The industrial solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) and petroleum hydrocarbons (e.g., fuel oil) are among the most ubiquitous organic compounds found in subsurface contaminated environment. The developed treatment train system included the first stage of groundwater and surfactant flushing followed by the second stage of chemical oxidation such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and Fenton-like treatment. The third stage was the application of enhanced bioremediation for the further removal of residual contaminants after the first two treatment processes. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the applicability of treatment train system for the remediation of organic compounds contaminated subsurface environment, (2) determine the optimal operational conditions of the three-stage treatment system, and (3) evaluate the effects of residual surfactant Simple GreenTM (SG) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after chemical oxidation stage on the efficiency of bioremediation process. In this study, three different surfactants [SG, Triton X-100, and Tween 80] were evaluated in batch experiments for their feasibility on contaminants removal. Results from the surfactant biodegradation and microbial enumeration study indicate that SG was more biodegradable and was able to enhance the microbial activity of the intrinsic microorganisms. Thus, SG was applied in the following batch or column experiments of the treatment train system. Results from this study indicate that approximately 87.6% of TCE in the system (with initial concentration of 40 mg L-1) could be removed from the simulated dense non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) system after groundwater flushing followed by biodegradable surfactant (1 g L-1 of SG) flushing, while the TCE concentrations dropped from 40 to 4.96 mg L-1 at the end of the flushing experiment. Moreover, approximately 10.7% of the remaining TCE could be removed from the system after the oxidation process using KMnO4 as the oxidant. Results from the oxidation process show that TCE was reduced from 4.96 to 0.69 mg L-1, and chloride concentation was increased from ND to 0.88 mg L-1 with the presence of 1 g L-1 of SG. The residual 1.7% of the TCE could be further remediated via the enhanced bioremediation stage, and the TCE concentrations dropped from 0.69 mg L-1 to below detection limit at the end of the bioremediation experiment. Results also indicate that the remaining KMnO4 had no significant inhibition on bacterial growth and TCE biodegradation. Thus, SG flushing and KMnO4 oxidation would not cause adverse effect on subsequent bioremediation process using intrinsic bacteria. Thus, complete TCE remediation was observed in this study using the three-stage treatment scheme. Results from the column experiment reveal that a complete TPH removal could be obtained after the application of three consecutive treatment processes. Results show that TPH concentration could be reduced from 50,000 mg kg-1 to below detection limit. This indicates that the treatment train system is a promising technology to remediate fuel-oil contaminated soils. Results from the column study indicate that approximate 80.3% of initial TPH in the soil could be removed after the SG [50 pore volumes (PVs)] followed by groundwater (30 PVs) flushing. The Fenton-like oxidation (with 6% of H2O2 addition) was able to remove another 15.0% of TPH. The observed first-order reaction rate constant of TPH oxidation was 2.74¡Ñ10-2 min-1, and the half-life was 25.3 min during the first 40 min of reaction. The residual 4.7% of the TPH could be further remediated via the aerobic bioremediation process. Thus, complete TPH removal was obtained in this study using the three-stage treatment scheme. The proposed treatment train system would be expected to provide a more efficient and cost-effective alternative to remediate chlorinated solvent and petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated sites.

