Railway track and ground vibrations are considered, with anemphasis on methods of mitigation ("countermeasures"), forapplication to wayside disturbance problems. Original field measurements from two sites in Sweden, aswell as borrowed measurements from Norway, provide vibrationresults at many points on the track, on and underneath theground surface, for a variety of trains, both with and withoutcountermeasures in-place. Infinite periodic system theory is the basis of track-onlyand track-ground interaction models presented. The repeatingelement includes the sleeper, pad-fastener, rail, and either alocally-reacting ballast or a continuous ballast-soilwaveguide. The track-only model is even refined for nonlinearand high-frequency cases. The models are suitable for studyingcountermeasures in the track, or in the foundation(soil-stabilization). This latter countermeasure is shown to beeffective at low frequencies (of geotechnical interest), butsometimes counterproductive at audible frequencies (disturbanceproblems). An analytical model for hard seismic screens is alsopresented, to complement the treatment of ground vibrationcountermeasures; this is based on physical approximations whichare favored by "high" (i.e, audible)frequencies and softsoils. Notably, experimentally observed resonant behavior isexplained. <b>Keywords:</b>ground vibration, vibration screen, trackvibration, railway vibration

The highly flexible HALE (High Altitude Long Endurance) aircraft analysis methodology is of interest because early studies indicated that HALE aircraft might have different vibration and aeroelastic characteristics from those of conventional aircraft. Recently the computer code Nonlinear Aeroelastic Trim And Stability of HALE Aircraft (NATASHA) was developed and used to the flight dynamics and aeroelastic analysis of flying wing HALE aircraft. Further analysis improvements were required to extend its capability to the ground vibration test (GVT) environment and to both GVT and aeroelastic behavior of HALE aircraft with other configurations. First, the geometrically exact fully intrinsic beam theory was extended to treat other aircraft configurations modeled as an assembly of beam elements. It includes auxiliary elevator input in the horizontal tail and fuselage aerodynamics. Second, the methodology was extended to treat the GVT environment to provide modal characteristics for model validation. A newly developed bungee formulation is coupled to the intrinsic beam formulation for the GVT modeling. After the coupling procedures, the whole formulation cannot be fully intrinsic because the geometric constraint by bungee cords makes the system statically indeterminant. Third, because many HALE aircraft are propeller driven, the methodology was extended to include an engine/nacelle/propeller system using a two-degree-of-freedom model. This step was undertaken to predict a dynamic instability called ``whirl flutter," which can be exhibited in such HALE aircrafts. For simplicity, two fundamental assumptions are made: constant approximation on the propeller aerodynamics and the use of equivalent three-bladed counterpart for two-bladed propeller system to obviate the need for Floquet theory. The validity of these assumptions is verified by investigating the periodic effect of side forces and hub moments and the periodic inertia effect. Finally, parametric studies show how the current methodology can be utilized as a unified preliminary analysis tool for the vibration and aeroelastic analysis of highly flexible HALE aircraft.

<p>Railway track and ground vibrations are considered, with anemphasis on methods of mitigation ("countermeasures"), forapplication to wayside disturbance problems.</p><p>Original field measurements from two sites in Sweden, aswell as borrowed measurements from Norway, provide vibrationresults at many points on the track, on and underneath theground surface, for a variety of trains, both with and withoutcountermeasures in-place.</p><p>Infinite periodic system theory is the basis of track-onlyand track-ground interaction models presented. The repeatingelement includes the sleeper, pad-fastener, rail, and either alocally-reacting ballast or a continuous ballast-soilwaveguide. The track-only model is even refined for nonlinearand high-frequency cases. The models are suitable for studyingcountermeasures in the track, or in the foundation(soil-stabilization). This latter countermeasure is shown to beeffective at low frequencies (of geotechnical interest), butsometimes counterproductive at audible frequencies (disturbanceproblems).</p><p>An analytical model for hard seismic screens is alsopresented, to complement the treatment of ground vibrationcountermeasures; this is based on physical approximations whichare favored by "high" (i.e, audible)frequencies and softsoils. Notably, experimentally observed resonant behavior isexplained.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>ground vibration, vibration screen, trackvibration, railway vibration</p>

