Longitudinal growth patterns are routinely seen in medical studies where developments of individuals on one or more outcome variables are followed over a period of time. Many current methods for modeling growth presuppose a parametric relationship between the outcome and time (e.g., linear, quadratic); however, these relationships may not accurately capture growth over time. Functional mixed effects (FME) models provide flexibility in handling longitudinal data with nonparametric temporal trends because they allow the data to determine the shape of the curve. Although FME methods are well-developed for continuous, normally distributed outcome measures, nonparametric methods for handling categorical outcomes are limited. In this thesis, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical FME model to account for growth curves with non-Gaussian outcomes. In particular, we extend traditional FME models which assume normally distributed outcomes by modeling the probabilities associated with the binomially distributed outcomes and adding an additional level to the hierarchical model to correctly specify the outcomes as binomially distributed. We then extend the proposed binomial FME model to the multinomial setting where the outcomes consist of more than two nominal categories. Current modeling approaches include modeling each category of a multinomial outcome separately via linear and nonlinear mixed effects models; yet, these approaches ignore the inherent correlation among the categories of the outcome. Our model captures this correlation through a sequence of conditional binomial FME models which results in one model simultaneously estimating probabilities in all categories. Lastly, we extend our binomial FME model to address a common medical situation where multiple outcomes are measured on subjects over time and investigators are interested in simultaneously assessing the impact of all outcomes. We account for the relationship between outcomes by altering the correlation structure in the hierarchical model and simultaneously estimating the outcome curves. Our methods are assessed via simulation studies and real data analyses where we investigate the ability of the models to accurately predict the underlying growth trajectory of individuals and populations. Our applications include analyses of speech development data in adults and children with cochlear implants and analyses on eye-tracking data used to assess word processing in cochlear implant patients.

Orientador: Maria do Carmo Bittencourt de Oliveira / Banca: Carlos Eduardo de Mattos Bicudo / Banca: João Dias de Toledo Arruda Neto / Resumo: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii é uma espécie formadora de florações potencialmente tóxicas em sistemas aquáticos eutrofizados, inclusive naqueles utilizados para abastecimento público, podendo trazer riscos à saúde humana. Esta espécie apresenta morfologia do tricoma reto, sigmóide e espiralado, sendo que as razões para esta variação ainda não foram claramente definidas. Estudos comparativos de seqüências genéticas têm demonstrado que a morfologia não está relacionada à filogenia do gênero Cylindrospermopsis e que os diferentes morfotipos representam uma única espécie. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar os efeitos de duas diferentes intensidades luminosas (30 e 90 μmol.m-2.s-1) e temperaturas (21 e 31°C) no crescimento e na morfologia de tricomas de uma linhagem reta (ITEP28) e outra espiralada (ITEP31) e, testar a hipótese de que ambos os morfotipos respondam negativamente à intensidade luminosa e temperatura altas. As linhagens reta e espiralada apresentaram pequenas diferenças na morfometria celular nas diferentes condições testadas. Além disso, a linhagem espiralada apresentou alterações na morfologia do tricoma, mostrando uma plasticidade fenotípica maior em relação à linhagem reta. Ambas as linhagens se adaptaram às condições testadas, embora a linhagem reta tenha apresentado velocidades máximas (V(x)= 3,21; 3,63; 3,89) de crescimento maiores que a linhagem espiralada (V(x)= 0,97; 1,07; 1,61; 1,80). Na condição de 90 μmol.m-2.s-1 e 21°C, a linhagem reta não atingiu a fase exponencial do crescimento, enquanto a linhagem espiralada demorou para atingir a velocidade máxima de crescimento, e este foi interrompido antes. Nas condições de temperatura baixa (21°C) não houve produção de acinetos. Além disso, esta condição de temperatura baixa aliada a intensidade luminosa alta (90 μmol.m-2.s-1) prejudicou o crescimento de ambas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic bloom former species in eutrophic aquatic systems, including water supply reservoirs where it can bring risks to human health. This species shows straight, sigmoid and coiled trichome morphology and the reasons to this variation aren't clarified yet. Comparative studies of genetic sequences have been indicated that morphology isn't related with the