The research project was formulated to solve serious environmental and possible public health problems in rural and regional areas caused by the common failure of soil disposal systems used for application of effluent from on-site domestic sewage treatment systems. On-site sewage treatment systems adopt a treatment train approach with the associated soil disposal area playing a crucial role. The most common on-site sewage treatment system that is used is the conventional septic tank and subsurface effluent disposal system. The subsurface effluent disposal area is given high priority by regulatory authorities due to the significant environmental and public health impacts that can result from their failure. There is generally very poor householder maintenance of the treatment system and this is compounded by the failure of the effluent disposal area resulting in unacceptable surface and groundwater contamination. This underlies the vital importance of employing reliable science-based site suitability assessment techniques for effluent disposal. The research undertaken investigated the role of soil physico-chemical characteristics influencing the behaviour of effluent disposal areas. The study was conducted within the Logan City Council area, Queensland State, Australia. About 50% of the Logan region is unsewered and the common type of on-site sewage treatment used is a septic tank with subsurface effluent disposal area. The work undertaken consisted of extensive field investigations, soil sampling and testing, laboratory studies and extensive data analysis. In the field study, forty-eight sites were investigated for their effluent application suitability. The sites were evaluated based on the soil physico-chemical characteristics. The field investigation indicated that there were nine soil orders in the study area. These soil orders were Dermosols, Chromosols, Kandosols, Kurosols, Vertosols, Sodosols, Tenosols, Rudosols and Anthrosols. The soils in all the investigated sites were acidic soils in the pH range between 5 and 6.5. The complexity of the large data matrix obtained from the analysis was overcome by multivariate analytical methods to assist in evaluating the soils' ability to treat effluent and to understand the importance of various parameters. The analytical methods selected to serve this purpose were PROMETHEE and GAIA. The analysis indicated that the most suitable soils for effluent renovation are the Kandosols whilst the most unsatisfactory soil order was found to be Podosol. The GAIA analysis was in agreement with quantitative analysis conducted earlier. An extensive laboratory column study lasting almost one year was undertaken to validate the results of the data analysis from the field investigation. The main objectives of this experiment were to examine the soil behaviour under practical effluent application and to investigate the long-term acceptance rate for these soils. Twelve representative soils were selected for the column experiment from the previously investigated sites and undisturbed soil cores were collected for this purpose. The results from the column study matched closely with the evaluation conducted at the earlier stages of the research. Soil physico-chemical analysis before and after effluent application indicated that the soils' acidity was improved toward neutrality after effluent application. The results indicated that soils have a greater ability to handle phosphorus than nitrogen. The most favorable cation exchange capacity for soils to treat and transmit effluent was between 15 and 40 meq/100g. Based on the results of the column study, the long-term acceptance rate (LTAR) was determined for the investigated twelve soil types. Eleven out of twelve soils reported specific LTAR values between 0.18-0.22 cm/day. For the duration of the laboratory study, the Podosol order did not reach its LTAR value due to the extremely sandy nature of the soil. The time required to achieve LTAR varied between different soils from 40 to 330 days. The outcomes of this research was integrated into a soil suitability map for on-site sewage treatment systems for Logan City Council. This will assist the authorities in providing sustainable solutions for on-site systems failure.

The potential for contamination of groundwater by cemetery activities in the city of Maceió, in this work, is evaluated through analysis of its physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. The cemeteries selected for this evaluation are located in medium vulnerability areas, in where groundwater level is near to the ground surface. Two cemiteries were chosen for the the research, Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo and São José, located in the neighborhoods of Jaraguá and Trapiche, respectively. Besides the wells located within the cemiteries area another well, located upstream of Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo Cemetery (background) was monitored. The physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of groundwater have been modified by the use and occupation of land, by the local climate, the soil type and lack of sanitation. The microbiological analysis indicated pollution of fecal origin. The hygienic and sanitary conditions of the studied waters are not satisfactory, because the samples showed E. coli and / or total coliform. Clostridium perfringens were also detected (indicative of remote contamination), proteolytic bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria, suggesting contamination by the presence of organic matter in aquifers groundwater. It was observed the presence of proteolytic bacteria in the São Jose Cemetery groundwater, suggesting necrochorume contamination. As for to physical and chemical parameters, some of them showed off the reference standards (color, turbidity, nitrate and dissolved total solids) for drinking water according to Decree 2914/211 of the Ministry of Health / O potencial de contaminação das águas