The trends of present design in electronic systems are towards high speed, small size, and lower voltage levels. Due to these trends, the influence of ESD becomes a more serious problem for an EMC designer. How to precisely evaluate the effect of ESD by measurement and simulation, and try to solve these questions quickly is the most important topic at present. In this thesis we introduce several measurement approaches to ESD. We try to find the equivalent circuit model of the ESD gun operated in our lab, and construct the simulation model by Agilent ADS software. Good agreement between simulation and measurement demonstrates the correctness of the model for this ESD gun. By combining the simulation model of ESD gun with equivalent circuit of DUT extracted by Ansoft Q3D software, it is found this method can evaluate the ESD phenomena of DUT fast and precisely. In addition, with this method some phenomena restricted by measurement can be studied. Finally two real products including a PDA (floating system) and the mainboard in the desktop computer system (grounding system) are discussed in detail.

In the trends of high clock rate, lower voltage, small volume, and portable requirement for present electric products, the noise immunity of high speed digital circuit becomes a critical factor for system designer. ESD problem becomes more and more important for electric products because of the triboelectricity caused by human body and synthetic material. It¡¦s an important issue for designer to understand the ESD phenomena in grounding and floating system accurately. In this thesis, a reliable setup for the ESD measurement is proposed both in grounding and floating systems. ESD behavior and protection devices are studied in detail and a corresponding SPICE model is built up for simulation validation.

My guiding question is this: how does what is metaphysically differ from what was, will be, or might have been? The first half of the dissertation concerns ontology: are the apparent disputes over the existence of merely past, merely future, and merely possible entities genuine and nontrivial disputes? After demarcating the various positions one might take in these disputes, I argue that the disputes are, in fact, genuine. I then offer—in the second half of the dissertation—a limited defense of presentism, the view that only present things exist. In particular, I defend presentism against one of the most significant classes of objections to it—the class of objections claiming that it cannot account for a variety of past-oriented truths. In giving this defense, I draw on insights from the dispute between modal actualists—those who hold that everything is actual— and their rivals. / text

In “Proof-Theoretic Justification of Logic”, building on work by Dummett and Prawitz, I show how to construct use-based meaning-theories for the logical constants. The assertability-conditional meaning-theory takes the meaning of the logical constants to be given by their introduction rules; the consequence-conditional meaning-theory takes the meaning of the logical constants to be given by their elimination rules. I then consider the question: given a set of introduction (elimination) rules \(\mathcal{R}\), what are the strongest elimination (introduction) rules that are validated by an assertability (consequence) conditional meaning-theory based on \(\mathcal{R}\)? I prove that the intuitionistic introduction (elimination) rules are the strongest rules that are validated by the intuitionistic elimination (introduction) rules. I then prove that intuitionistic logic is the strongest logic that can be given either an assertability-conditional or consequence-conditional meaning-theory. In “Grounding Grounding” I discuss the notion of grounding. My discussion revolves around the problem of iterated grounding-claims. Suppose that \(\Delta\) grounds \(\phi\); what grounds that \(\Delta\) grounds that \(\phi\)? I argue that unless we can get a satisfactory answer to this question the notion of grounding will be useless. I discuss and reject some proposed accounts of iterated grounding claims. I then develop a new way of expressing grounding, propose an account of iterated grounding-claims and show how we can develop logics for grounding. In “Is the Vagueness Argument Valid?” I argue that the Vagueness Argument in favor of unrestricted composition isn’t valid. However, if the premisses of the argument are true and the conclusion false, mereological facts fail to supervene on non-mereological facts. I argue that this failure of supervenience is an artifact of the interplay between the necessity and determinacy operators and that it does not mean that mereological facts fail to depend on non-mereological facts. I sketch a deflationary view of ontology to establish this. / Philosophy