Cylindrospermopsis genus phylogeny, thus the different morphotypes represents a single species. The aims of this study were: to evaluate the effects of two different light intensities (30 and 90 μmol.m-2.s-1) and temperatures (21 and 31°C) on growth and morphology of straight (ITEP28) and coiled (ITEP31) morphotypes and, to test the hypothesis that both morphotypes respond negatively to the high light intensity and temperature. The straight and coiled morphotypes showed a little difference in the cell width and length measurements in the tested conditions. Moreover, the coiled trichome exhibited morphological changes that indicated greater phenotipical plasticity than the straight one. Both strains were adapted to the tested conditions, although the straight one showed higher growth velocity (V(x)= 3,21; 3,63; 3,89) than the coiled one (V(x)= 0,97; 1,07; 1,61; 1,80). In the condition of 90 μmol.m-2.s-1 and 21°C, the coiled morphotype delays to reach the maximum growth velocity, thus the growth was interrupted before that. In the conditions of low temperature (21°C) there is no akinetes production. Furthermore, this condition of low temperature associated with high light intensity (90 μmol.m-2.s-1) harmed the growth of both morphotypes. Therefore, the results found opposed to the considered hypothesis that both morphotypes are susceptible to the high light intensity and temperature in culture controlled conditions, since both morphotypes reached the highest growth velocity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

One of the defining features of cancer is cell migration: the tendency of malignant cells to become motile and move significant distances through intervening tissue. This is a necessary precondition for metastasis, the ability of cancers to spread, which once underway permits more rapid growth and complicates effective treatment. In addition, the emergence and development of cancer is currently believed to be an evolutionary process, in which the emergence of cancerous cell lines and the subsequent appearance of resistant clones is driven by selection. In this thesis we develop minimal models of the relationship between motility, growth, and evolution of cancer cells. These should be simple enough to be easily understood and analysed, but remain realistic in their biologically relevant assumptions. We utilise simple simulations of a population of individual cells in space to examine how changes in mechanical properties of invasive cells and their surroundings can affect the speed of cell migration. We similarly examine how differences in the speed of migration can affect the growth of tumours. From this we conclude that cells with a higher elastic stiffness experience stronger resistance to their movement through tissue, but this resistance is limited by the elasticity of the surrounding tissue. We also find that the growth rate of large lesions depends weakly on the migration speed of escaping cells, and has stronger and more complex dependencies on the rates of other stochastic processes in the model, namely the rate at which cells transition to being motile and the reverse rate at which cells cease to be motile. To examine how the rates of growth and evolution of an ensemble of cancerous lesions depends on their geometry and underlying fitness landscape, we develop an analytical framework in which the spatial structure is coarse grained and the cancer treated as a continuously growing system with stochastic migration events. Both the fully stochastic realisations of the system and deterministic population transport approaches are studied. Both approaches conclude that the whole ensemble can undergo migration-driven exponential growth regardless of the dependence of size on time of individual lesions, and that the relationship between growth rate and rate of migration is determined by the geometrical constraints of individual lesions. We also find that linear fitness landscapes result in faster-than-exponential growth of the ensemble, and we can determine the expected number of driver mutations present in several important cases of the model. Finally, we study data from a clinical study of the effectiveness of a new low-dose combined chemotherapy. This enables us to test some important hypotheses about the growth rate of pancreatic cancers and the speed with which evolution occurs in reality. We test a moderately successful simple model of the observed growth curves, and use it to infer how frequently drug resistant mutants appear in this clinical trial. We conclude that the main shortcomings of the model are the difficulty of avoiding over-interpretation in the face of noise and small datasets. Despite this, we find that the frequency of resistant mutants is far too high to be explained without resorting to novel mechanisms of cross-resistance to multiple drugs. We outline some speculative explanations and attempt to provide possible experimental tests.