subterrâneas por atividade cemiterial na cidade de Maceió, é avaliado neste trabalho, por meio de análise de sua qualidade físico-química e bacteriológica. Os cemitérios selecionados para esta finalidade estão inseridos em área considerada de média vulnerabilidade do aquífero, onde o nível freático encontra-se próximo à superfície do terreno. Para a pesquisa foram escolhidos dois cemitérios, Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo e São José, localizados nos bairros de Jaraguá e Trapiche da Barra, respectivamente. Além de poços situados no interior dos cemitérios, foi monitorado um poço a montante do Cemitério Nossa Senhora Mãe do Povo. As características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas das águas subterrâneas avaliadas apresentam-se influenciadas pelo uso e ocupação do solo, pelas condições climáticas locais, pelo tipo de solo e pela deficiência de saneamento básico. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas dão indicativos de contaminação de origem fecal. As condições higiênicas e sanitárias das águas estudadas não são satisfatórias, pois as amostras coletadas apresentaram E. coli e/ou coliformes totais. Foram também detectados Clostridium perfringens (indicativo de contaminação remota), bactérias heterotróficas e proteolíticas, o que sugere poluição por matéria orgânica, nas águas subterrâneas do aquífero. A presença de bactérias proteolíticas foi observada nas águas subterrâneas do Cemitério São José, sugerindo a contaminação por necrochorume. Com relação aos parâmetros físicos e químicos, alguns (cor, turbidez, nitrato e sólidos totais dissolvidos) se mostraram fora dos padrões de referência para a água potável segundo a Portaria 2914/2012 do Ministério da Saúde

Orientador: Célia Regina Lopes Zimback / Coorientador: Claudio Aparecido Spadotto / Banca: Antonio Evaldo Klar / Banca:Osmar Delmanto Júnior / Resumo: O uso inadequado de defensivos agrícolas pode levar a impactos ambientais relevantes, como a contaminação de diversos compartimentos ambientais, sendo os mais vulneráveis, os compartimentos aquáticos. Nesse contexto, a espacialização das estimativas de concentração de defensivos agrícolas na água subterrânea fornece importantes subsídios para a tomada de decisão no gerenciamento e monitoramento do uso de defensivos agrícolas. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo espacializar as estimativas de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por defensivos agrícolas, considerando diferentes lâminas de irrigação na Bacia do Rio Pardo, Pardinho-SP. As simulações realizadas com o sistema computacional ARAquá foram realizadas considerando quatro defensivos agrícolas e cinco lâminas de irrigação. Técnicas geoestatísticas foram utilizadas em conjunto com as simulações para obter a espacialização dessas estimativas. Foram obtidos os mapas das estimativas de concentração de defensivos agrícolas na água subterrânea pelo método de interpolação por krigagem, sendo que estes indicaram as áreas com maior potencial de contaminação da água subterrânea. Considerando todas as simulações pode-se concluir que não houve risco de contaminação da água subterrânea por defensivos agrícolas e que as maiores concentrações foram obtidas considerando uma lâmina de irrigação anual de 400 mm. As simulações estimaram que as áreas com maior potencial de contaminação da água subterrânea foram as mais próximas da rede drenagem da Bacia do Rio Pardo. As técnicas de geoestatística contribuíram fortemente para a espacialização das estimativas de concentração de defensivos agrícolas na água subterrânea, por meio da análise dos variogramas e dos mapas gerados pela interpolação por krigagem / Abstract: Improper use of pesticides can lead to significant environmental impacts such as contamination of environmental compartments, the most vulnerable, the aquatic compartments. In this context, the spatialization of the estimating concentrations of pesticides in groundwater provides important insights for decision making in managing and monitoring of the use of pesticides. Thus, this study aimed to spatialize the estimating of groundwater contamination by pesticides, with different irrigation blades in the Rio Pardo basin, Pardinho-SP. The simulations were performed with the computer system ARAquá considering four pesticides and five irrigation blades. Geostatistical techniques were used in conjunction with the simulations to obtain the spatial distribution of the estimating. The maps of the estimating concentration of pesticides in groundwater were obtained by Kriging interpolation method, and these indicate the areas with greatest potential for groundwater contamination. Considering all the simulations can be concluded that there was no risk of groundwater contamination by pesticides and that the highest concentrations were obtained considering an anual irrigation blade of 400 mm. The simulations have estimated that the areas with greatest potential for groundwater contamination were the closest to the drainage network of the Rio Pardo basin. Geostatistical techniques have contributed greatly to the estimates of spatial concentration of pesticides in ground water, through the analysis of variograms and maps generated by Kriging interpolation / Mestre