Orientador: Gilda Carneiro Ferreira / Banca: Elias Carneiro Daitx / Banca: Valdir Costa e Silva / Resumo: Neste estudo foi realizado o monitoramento das vibrações geradas por explosivos em uma lavra de calcário e argilito localizada no município de Limeira (SP), com o objetivo de desenvolver equação probabilística de atenuação de vibração e verificação da existência de variação nos níveis de vibração gerados pelo desmonte em diferentes níveis litológicos e estratigráficos. Os registros da velocidade de vibração de partícula e sua freqüência foram medidos utilizando-se sismógrafos de engenharia, concentrando-se em área localizada a 300 metros a sudoeste do empreendimento mineiro, no Bairro Belinha Ometto. Os trabalhos foram realizados em duas etapas, na primeira foi gerada uma equação probabilística que foi utilizada pela empresa e reduziu os incômodos causados à população pelas operações de detonação. Os valores obtidos na etapa seguinte indicam ser o principal fator na dispersão das velocidades de partícula os desvios nos tempos nominais de retardo dos acessórios de detonação utilizados, tendo como imprópria a elaboração de planos de fogo que contemplem intervalos de tempo nominais entre a detonação de minas ou grupo de minas menores que 25 milisegundos quando da utilização de acessórios de iniciação da coluna de explosivos dotados de tempo de retardo superior a 200 milisegundos. / Abstract: This study performs a ground vibrations monitoring generated by blasting in a calcareous and clay quarry at Limeira city (SP). The main objective is develop a ground vibration attenuation probabilistic equation and verify the existence of vibration levels variation due to the blasting in different lithological and stratigraphical quarry levels. Peak particle registrations and frequency were mesured through engineering seismographs in an area named Bairro Belinha Ometto located 300 meters southwest from the mining site. The data acquisition had been carried through two stages, the first a probabilistic equation used for the company was applied and it reduced the local population disturbs caused by the blasting procedures operations. In the next stage, the obtained values indicate that the deviation in the nominal time delay derived from blasting accessories are the main factor in the dispersion of the resultant particle being therefore improper blasting plans applied in a quarry or a group of them projected with nominal intervals lesser than 25 miliseconds by using in the initiation an explosives column accessories endowed with a delay time superior than 200 miliseconds. / Mestre

Trafikverket, the Swedish Transport Administration, has been commissioned by the Swedishgovernment to make plans for new railway mainlines between the country’s three largest cities:Stockholm and Gothenburg/Malm¨o. The planned operating speed of the new mainlines isbetween 250–320 km/h. Train traffic at such high speeds across areas with soft soils may lead tolarge amplifications of the train induced ground vibrations, a phenomenon known as the groundvibration boom. The first observation of this phenomenon in practice occurred in Sweden in 1997,at the site Ledsg˚ard on the West Coast Line. This observation led to extensive investigationsand research. One of the research projects consisted of the development of the numerical calculationsoftware VibTrain by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, through which high speedtrain induced ground vibrations could be analyzed.The aim of this thesis has been to investigate whether VibTrain also could be used in planningworks for the new mainlines, specifically with respect to (i) evaluating the risk of the groundvibration boom and (ii) designing soil improvement measures. The investigation was conductedthrough calculations using the VibTrain software in three separate parts: (i) a verification of Vib-Train’s function on a modern computer by comparison with previous analyses for the Ledsg˚ardcase, (ii) a parametric study of the calculation model used in VibTrain and (iii) a comparison ofresults from VibTrain with results from the calculation software ωFE-N (¨Ulker-Kaustell 2016)for the location J¨arnasl¨atten in Ostl¨anken, a section of the new mainlines.The main findings from these calculations were:• The use of VibTrain on a modern computer worked well, and the verification of the program’sfunction through comparison with the Ledsg˚ard case yielded consistent results.• Modeling of soil improvement measures in the form of lime cement columns in VibTrain,using the method of equivalent modulus, gave results which principally agreed with theexpected behavior.• The comparison with results from the calculation software ωFE-N showed that the twoprograms agreed relatively well for a case with unimproved subgrade. In the analyzedcases with improved subgrade there were larger discrepancies, due to different modelingstrategies being used in the two programs.Based on the performed calculations, it is evident that VibTrain is best suited for initial assessmentsof the risk of the ground vibration boom. However, the calculation model is not sufficientlydetailed to be used in the design of soil improvement measures for the subgrade.