abstract: Quadratic growth curves of 2nd degree polynomial are widely used in longitudinal studies. For a 2nd degree polynomial, the vertex represents the location of the curve in the XY plane. For a quadratic growth curve, we propose an approximate confidence region as well as the confidence interval for x and y-coordinates of the vertex using two methods, the gradient method and the delta method. Under some models, an indirect test on the location of the curve can be based on the intercept and slope parameters, but in other models, a direct test on the vertex is required. We present a quadratic-form statistic for a test of the null hypothesis that there is no shift in the location of the vertex in a linear mixed model. The statistic has an asymptotic chi-squared distribution. For 2nd degree polynomials of two independent samples, we present an approximate confidence region for the difference of vertices of two quadratic growth curves using the modified gradient method and delta method. Another chi-square test statistic is derived for a direct test on the vertex and is compared to an F test statistic for the indirect test. Power functions are derived for both the indirect F test and the direct chi-square test. We calculate the theoretical power and present a simulation study to investigate the power of the tests. We also present a simulation study to assess the influence of sample size, measurement occasions and nature of the random effects. The test statistics will be applied to the Tell Efficacy longitudinal study, in which sound identification scores and language protocol scores for children are modeled as quadratic growth curves for two independent groups, TELL and control curriculum. The interpretation of shift in the location of the vertices is also presented. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Statistics 2015

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The world energy demand must be met, however, the conventional sources are nearing exhaustion, and cause harmful effects to the environment. In this sense, it has been researched renewable energy sources as an alternative to bioenergy, which could contribute substantially in the future supply of energy. One of the aspects of bioenergy is that of biodiesel, a biodegradable fuel alternative to diesel oil, created from renewable energy sources, free of sulfur in its composition. In the field of oil seed, castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) has stood out as a supplier of raw material to manufacture biodiesel. In Rio Grande do Sul, for the ricinoculture becomes sustainable production-level scale as raw material for biodiesel production in the increment becomes crucial. And this depends on the development of agricultural technologies adapted to the conditions of the state. In this context, there is a paucity of research to study the influence of density on the cultivation of oilseeds and their connection with the form of plant growth. Since this factor can influence significantly the development of castor bean, reflecting production. This research aims to evaluate the influence of three planting densities 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 m, keeping constant the distance between the row of 1.0 m, on the growth of castor bean. To explain this influence will be used the technique of analysis of longitudinal data using growth curve modeling using mixed model methodology. It was found that this allows to explore more fully the information provided by the data, because it is possible to accommodate the correlation of these through the selection of covariance structures. Thus, the six covariance structures tested to model the G and R were selected UN (1) and VC. The strategy used to select both of these structures as for the random effects proved to be simpler alternative in this part of modeling. In univariate analysis of profile to choose the fixed effects model with some information provided by both techniques, you can check which one best fits the data. Shaped curve is a two densities 1 and 1.4 m that provided the greatest plant height did not differ significantly. For the cultivation density of 1.2 m, the plant showed a lower growth, its growth behavior was modeled by another curve. Even considering the computational complexity of the procedures used, it is hoped, through the SAS routines compiled this material, contribute to greater facilitation in the use of these procedures. / A demanda energética mundial precisa ser atendida, entretanto, as fontes convencionais estão em vias de esgotamento, além de provocarem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Neste sentido, têm-se pesquisado fontes energéticas renováveis, como alternativa a agroenergia, que poderá contribuir de maneira substancial na oferta futura de energia. Uma das vertentes da agroenergia é a do biodiesel, um combustível biodegradável alternativo ao diesel de petróleo, criado a partir de fontes renováveis de energia, livre de enxofre em sua composição. No campo das oleaginosas, a mamona (Ricinus communis L.) vem se destacando como fornecedora de matéria-prima para a fabricação de biodiesel. No Rio Grande do Sul, para que a ricinocultura, torna-se sustentável em nível de produção em escala como matéria prima para o biodiesel o incremento na produção torna-se fundamental. E este depende do desenvolvimento de tecnologias agrícolas adaptadas às condições do estado. Neste contexto, existe uma escassez de pesquisas que estudem a influência da densidade de plantas no cultivo desta oleaginosa e a relação destas com a forma de