Orientador: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira / Em anexo 1 mapa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:14:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Escada_DeniseCristinadosSantos_M.pdf: 6969176 bytes, checksum: fc5c9cf596607af6b96c9321ebaf40a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O intenso crescimento da ocupação territorial no município de Cajamar (SP), inserido na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), e a ocupação desordenada da região têm gerado perigo à contaminação das águas subterrâneas do município. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de desenvolver um mapa da vulnerabilidade e perigo à contaminação dessas águas, através da aplicação do método GOD (Groundwater ocurrence, Overall aquifer class, Depth to groundwater table), com adaptações para uso na região em estudo, bem como com a análise de possíveis cargas contaminantes por tipologias. Para a vulnerabilidade, o procedimento utilizado foi a análise dos mapas do município em estudo, com a interpolação das informações, definindo os diferentes níveis de vulnerabilidade natural. Já para a análise do perigo à contaminação da área em estudo o procedimento adotado consistiu em associar as condições da vulnerabilidade natural com o diagnóstico de três variáveis: porte dos empreendimentos; situação dos mesmos junto à CETESB; e as estruturas de prevenção à contaminação de cada empreendimento analisado. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, identificou-se vulnerabilidade de baixa à extrema, com predominância de vulnerabilidade moderada (devido a formação geológica predominante de xistos e filitos). Entretanto, também foram observados níveis consideráveis de vulnerabilidade alta (nas áreas de sedimentos quaternários e terciários da FM SP e correlatos) e extrema (nas áreas com ocorrências de calcário). Dos empreendimentos analisados, constatou-se que 42,62% encontram-se em áreas de vulnerabilidade média, 21,31% em áreas de vulnerabilidade alta e 36,06% em áreas de vulnerabilidade extrema. Com relação ao perigo que estes empreendimentos representam à qualidade das águas subterrâneas, averiguou-se que 1,64% apresentam perigo muito baixo, 1,64% baixo, 31,15% moderado, 54,10% perigo alto, e 11,47% perigo extremo à contaminação. A análise do perigo à contaminação contempla 14 postos de combustíveis, dos quais 3 apresentam perigo moderado e 11 perigo alto; 4 mineradoras, 3 apresentando perigo alto e 1 perigo moderado; 11 lavanderias industriais, 6 apresentando perigo moderado e 5 perigo alto; 6 mecânicas, 3 apresentando perigo alto e 3 perigo extremo; 2 transportadoras de cargas, ambas apresentando perigo extremo; 1 pátio de ônibus e caminhões, que apresenta perigo extremo; 23 indústrias, 1 apresenta perigo muito baixo, 1 perigo baixo, 9 perigo moderado, 11 perigo alto e 1 perigo extremo; e 1 cemitério, que apresenta perigo extremo. / Abstract: The fast urban growth occurring in Cajamar city (SP), which belongs to São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR), and an unplanned land use from this region had generated contamination riskS for groundwater. This document has the objective to develop a vulnerability and risk map for the groundwater contamination using the GOD method (Groundwater ocurrence, Overall aquifer class, Depth to groundwater table), WITH adaptations for the region observed, as well as to analyze potential contamination loads caused by activities typologies. For vulnerability, the procedure utilized was to interpolate maps (aquifer classification, geology and drenage density, springs density and water levels), defining the different levels of natural vulnerability. To analyze the contamination risk for the study area, the adopted procedures consist to associate the natural vulnerability with the diagnostics from three variables: the company size, the environmental license status on CETESB and the prevention methods to avoid contamination from the groundwater by each company analyzed. According to the results, a low to severe range of vulnerability was identified, with prevalence to moderate vulnerability (with prevalence of schist and phyllites due to geological formation), however levels of HIGH vulnerability (areas with tertiary and quaternary sediments from SP FM and correlated) and severe (on karstic areas) were observed. On the companies analyzed, were observed that 42.62% had an moderate vulnerability, 21.31% high vulnerability and 36.06% severe vulnerability. The risk that these companies COULD represent for the quality of groundwater was classified as 1.64% represents a very low risk, 1.64% represents a low risk, 31.1% represents a moderate risk, 54% represents a high risk and 11.4% represent a severe risk of contamination. 14 gas stations presented from moderate risk (3 units) to high risk (11 units); 4 mining companies, from moderate risk (3) to high risk (1); in 11 industrial laundry there were 6 classified in moderate risk and 5 high risk; 6 car shop, from 3 presented high risk to 3 severe risk; 2 cargo companies that presented high severe risk (both); 1 bus and truck parking lot that had presented a severe risk; in 23 industries, 1 had presented a very low risk, 1 a low risk, 9 moderate risk, 11 high risk and 1 a severe risk; and 1 cemetery had presented a severe risk. / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

This master's thesis is focused on remediation of groundwater polluted by chlorinated ethenes with a use of nanoiron particles. Three injections of different types of nanoiron were carried out in the contaminated area of Spolchemie a.s. company in Ústí nad Labem. The main aim of the thesis was to compare effectiveness of those three applications. The remediation of groundwater was done by direct- push injection of suspension of nanoscale zero-valent iron. After that a monitoring of groundwater level and physicochemical parameters was performed. Samples of groundwater were collected during the monitoring and were analysed for contaminants and products of dechlorination. It was discovered that NANOFER STAR nanoiron had the strongest influence on reductive dechlorination. This was reflected by concentration decrease of TCE by 84 %, VC by 60 % and total concentration of CHC by 39 % in the period three months after the injection and the increase of degradation products of chlorinated ethenes. Injections of conservative tracers potassium bromide and lithium chloride served as a criterion for differentiation between the process of dechlorination and simple dilution effect. The effectiveness of NZVI-C3 nanoiron and NANOFER STAR with CMC nanoiron were notably lower than the bare NANOFER STAR nanoiron. In...