This thesis presents the design of a working and testable satellite with particular emphasis on the electrical, mechanical, and thermal modelling and performance issues for the ECOSat project in the framework of the Canadian Satellite Design Competition. In order of importance, based on the design challenges for the satellite structure were the dynamics modelling and analysis, thermal modeling and analysis, and assembly and integration modeling. Both the dynamics and thermal modeling of the satellite were completed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in NX with the NASTRAN solver. The dynamic analysis study was performed first since it has the primary design driver for the structure. These frequencies are of concern due to the 90 Hz or greater fundamental frequency requirement for each axis. The dynamic modes of the satellite structure had the largest influence not only on the design of the structure but also its interface to the electronic systems as these had to meet the required testing qualification levels. It was found that the first fundamental frequency appeared near 200 Hz in the XY plane of the structure. The second study performed was on the thermal modeling of the satellite both for extreme operating conditions in “Hot” and “Cold” cases. Operational limiting cases were identified for the batteries in the cold and hot case study, and the power amplifier for the transmitter was identified for the hot case study. For the batteries to perform satisfactorily for the cold and hot case problem, a metal bracket with an electric heater was added to the design. The heaters were added to the design as a resistive heating element, the additional thermal coupling from the bracket improved heat transfer during the hot case. A trade study analysis was conducted for the power amplifier. Here, a bi directional heat spreader made of pyrolytic graphite attached to a frame member with high thermal inertia was chosen as the optimal solution. Finally, the third study performed tested the interface and clearance requirements of the satellite. The synergistic integration of the electrical and mechanical systems required significant attention in order to ensure the successful assembly, integration, and testing of the two systems. The investigation focused on the cabling assemblies of the satellite. Several design iterations were required for the power regulation, transmitter, receiver, modem, and onboard computer systems. Detailed assembly drawings were created for the cabling assembly fabrication prior to the final integration of the electrical and mechanical systems. The performance simulations show that the satellite systems meet or exceed the required launch qualification tests as well as the thermal cycling requirements for all systems and their components to operate within the manufacturer specified values. Once completely assembled and launched into orbit, the satellite should be able to perform and within its operational and mission requirements in both a sun synchronous or polar orbit at a range of altitudes. / Graduate / 0538 / 0544 / 0548 / jtcurran@uvic.ca

Os principais impactos ambientais decorrentes de desmontes de rochas com explosivos estão associados à geração de vibrações no maciço circundante e pressão acústica. Para o monitoramento sismográfico apropriado, é fundamental que o sensor esteja bem acoplado ao meio, possibilitando a medição acurada da vibração do terreno. Devido à existência de diversas recomendações a respeito da montagem dos sensores de vibração (geofones) em campo, este estudo tem o intuito de avaliar os métodos de acoplamento de geofone mais comuns, determinando quais são aceitáveis para um adequado monitoramento sismográfico. Dessa forma, foi estudada a influência de quatro métodos de fixação nos parâmetros de vibração. Para este propósito, o primeiro geofone foi colocado sob um saco de areia, o segundo foi enterrado no solo, o terceiro foi cravado no solo e o quarto foi livremente colocado sobre o solo. Estes geofones foram dispostos lado a lado e as vibrações de desmontes com explosivos de uma mina de carvão a céu aberto foram monitoradas. As vibrações foram analisadas em termos de velocidade de vibração de partícula de pico, históricos temporais e frequência associada à vibração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram o desacoplamento do geofone sob saco de areia, descartando o método. O enterramento do geofone se mostrou preferível, entretanto, o uso de cravos registrou bom acoplamento. A colocação do geofone sobre o solo se mostrou aceitável de acordo com o nível de aceleração de vibração, decorrente do desmonte. / The main environmental impacts from rock blasting are ground vibrations and air overpressure. For proper blast vibration monitoring, it is critical that the sensor be coupled to the medium, enabling accurate measurement of ground vibration. Due to the existence of several recommendations regarding the mounting of vibration sensors (geophones) in the field, this study intends to evaluate the most common geophone coupling methods, determining which are acceptable for adequate vibration monitoring. The influence of four mounting methods on vibration parameters was studied. For this purpose, the first geophone was sandbagged, the second one was buried in soil, the third one was spiked and the fourth one was placed freely on the ground. These geophones were mounted side by side and ground vibrations at an opencast coal mine were monitored. The vibrations were analyzed in terms of peak particle velocity, time histories and frequency spectra. The results indicated the decoupling of the sandbagged geophone, discarding the method. The burial of the geophone proved to be preferable, however, the use of spikes recorded good coupling. The free placement of geophone proved to be acceptable according to the expected acceleration level.

In this thesis, ground vibrations induced by bench blasting from the Tun&ccedil / bilek Coal Mine, Panel BYH, were measured to find out the site-specific attenuation and to assess the structural damage risk. A statistical approach is applied to the collected data, and from the data analysis an attenuation relationship is established to be used in predicting the peak particle velocity as well as to calculate the maximum allowable charge per delay. The values of frequencies are also analyzed to investigate the damage potential to the structures of Tun&ccedil / bilek Township. A new approach to predict the peak particle velocity is also proposed in this research study. A neural network technique from the branch of the artificial intelligence is put forward as an alternative approach to the statistical technique. Findings of this study indicate, according to USBM (1980) criteria, that there is no damage risk to the structures in Tun&ccedil / bilek Township induced by bench blasting performed at Tun&ccedil / bilek coal mine, Panel BYH. Therefore, it is concluded that the damage claims put forward by the inhabitants of Tun&ccedil / bilek township had no scientific bases. It is also concluded that the empirical statistical technique is not the only acceptable approach that can be taken into account in predicting the peak particle velocity. An alternative and interesting neural network approach can also give a satisfactory accuracy in predicting peak particle velocity when compared to a set of additional recorded data of PPV.