Το θέμα της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η μελέτη των βηματικών τάσεων σε ένα σύστημα γείωσης, με το ισοδύναμο ανθρώπινο κύκλωμα, μέσω της εξομοίωσής του με το λογισμικό EMTP-ATP, έχοντας συμπεριλάβει στους υπολογισμούς και το φαινόμενο του ιονισμού. Αρχικά, στα δύο πρώτα κεφάλαιο δίνονται ορισμοί και βασικές έννοιες για τις γειώσεις, τις μεθόδους γείωσης που υπάρχουν καθώς και για την επίδραση του ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος στον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό και την ηλεκτροπληξία. Έπειτα, στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται αναλυτικά το φαινόμενο του ιονισμού και η προσέγγιση του μέσα από τα αντίστοιχα μοντέλα που έχουν αναπτυχθεί και των κριτηρίων υπολογισμού ακτίνας του ηλεκτροδίου του αγωγού γείωσης σε σχέση με το πεδίο ιονισμού του εδάφους E0. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εκτενής ανάλυση των μοντέλων των συστημάτων γείωσης που έχουν αναπτυχθεί, παραθέτοντας και αυτά που χρησιμοποιούνταν κατά το παρελθόν, αλλά και τα επικρατέστερα σύγχρονα. Τέλος , επιλέγοντας το μοντέλο της εξομοίωσης, χρησιμοποιώντας το λογισμικό EMTP-ATP, γίνεται σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων των βηματικών τάσεων με θεωρητικές επιτρεπτές βηματικές τάσεις και παρατίθενται τα συμπεράσματα και οι επιπτώσεις που έχουν τα αποτελέσματα στον άνθρωπο. Ακολουθεί μια σύντομη περιγραφή των κεφαλαίων Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 αναφέρεται η έννοια και ο ρόλος της γείωσης, καθώς και σε διάφορα είδη γειωτών και υπολογισμό των παραμέτρων τους. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 δίνονται οι ορισμοί των βηματικών τάσεων και τάσεων επαφής και αναλύονται οι διάφορες επιπτώσεις του ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος στον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 παρουσιάζεται το φαινόμενο του ιονισμού του εδάφους, οι μηχανισμοί διάσπασης του και τα διάφορα μοντέλα που προτείνονται για την περιγραφή του. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 παρατίθεται μια ανασκόπηση των διάφορων μοντέλων εξομοίωσης ενός συστήματος γείωσης. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5 γίνεται αρχικά η επιλογή του μοντέλου προσομοίωσης, παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα και συγκρινόμενα με θεωρητικές και πρακτικές τιμές στο τέλος παρουσιάζονται και τα συμπεράσματα. / The subject of the present diploma thesis is the study of step voltages in a grounding system, with the aid of a human equivalent circuit, by means of simulation using the EMTP-ATP software, considering in the calculations the phenomenon of soil ionization. In the two first chapters basic terms and concepts are defined regarding grounding systems, available grounding methods and the effects of electrical current and electrocution on the human body. In the third chapter the ionization phenomenon is analytically described and its approach through the corresponding models, which have been developed and the criteria for the calculation of the radius of the grounding conductor in accordance to the soil ionization field Eo. In chapter four there is an extended analysis of grounding systems models which have been developed, quoting those which have been used in the past but also the most dominate modern models. Finally, choosing a simulation model by utilizing EMTP-ATP software, there is a comparison of the results regarding step voltages and considering the allowable theoretical step voltage thresholds and introducing the conclusions and the effects on the human body. A brief description of the thesis chapters: Chapter 1: The concept and the role of grounding are presented, also including the different grounding systems and their parameter calculations. Chapter 2: The definitions of step voltages and contact voltages are presented while the effects of electric current on the human body are analyzed. Chapter 3: The soil ionization phenomenon is presented, including soil rupture mechanisms and the various models which are proposed to describe the phenomenon. Chapter 4: A review of the various simulation models of grounding systems is presented. Chapter 5: Initially a simulation model choice is described. The calculated results are presented and are compared with theoretical and experimental values. Finally conclusions are presented.