Legacy mining areas throughout the world contain widespread contaminated surface and groundwater from both anthropogenic and geogenic sources. Abandoned mine waste can contribute harmful solutes to groundwater and surface water, as metals mobilize through oxidation of sulfide minerals. Geogenic contaminant sources, such as geothermal water and mineralization, may also contribute to groundwater pollution in mining areas. To investigate the relationship between various groundwater contamination sources in legacy mining areas we sampled ~30 cold springs in the East Tintic Mountains of Utah and 8 regional hot springs as a proxy for geothermal water during fall 2019 and spring/summer 2020. Water chemistry data were analyzed using a Principal Components Analysis (PCA), revealing two distinct groundwater systems for hot and cold springs with no apparent mixing between the two. Only one cold spring was clearly enriched in multiple metals (Al, Mn, Co, Ni) relative to other springs but was not located proximal to any significant mining waste rock piles. 87Sr/86Sr ratios were analyzed in a subset of samples to identify flowpaths through carbonate or volcanic rocks. Only two springs had 87Sr/86Sr ratios characteristic of the Eocene and Oligocene volcanic rocks that dominate the surface of the study area (0.707 - 0.708), with all others having ratios indicative of underlying Paleozoic carbonate rocks (0.708 -0.710). Groundwater flow through carbonate rocks is dominated by faults and fractures, with faults appearing to act as barriers rather than conduits to flow. Faults create groundwater compartmentalization within the carbonate rock that isolates water contaminated by mining waste, while the carbonate rocks neutralize acid mine drainage. Groundwater compartmentalization explains the lack of widespread contamination despite the presence of large mining waste piles throughout the area. Mixing between geothermal and shallow groundwater may be the source of high Li, B, and SO42- concentrations in a limited number of springs. Our results suggest that contamination from mining waste is highly localized and that that waters discharging from mining areas overlying faulted carbonate rocks may be less contaminated than previously thought. This study has implications for understanding groundwater contamination dynamics in semi-arid regions impacted by mining.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第18487号 / 地環博第121号 / 新制||地環||25(附属図書館) / 31365 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 勝見 武, 准教授 田中 周平, 准教授 乾 徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

<p>Owing to the lack of knowledge pertaining to the fate and transport of microorganisms in fractured aquifers, the research presented in this thesis was designed to improve the mechanistic understanding of particulate transport in fractures by conducting tracer experiments in natural and epoxy replica fractures. This research demonstrated that particulate retention within fractures is heavily dependent on the equivalent mass balance aperture, followed by the coefficient of variation of the aperture field, and then by the flow conditions. It was also shown that the fracture aperture field alone, not the flow rate or the matrix properties, determines the number of fracture volume flushes required to achieve a 2-3 log decrease in effluent concentration. Moreover, a statistical model was developed that identifies the most important factors affecting particulate retention as the ratio of the ionic strength of solution to the charge of the collector, the ratio of the particle to collector charges, and the Peclet number. The model is able to reasonably predict particulate retention. Finally, tracer experiments conducted in a natural fracture and an epoxy replica of that fracture isolated the effects of matrix properties on attachment, and hence, retention. The transparent nature of the replica fracture was exploited to capture images of <em>E. coli</em> RS2-GFP transport. These images reveal preferential transport within the fracture, and also show that the preferential pathway broadens slightly under increasing flow conditions. This broadening is likely due to higher fluid pressures associated with larger specific discharges. In the groundwater field, there is so little fracture-specific information available that coupling the understanding of a critical environmental setting (fractures) with high-quality particulate tracer experiments and associated modeling represents a significant contribution to the body of science.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)