crescimento da planta. Já que este fator pode influenciar, de maneira significativa, o desenvolvimento da mamoneira, refletindo na produção. Esta pesquisa objetiva avaliar a influência de três densidades de cultivo 1,0, 1,2 e 1,4 m, mantendo constante a distância entre linha de 1,0 m, sobre o crescimento da mamona. Para explicar esta influencia será utilizada a técnica de análise de dados longitudinais por meio de modelagem de curvas de crescimento utilizando a metodologia de modelos mistos. Constatou-se que esta permite explorar de forma mais completa as informações fornecidas pelos dados, pelo fato de ser possível acomodar a correlação destes, por meio da seleção de estruturas de covariância. Sendo assim, das seis estruturas de covariância testadas para modelar G e R as selecionadas foram UN(1) e VC. A estratégia utilizada tanto para seleção destas estruturas como para os efeitos aleatórios mostrou-se como alternativa mais simples nesta parte da modelagem. Na análise univariada e multivariada de perfil para escolha dos efeitos fixos do modelo com algumas informações fornecidas pelas duas técnicas, é possível verificar qual a que melhor se adéqua aos dados. Modelou-se duas curvas uma densidades 1 e 1,4 m que proporcionaram a maior altura de planta, não diferindo significativamente. Para a densidade de cultivo de 1,2 m, a planta apresentou um menor crescimento, seu comportamento de crescimento foi modelado por outra curva. Mesmo considerando a complexidade computacional dos procedimentos utilizados, espera-se, através das rotinas do SAS compiladas neste material, contribuir para uma maior facilitação no uso destes procedimentos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 buch_b_me_rcla.pdf: 552232 bytes, checksum: 22cbe3b482513cc7c0ff14275a5841ce (MD5) / Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii é uma espécie formadora de florações potencialmente tóxicas em sistemas aquáticos eutrofizados, inclusive naqueles utilizados para abastecimento público, podendo trazer riscos à saúde humana. Esta espécie apresenta morfologia do tricoma reto, sigmóide e espiralado, sendo que as razões para esta variação ainda não foram claramente definidas. Estudos comparativos de seqüências genéticas têm demonstrado que a morfologia não está relacionada à filogenia do gênero Cylindrospermopsis e que os diferentes morfotipos representam uma única espécie. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar os efeitos de duas diferentes intensidades luminosas (30 e 90 μmol.m-2.s-1) e temperaturas (21 e 31°C) no crescimento e na morfologia de tricomas de uma linhagem reta (ITEP28) e outra espiralada (ITEP31) e, testar a hipótese de que ambos os morfotipos respondam negativamente à intensidade luminosa e temperatura altas. As linhagens reta e espiralada apresentaram pequenas diferenças na morfometria celular nas diferentes condições testadas. Além disso, a linhagem espiralada apresentou alterações na morfologia do tricoma, mostrando uma plasticidade fenotípica maior em relação à linhagem reta. Ambas as linhagens se adaptaram às condições testadas, embora a linhagem reta tenha apresentado velocidades máximas (V(x)= 3,21; 3,63; 3,89) de crescimento maiores que a linhagem espiralada (V(x)= 0,97; 1,07; 1,61; 1,80). Na condição de 90 μmol.m-2.s-1 e 21°C, a linhagem reta não atingiu a fase exponencial do crescimento, enquanto a linhagem espiralada demorou para atingir a velocidade máxima de crescimento, e este foi interrompido antes. Nas condições de temperatura baixa (21°C) não houve produção de acinetos. Além disso, esta condição de temperatura baixa aliada a intensidade luminosa alta (90 μmol.m-2.s-1) prejudicou o crescimento de ambas... / Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic bloom former species in eutrophic aquatic systems, including water supply reservoirs where it can bring risks to human health. This species shows straight, sigmoid and coiled trichome morphology and the reasons to this variation aren’t clarified yet. Comparative studies of genetic sequences have been indicated that morphology isn’t related with the Cylindrospermopsis genus phylogeny, thus the different morphotypes represents a single species. The aims of this study were: to evaluate the effects of two different light intensities (30 and 90 μmol.m-2.s-1) and temperatures (21 and 31°C) on growth and morphology of straight (ITEP28) and coiled (ITEP31) morphotypes and, to test the hypothesis that both morphotypes respond negatively to the high light intensity and temperature. The straight and coiled morphotypes showed a little difference in the cell width and length measurements in the tested conditions. Moreover, the coiled trichome exhibited morphological changes that indicated greater phenotipical plasticity than the straight one. Both strains were adapted to the tested conditions, although the straight one showed higher growth velocity (V(x)= 3,21; 3,63; 3,89) than the coiled one (V(x)= 0,97; 1,07; 1,61; 1,80). In the condition of 90 μmol.m-2.s-1 and 21°C, the coiled morphotype delays to reach the maximum growth velocity, thus the growth was interrupted before that. In the conditions of low temperature (21°C) there is no akinetes production. Furthermore, this condition of low temperature associated with high light intensity (90 μmol.m-2.s-1) harmed the growth of both morphotypes. Therefore, the results found opposed to the considered hypothesis that both morphotypes are susceptible to the high light intensity and temperature in culture controlled conditions, since both morphotypes reached the highest growth