Os principais impactos ambientais decorrentes de desmontes de rochas com explosivos estão associados à geração de vibrações no maciço circundante e pressão acústica. Para o monitoramento sismográfico apropriado, é fundamental que o sensor esteja bem acoplado ao meio, possibilitando a medição acurada da vibração do terreno. Devido à existência de diversas recomendações a respeito da montagem dos sensores de vibração (geofones) em campo, este estudo tem o intuito de avaliar os métodos de acoplamento de geofone mais comuns, determinando quais são aceitáveis para um adequado monitoramento sismográfico. Dessa forma, foi estudada a influência de quatro métodos de fixação nos parâmetros de vibração. Para este propósito, o primeiro geofone foi colocado sob um saco de areia, o segundo foi enterrado no solo, o terceiro foi cravado no solo e o quarto foi livremente colocado sobre o solo. Estes geofones foram dispostos lado a lado e as vibrações de desmontes com explosivos de uma mina de carvão a céu aberto foram monitoradas. As vibrações foram analisadas em termos de velocidade de vibração de partícula de pico, históricos temporais e frequência associada à vibração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram o desacoplamento do geofone sob saco de areia, descartando o método. O enterramento do geofone se mostrou preferível, entretanto, o uso de cravos registrou bom acoplamento. A colocação do geofone sobre o solo se mostrou aceitável de acordo com o nível de aceleração de vibração, decorrente do desmonte. / The main environmental impacts from rock blasting are ground vibrations and air overpressure. For proper blast vibration monitoring, it is critical that the sensor be coupled to the medium, enabling accurate measurement of ground vibration. Due to the existence of several recommendations regarding the mounting of vibration sensors (geophones) in the field, this study intends to evaluate the most common geophone coupling methods, determining which are acceptable for adequate vibration monitoring. The influence of four mounting methods on vibration parameters was studied. For this purpose, the first geophone was sandbagged, the second one was buried in soil, the third one was spiked and the fourth one was placed freely on the ground. These geophones were mounted side by side and ground vibrations at an opencast coal mine were monitored. The vibrations were analyzed in terms of peak particle velocity, time histories and frequency spectra. The results indicated the decoupling of the sandbagged geophone, discarding the method. The burial of the geophone proved to be preferable, however, the use of spikes recorded good coupling. The free placement of geophone proved to be acceptable according to the expected acceleration level.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-11-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dalloraneto_c_me_rcla.pdf: 713415 bytes, checksum: e2671bdbe246c690e0cc544b12992afc (MD5) / Neste estudo foi realizado o monitoramento das vibrações geradas por explosivos em uma lavra de calcário e argilito localizada no município de Limeira (SP), com o objetivo de desenvolver equação probabilística de atenuação de vibração e verificação da existência de variação nos níveis de vibração gerados pelo desmonte em diferentes níveis litológicos e estratigráficos. Os registros da velocidade de vibração de partícula e sua freqüência foram medidos utilizando-se sismógrafos de engenharia, concentrando-se em área localizada a 300 metros a sudoeste do empreendimento mineiro, no Bairro Belinha Ometto. Os trabalhos foram realizados em duas etapas, na primeira foi gerada uma equação probabilística que foi utilizada pela empresa e reduziu os incômodos causados à população pelas operações de detonação. Os valores obtidos na etapa seguinte indicam ser o principal fator na dispersão das velocidades de partícula os desvios nos tempos nominais de retardo dos acessórios de detonação utilizados, tendo como imprópria a elaboração de planos de fogo que contemplem intervalos de tempo nominais entre a detonação de minas ou grupo de minas menores que 25 milisegundos quando da utilização de acessórios de iniciação da coluna de explosivos dotados de tempo de retardo superior a 200 milisegundos. / This study performs a ground vibrations monitoring generated by blasting in a calcareous and clay quarry at Limeira city (SP). The main objective is develop a ground vibration attenuation probabilistic equation and verify the existence of vibration levels variation due to the blasting in different lithological and stratigraphical quarry levels. Peak particle registrations and frequency were mesured through engineering seismographs in an area named Bairro Belinha Ometto located 300 meters southwest from the mining site. The data acquisition had been carried through two stages, the first a probabilistic equation used for the company was applied and it reduced the local population disturbs caused by the blasting procedures operations. In the next stage, the obtained values indicate that the deviation in the nominal time delay derived from blasting accessories are the main factor in the dispersion of the resultant particle being therefore improper blasting plans applied in a quarry or a group of them projected with nominal intervals lesser than 25 miliseconds by using in the initiation an explosives column accessories endowed with a delay time superior than 200 miliseconds.