersöks hur den termiska responsenpåverkas då borrhålen i ett cirkulärt borrhålsfält kopplas samman och grupperas i radiella zoner med olika termiskalaster. / SEEC Scandinavian Energy Efficiency Co.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El sistema de bomba de calor geotérmica (GSHP) es una tecnología prometedora para utilizar la energía geotérmica somera (EGS). En este sistema, un intercambiador enterrado de calor de perforación (BHE) desempeña un papel principal e influye directamente en el coeficiente de rendimiento estacional (SCOP) de este sistema geotérmico poco profundo. Se han llevado a cabo diferentes estudios para mejorar el rendimiento del BHE, incluyendo el uso de materiales avanzados para el plástico de las tuberías, uso de fluido caloportador (o de transferencia de calor) y de relleno/grouting, de mayor transferencia de calor, diseño de nuevas geometrías, y la optimización del BHE para ser utilizado como sistemas de almacenamiento de energía térmica (BTES). Los costes de perforación, el consumo eléctrico de las bombas de calor y la resistencia térmica de las perforaciones pueden reducirse utilizando materiales con propiedades termofísicas adecuadas, como los nanofluidos y los materiales de almacenamiento térmico. De este modo, no sólo se produce una transferencia de calor más significativa entre el fluido caloportador, el relleno y el terreno, sino que también se reduce el efecto térmico sobre el entorno. El fluido de transferencia de calor es uno de los factores de optimización de la BHE que se utilizará para el almacenamiento de energía térmica (TES). Una mayor conductividad térmica en el fluido de transferencia de calor mejora la eficacia de la transferencia de calor entre el fluido y los materiales alrededor, lo que lleva a alcanzar con mayor rapidez la temperatura de cambio de fase en los materiales de almacenamiento. Cuando se usa un fluido de transferencia de calor con una conductividad térmica superior, la temperatura del material de almacenamiento de calor experimenta fluctuaciones más rápidas, lo que reduce significativamente la duración necesaria para un cambio de fase completo. Además, usar materiales de cambio de fase (PCM) para almacenar calor en lugar del relleno convencional permite aprovechar el BHE como sistema BTES. Además de disminuir considerablemente la profundidad de perforación necesaria, el sistema BTES puede almacenar y liberar energía diaria y estacionalmente para reducir la carga durante las horas punta. Sin embargo, hay un vacío notable en la bibliografía sobre la exploración y aplicación de nuevos materiales de almacenamiento de calor y fluidos de transferencia de calor en las BHE para hacerlas aptas para fines de BTES. Aunque se han aplicado diversas innovaciones para mejorar el rendimiento de los BHE, como el uso de materiales plásticos avanzados y la optimización del diseño, la mayor parte de la investigación se ha centrado en el uso convencional de los BHE. Debería prestarse más atención a las ventajas potenciales del aprovechamiento de los intercambiadores de calor mediante la aplicación de nanofluidos y PCM como fluidos de transferencia de calor y medios de almacenamiento de calor, respectivamente. Como ya se ha mencionado, estos materiales poseen propiedades termofísicas superiores que pueden dar lugar a una transferencia de calor más eficiente, una reducción de los costes de perforación, un menor consumo de electricidad en las bombas de calor y una disminución de la resistencia térmica de la perforación. Esta laguna en la investigación hace necesaria una investigación en profundidad para determinar la viabilidad y factibilidad de la aplicación de estos materiales avanzados en las BHE, facilitando en última instancia su transformación en sistemas BTES fiables. Por lo tanto, los principales objetivos de esta tesis doctoral son estudiar experimental y numéricamente los impactos del uso de materiales avanzados para el fluido caloportador y el relleno/grouting tales como nanofluidos y PCMs, en el rendimiento del BHE como sistemas BTES. El estudio pretende seleccionar los materiales más favorables, convirtiéndose en una referencia práctica y fiable para futuros proyectos y sectores industriales. / [CA] El sistema de bomba de calor geotèrmica (GSHP, en anglès) és una tecnologia prometedora per a utilitzar l'energia geotèrmica succinta (EGS). En este sistema, un bescanviador enterrat de calor de perforació (BHE, en anglès) exercix un paper principal i influïx directament en el coeficient de rendiment estacional (SCOP) d'este sistema geotèrmic poc profund. S'han dut a terme diferents estudis per a millorar el rendiment del *BHE, incloent-hi l'ús de materials avançats per al plàstic de les canonades, ús de fluid termòfor (o de transferència de calor) i de grouting, de major transferència de calor, disseny de noves geometries, i l'optimització del BHE per a ser utilitzat com a sistemes d'emmagatzematge d'energia tèrmica (BTES, en anglès). Els costos de perforació, el consum elèctric de les bombes de calor i la resistència tèrmica de les perforacions poden reduir-se utilitzant materials amb propietats termo-físiques adequades, com els nanofluids i els materials d'emmagatzematge tèrmic. D'esta manera, no sols es produïx una transferència de calor més significativa entre el fluid termòfor, el farciment i el terreny, sinó que també es reduïx l'efecte tèrmic sobre l'entorn. El fluid de transferència de calor és un dels factors d'optimització de la *BHE que s'utilitzarà per a l'emmagatzematge d'energia tèrmica (*TES). Una major conductivitat tèrmica en el fluid de transferència de calor millora l'eficàcia de la transferència de calor entre el fluid i els materials al voltant, la qual cosa porta a aconseguir amb major rapidesa la temperatura de canvi de fase en els materials d'emmagatzematge. Quan s'usa un fluid de transferència de calor amb una conductivitat tèrmica superior, la temperatura del material d'emmagatzematge de calor experimenta fluctuacions més ràpides, la qual cosa reduïx significativament la duració necessària per a un canvi de fase complet. A més, usar materials de canvi de fase (PCM, en anglès) per a emmagatzemar calor en lloc del farciment convencional permet