velocity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The purpose of this thesis was to examine the growth and the growth curve of the Czech warmblooded horse stallions during rearing. Background materials were obtained based on its investigation of an examination horse rearing stable Czech warmblooded in Nový Dvůr (part of Municipal's stables in Pisek, sp). Stallions were measured in the years 2009 - 2010 in the age of 7 - 32 months. During this time it was measured 13 physical proportions, including four basic proportions ? height at withers (KVH) and height at withers measured by a tape (KVP), girth of a chest (OH) and girt of a shin (OHol). The growth curve and the behaviour of growth have been ascertained of the particular measurements. Then it was compared with literature. The greatest differences at results were observed in comparison with growth standards for height of withers. It was found that most of the measured stallions is classed in a growth zone + 1 (90.6% of cases). The remaining 9.4% of cases were included in the range + 2. The problem is also in the way, of definitiv of current standard, the current standard is determinated by one specific number (average value) and not spread within a certain range. The direct relationship with KVH also increased height at withers measured by tape. Based on the results we can conclude that the growth curve of the Czech warm-blooded stallions have changed and it should speculate about updating and modification of the standard for dispersion zone.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2008. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-17T00:08:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese mestrado liane.pdf: 1042970 bytes, checksum: bb0c0bb945531f1ebe8e3aca39dd22de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-20T18:27:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese mestrado liane.pdf: 1042970 bytes, checksum: bb0c0bb945531f1ebe8e3aca39dd22de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-20T18:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese mestrado liane.pdf: 1042970 bytes, checksum: bb0c0bb945531f1ebe8e3aca39dd22de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Durante a produção, armazenamento, transporte e embalagem de produtos alimentícios, a presença de microrganismos é inevitável. A carne de frango, especialmente, é um alimento altamente perecível e, juntamente com outros tipos de carnes provenientes de ave, apresenta grande variedade de bactérias patogênicas e deteriorantes quando comparada com outros alimentos. Assim, a avaliação do crescimento microbiano e o controle da temperatura de armazenamento são importantes para garantir a segurança e vida útil dos alimentos. O trabalho objetivou caracterizar microbianamente três peitos de frango (cru, temperado com NaCl e cozido), produzidos no Brasil e exportados para a Europa, bem como, estimar a vida útil de tais produtos após o descongelamento, quando armazenados em diferentes condições de temperatura. Foi simulada a cadeia de abastecimento dos peitos de frango congelados, durante 20 dias a -18 ± 0,5 C para simulação do transporte destes produtos por navio até a Europa, desde sua expedição no Brasil e, após descongelamento, durante 21 dias a 4 ± 0,5 C para simulação da vida útil em gôndola de supermercado. Os produtos foram analisados quanto a Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus spp. e microrganismos viáveis totais (mesófilos e psicrotróficos). Em termos de contagens de número de colônias viáveis totais, durante os primeiros 20 dias (a -18°C), a presença de microrganismos se manteve estável em baixos níveis de detecção. Após o descongelamento foram observadas as curvas de crescimento dos microrganismos, onde as fases lag ocorreram durante os primeiros 6 dias. A máxima concentração microbiana foi atingida após 15-18 dias, dependendo do produto. Em nenhuma das amostras foi detectada a presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Após este estudo inicial foi avaliado o tempo de vida útil dos três produtos em diferentes condições de temperatura de armazenamento (2, 4, 7, 10, 15 e 20ºC). O estudo foi baseado na determinação de microrganismos aeróbios psicrotróficos, Pseudomonas spp., aeróbios mesófilos e Staphylococcus spp. O aumento da temperatura fez reduzir a vida útil dos três produtos estudados, em relação a todos os microrganismos. De modo geral, os produtos apresentaram faixas de vida útil de 10 até mais de 26 dias, a 2ºC; de 9 até mais de 21 dias, a 4ºC; de 6 até 12 dias, a 7ºC; de 4 até 8 dias, a 10ºC; de 2 até 4 dias, a 15ºC; e de 1 a 2 dias, a 20ºC. Quando armazenadas em temperaturas de refrigeração (2, 4 e 7°C), as amostras apresentaram pouca variação no tempo de vida útil, especialmente a 2 e 4°C. Já quando armazenadas à temperatura ambiente (temperaturas iguais ou superiores a 10ºC), a cada 5ºC de elevação na temperatura de armazenamento, a vida útil reduziu-se à metade do tempo. / During production, storage, transport and packaging of food products, the presence of microorganisms is unavoidable. The chicken meat, especially, is a highly perishable food and, together with other types from poultry meat presents great variety of pathogenic bacteria and spoilage when compared with other foods. Like this, the evaluation of the microbial growth and the control of the storage temperature are important to guarantee the safety and shelf life of the foods. The work aimed to characterize microbially, three chicken breast (raw, tempered with NaCl and cooked), produced in Brazil and exported to Europe, as well as, to estimate the shelf life of such products after thawing, when stored in different temperature conditions. The supply chain of frozen chicken breast was simulated for 20 days at -18±0,5oC for simulation of the transport of these products by ship to Europe, from its expedition in Brazil and, after thawed, during 21 days at 4 ± 0,5oC for simulation of the supermarket shelf life. Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus spp. and total viable microorganisms (mesophilic and psicrotrophic) were analyzed in the products. In terms of accountings of total viable colonies number, during the first 20 days (-18°C), the presence of microorganisms was stable at low levels of detection. After thawing the microorganism growth curves showed that the lag phases happened during the first 6 days. The highest microbial concentration was reached after 15-18 days, according to the product. In none of the samples the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were detected. After this initial study it was evaluated the shelf life time of the three products in different conditions of storage temperature (2, 4, 7, 10, 15 and 20ºC). The study was based on the determination of aerobic psicrotrophic, Pseudomonas spp., aerobics mesophilic and Staphylococcus spp. The increase of temperature reduce the shelf life of the three studied products, in relation to all of the microorganisms. In general, the products presented shelf life ranges from 10 to more than 26 days, at 2ºC; from 9 to more than 21 days, at 4ºC; from 6 to 12 days, at 7ºC; from 4 to 8 days, at 10ºC; of 2 to 4 days, at 15ºC; and, from 1 to 2 days at 20ºC. When stored in refrigerating temperature (2, 4 and 7°C), the samples presented a few variation in the shelf life time, especially at 2 and 4°C. But when stored to room temperature (at 10ºC or higher temperature), to each 5ºC of elevation in the storage temperature, the shelf life was reduced to half time.

A produção de milho tem uma grande importância para o país. Ter o conhecimento sobre o crescimento da planta é de fundamental importância para seu manejo. Pode-se obter esse conhecimento fazendo um estudo por meio de modelos de crescimento, para se obter informações por meio de parâmetros com interpretações biológicas que trazem consigo um resumo sobre a curva característica do crescimento da planta, que podem ajudar no planejamento da cultura e principalmente conhecer qual período a planta mais cresce, a época mais adequada para adubação e realização do controle de pragas. Considerar características não comuns de suposições do modelo pode dar maior confiabilidade nos resultados do ajuste, como por exemplo a consideração da heterocedasticidade e não normalidade residual. Sendo assim, esse trabalho teve o objetivo de ajustar o modelo logístico considerando a heterocedasticidade e diferentes distribuições para o erro como normalidade, assimetria normal e assimetria t-student, a dados da altura da planta do milho do híbrido transgênico 30F35 Y (Yieldgard), observados ao longo do tempo. O experimento foi realizado no município de Votuporanga-SP, em área experimental do Pólo Regional Noroeste Paulista da APTA (Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agro-negócios), no ano agrícola 2011/2012. A primeira medição da altura da planta de milho foi realizada 15 dias após a semeadura. As medições seguintes ocorreram com 30, 40, 50 e 122 dias, respectivamente, após a semeadura. Em cada dia de avaliação foi medido a altura das plantas em centímetros, com auxílio de uma régua, sendo esta medida da base da planta (solo) até o ápice da última folha expandida do cartucho. Toda a análise foi realizada utilizando o software R. Todos os modelos considerados se ajustaram bem a curva de crescimento do híbrido transgênico 30F35 Y (Yieldgard), porém o modelo logístico considerando erros normais assimétricos foi escolhido como mais adequado para modelar a curva, com base nos avaliadores utilizados. / Maize production is of great importance for the country. Knowing the plant development is of major importance to its management. Such knowledge may be attained through growth curves studies, to obtain information through parameters with biological interpretation which are able to synthesize the plantt\'s growth curve. This synthesis may help in management issues, such as information on the period of most rapid growth, best time to apply fertilizers and control pests. Considering uncommon features of the model assumptions may provide greater reliability on the results of the fitted model, such as residual heteroscedasticity and non-normality. In that sense, this work aimed to fit the logistic model considering variance heterogeneity and different error distributions such as normal, skew-normal and skew-t, to the transgenic hybrid 30F35Y maize height data through time. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Votuporanga-SP, in an experimental station of the Pólo Regional Noroeste Paulista da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agro-Negócios (APTA) during the agronomic year of 2011/2012. The first height data measurement was taken 15 days after sewing. The following measurements were taken at 30, 40, 50 and 122 days after sewing. Each day the plant height was measured in centimeters using a ruler, measuring from the plant base (soil) until the edge of the last expanded leaf. All analyses were carried out using software R. All considered models fitted the data reasonably well, however the logistic model considering skew-normal errors was chosen as most adequate to model the data, basing on the goodness-of-fit tests.