Το σημαντικότερο στοιχείο σε μία ηλεκτρολογική εγκατάσταση είναι η γείωση. Με τον όρο γείωση εννοούμε τη διαδρομή του ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος μέσα σε καθοδηγούμενα πλαίσια προς τη γη.Με τη μέθοδο αυτή αποφεύγεται η πρόκληση τυχόν βλαβών στους χρήστες σε περιπτώσεις διαρροής, λόγω του ότι το ρεύμα καθοδηγείται μέσα από τα μεταλλικά μέρη του κτιρίου ή μέσω του αγωγού γειώσεως, χωρίς να διαπεράσει το ανθρώπινο σώμα. Η απόδοση των συστημάτων γείωσης που υπόκεινται σε κρουστικά ρεύματα διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην ασφαλή και αξιόπιστη λειτουργία ενός συστήματος ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Η συμπεριφορά της αντικεραυνικής προστασίας των υποσταθμών, σχετίζεται με τα κρουστικά χαρακτηριστικά των διατάξεων γείωσης. Προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί η ορθή σχεδίαση του ηλεκτρικού συστήματος, σε ότι αφορά την προστασία των εγκαταστάσεων έναντι ανώμαλων γεγονότων, είναι θεμελιώδες και απολύτως απαραίτητο να προβλεφθεί η μεταβατική συμπεριφορά ενός συστήματος γείωσης, υπό την επίδραση κρουστικών κεραυνικών ρευμάτων, ή ρευμάτων σφάλματος. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματοποιήθηκε με σκοπό τη μελέτη και την προσομοίωση της μεταβατικής κυρίως συμπεριφοράς του συστήματος γείωσης Υ/Σ υψηλής τάσης της ΔΕΗ,καθώς σε αυτό το στάδιο εμφανίζονται τα πιο επικίνδυνα από ηλεκτρικής απόψεως φαινόμενα.Συγκεκριμένα εξετάστηκε το πλέγμα γείωσης του Υ/Σ ανύψωσης 20/150kV, για σύνδεση αιολικού πάρκου στο Περδικοβούνι,του δήμου Κορώνιας στη Βοιωτία. Για την μεταβατική ανάλυση χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα προσομοίωσης ηλεκτρομαγνητικών φαινομένων για συστήματα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας ATP- EMTP, απ’ όπου λαμβάνονται τα αποτελέσματα υπό μορφή γραφημάτων στις περιπτώσεις πλήγματος κεραυνού, αλλά και σφάλματος στο μετασχηματιστή ισχύος. Για την μελέτη του συγκεκριμένου πλέγματος λάβαμε υπόψη το φαινόμενο του ιονισμού του εδάφους και κάναμε χρήση του μοντέλου του κυκλώματος με κατανεμημένες και χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενες παραμέτρους. Η επιλογή του μοντέλου αυτού έγινε με γνώμονα την απλότητα εφαρμογής του μοντέλου, καθώς επίσης δύναται και με ιδιαίτερη ευκολία να λάβει υπόψη το φαινόμενο ιονισμού του εδάφους και των αμοιβαίων συζεύξεων. / The most important element in an electrical installation is the grounding.By the term grounding we mean the path of the electrical current through guided context to earth. This method avoids causing any harm to the users in case of leakage, because the current is driven through the metal parts of the building or through the grounding conductor, without penetrating the human body. The performance of grounding systems that are subject to impulse currents play a significant role in the safe and reliable operation of a power system. The behavior of the lightning protection of substations, is related to impulse characteristics of grounding provisions. In order to achieve the proper design of the electrical system, as regards the protection of installations against abnormal events is fundamental and absolutely necessary to predict the transient behavior of grounding systems under the influence of lightning percussive currents or fault currents. The present thesis was undertaken in order to study and simulate the transient mainly behavior of the grounding system of a voltage rise substation as this is the stage where the most dangerous,in terms of electricity,phenomena appear.Specifically,what was examined is the grounding grid of the voltage rise substation 20/150 kV to Perdikovouni,in Viotia for connection with a wind farm.For the transient analysis we used the program ATP-EMTP which is a software designed for simulating electromagnetic phenomena for electrical power systems and from where the results are received in graphical form in the case of a lighting strike as well as during a power transformer fault. For the study of this particular grid we took into consideration the effect of ionization of the ground and we used the model of the circuit with distributed and time-varying parameters. The choice of this model was based on the simplicity of applicating the model, as well as on the fact that it can take into account with particular ease the phenomenon of soil ionization and mutual couplings.

In the Theaetetus, Socrates proposes that knowledge is true belief that is accounted for or justified. The question that intuitively follows is what the proper structure of a justifying account of true belief is. Answers to this question are available throughout the history of philosophy and are generally vulnerable to the Agrippan trilemma of justification that originates with Pyrrhonian skepticism. I trace the influence of Pyrrhonism on the search for the proper structure of justification as it plays out in the current debate between coherentists and “contemporary” foundationalists. I expose their principal concerns—normative and naturalist, respectively—as descendants of ancient skeptical challenges. Illuminating this lineage shows that currently competing forms of justification are locked into a dilemma that is circumscribed by the Agrippan trilemma. Immanuel Kant and Ludwig Wittgenstein grapple with precursors to the current debate, which sets an interesting precedent for John McDowell’s attempt to resolve it with what I think is a conceptualist interpretation of contemporary foundationalism. I argue that a genetic story heuristically reinforces McDowell’s interpretation in a way that frustrates normative and naturalist concerns and leaves open the threat of skepticism. I in turn portray Kant and Wittgenstein as capable of domesticating these threats with a unique structure of justification that I argue is non-epistemically foundationalist. Such a structure meets the Socratic challenge that justifying true belief itself requires true belief as to the soundness of this justification. My central aim is to show how non-epistemic foundationalism is a matter of grounding, which depicts an asymmetrical relationship between empirical belief and pre-cognitive or transcendental awareness. I conclude that a grounding model satisfies normative and naturalist concerns and thereby offers a way out of the contemporary dilemma and an escape from the Agrippan trilemma. / Thesis (Master, Philosophy) -- Queen's University, 2007-09-28 11:57:18.196

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