aprofitar el BHE com a sistema BTES. A més de disminuir considerablement la profunditat de perforació necessària, el sistema BTES pot emmagatzemar i alliberar energia diària i estacionalment per a reduir la càrrega durant les hores punta. No obstant això, hi ha un buit notable en la bibliografia sobre l'exploració i aplicació de nous materials d'emmagatzematge de calor i fluids de transferència de calor en les BHE per a fer-les aptes per a fins de BTES. Encara que s'han aplicat diverses innovacions per a millorar el rendiment dels BHE, com l'ús de materials plàstics avançats i l'optimització del disseny, la major part de la investigació s'ha centrat en l'ús convencional dels BHE. Hauria de prestar-se més atenció als avantatges potencials de l'aprofitament dels bescanviadors de calor mitjançant l'aplicació de nanofluids i PCM com a fluids de transferència de calor i mitjans d'emmagatzematge de calor, respectivament. Com ja s'ha esmentat, estos materials posseïxen propietats termo-físiques superiors que poden donar lloc a una transferència de calor més eficient, una reducció dels costos de perforació, un menor consum d'electricitat en les bombes de calor i una disminució de la resistència tèrmica de la perforació. Esta llacuna en la investigació fa necessària una investigació en profunditat per a determinar la viabilitat i factibilitat de l'aplicació d'estos materials avançats en les BHE, facilitant en última instància la seua transformació en sistemes BTES fiables. Per tant, els principals objectius d'esta tesi doctoral són estudiar experimental i numèricament els impactes de l'ús de materials avançats per al fluid termòfor i el grouting com ara nanofluids i PCMs, en el rendiment del BHE com a sistemes BTES. L'estudi pretén seleccionar els materials més favorables, convertint-se en una referència pràctica i fiable per a futurs projectes i sectors industrials. / [EN] Due to severe environmental pollution and worldwide energy deficiency, exploiting renewable energies has become more critical than ever. Shallow geothermal energy (SGE) is considered a sustainable and renewable energy source with significant advantages in space heating and cooling, industrial applications, greenhouses, electricity production, agriculture industry devices, and hot water production, among others. The ground source heat pump (GSHP) system is a promising technology for utilizing SGE. In this system, a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) plays an important role and directly influences the coefficient of performance (COP) of this shallow geothermal system. Different approaches have been carried out to enhance the performance of the BHE, including using advanced materials for pipes, heat transfer fluids, and backfill/grout, designing new geometries, and optimizing the BHE to be used as borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) systems. Drilling costs, heat pump electricity consumption, and borehole thermal resistance can be reduced using materials with appropriate thermo-physical properties like nanofluids and heat storage materials. This results in not only a more significant heat transfer between the heat transfer fluid, the backfill/grout, and the soil but also lessens the thermal effect on the surroundings. Heat transfer fluid is one of the factors in optimizing the BHE to be used for thermal energy storage (TES). Increased thermal conductivity in the heat transfer fluid enhances heat transfer efficiency between the fluid and the heat storage materials, leading to a more rapid attainment of the phase change temperature in the storage materials. In essence, when employing a heat transfer fluid with superior thermal conductivity, the temperature of the heat storage material experiences quicker fluctuations, resulting in a significant reduction in the duration required for a complete phase change. Moreover, the use of phase change material (PCM) as a heat storage medium instead of conventional backfill/grout enables the BHE to be beneficial and applicable as a BTES system. In addition to decreasing the required borehole depth considerably, the BTES system can store and release energy daily and seasonally to reduce the load during peak hours. However, there is a notable gap in the literature concerning exploring and applying new heat storage and heat transfer fluid materials in BHEs to render them suitable for TES purposes. While various approaches have been undertaken to enhance BHE performance, including using advanced materials and design optimizations, most research has concentrated on the conventional goal of BHEs. More attention should be given to the potential advantages of these heat exchangers by applying nanofluids and PCMs as heat transfer fluids and heat storage media, respectively. As mentioned above, these materials possess superior thermo-physical properties that can lead to more efficient heat transfer, reduced drilling costs, lower electricity consumption in heat pumps, and diminished borehole thermal resistance. This research gap necessitates an in-depth investigation to determine the feasibility and practicality of implementing these advanced materials in BHEs, ultimately facilitating their transformation into reliable BTES systems. The outcomes of such research endeavors hold the promise of addressing environmental concerns and global energy deficiencies by advancing the utilization of renewable energy sources like SGE sustainably and effectively. Therefore, the main objectives of this doctoral dissertation are to study experimentally and numerically the impacts of using advanced materials for heat transfer fluid and backfill/grout, such as nanofluids and PCMs, on the performance of the BHE as BTES systems. The study aims to select the most favorable materials, making it a practical and reliable reference for future projects and industry sectors. / This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program named GEOCOND under grant agreement No [727583]. / Javadi, H. (2024). Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermo-Fluid Dynamics of Borehole Heat Exchangers Incorporating Advanced Materials to be Optimized for use as Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203144 / Compendio