As espécies de capim-colchão (Digitaria spp.) estão entre as principais plantas daninhas que infestam os canaviais brasileiros, porém diferenciação visual dessas espécies é difícil e as diferenças fisiológicas influenciam diretamente na tolerância diferencial a herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II (FSII), como diuron e tebutiuron e inibidores da acetolactato sintase (ALS), como imazapic e imazapir. A D. nuda é considerada tolerante a esses herbicidas, porém a base fisiológica dessa tolerância ainda não está esclarecida, necessitando de maiores informações a respeito dessa espécie. Sendo assim, os objetivos desse trabalho foram: (i) confirmar a tolerância apresentada por D. nuda e verificar a existência de sinergismo entre herbicidas inibidores do FSII; (ii) caracterizar o crescimento de D. nuda (tolerante) e D. ciliaris (suscetível); (iii) verificar se a absorção radicular e/ou translocação diferencial de diuron são mecanismos que conferem tolerância a D. nuda; (iv) identificar e caracterizar se genes que codificam a citocromo P450 monooxigenase (P450) e glutationa-Stransferase (GST), por meio de PCR em tempo real, atuam na tolerância apresentada por D. nuda ao diuron. A tolerância diferencial da D. nuda foi confirmada em relação a espécie D. ciliaris, através de curvas de dose-reposta para a formulação contendo os herbicidas diuron+hexazinona, no entanto para a ametrina aplicada isoladamente não houve diferenciação de suscetibilidade entre as duas espécies. A associação de ametrina com a formulação contendo os herbicidas diuron+hexazinona provocou efeito sinérgico para o controle de D. nuda, porém para D. ciliaris o efeito foi antagônico. O crescimento das espécies de capim-colchão foi comparado por meio de análise de crescimento, sendo que D. ciliaris apresentou maior crescimento, em condições onde não houve limitações de nutrientes e disponibilidade hídrica, em relação a D. nuda, principalmente por apresentar maior área foliar, numero de folhas e acúmulo de matéria seca por planta. A absorção radicular e translocação de diuron foram quantificadas a partir da aplicação de uma mistura de diuron comercial com diuron (14C) ao solo. As plantas de D. nuda absorveram quantitativamente menos diuron em relação a D. ciliaris, principalmente 3 e 6 horas após a aplicação. A translocação de diuron não diferiu entre as duas espécies avaliadas. Por fim a identificação e caracterização dos genes de P450 e GST revelaram que existe envolvimento da citocromo P450 monooxigenase na metabolização do diuron em D. nuda, fazendo com que se torne mais tolerante a essa molécula e que parte desse fenômeno é explicado pela expressão do CYP81A6. Além disso, a GST é pouco efetiva na desintoxicação de herbicidas do grupo químico das feniluréias e triazinas. / The crabgrass species (Digitaria spp.) are among the main weeds infesting sugarcane fields in Brazil. However the visual differentiation of these weeds is difficult, and the physiological differences affects directly the differential tolerance to herbicides that inhibit the photosystem II (PSII), as diuron and tebuthiuron, and inhibit the acetolactate enzyme (ALS), such as imazapic and imazapyr. D. nuda is considered more tolerant to these herbicides, but the physiological basis of this tolerance is still unclear and need further information about this specie. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (i) confirm the tolerance shown by D. nuda and verify the existence of synergism between herbicides inhibitors of PSII; (ii) to characterize the growth of D. nuda (tolerant) and D. ciliaris (susceptible); (iii) to verify if the differential root uptake and/or translocation of diuron are mechanisms that confer tolerance to D. nuda; (iv) to identify and characterize if genes coding for cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), using real-time PCR, act in the tolerance by D. nuda to diuron. The differential tolerance of D. nuda was confirmed in relation to D. ciliaris, with dose-response curves for diuron + hexazinone, however for the ametryn, applied alone, there was no differential susceptibility of the two species. The combination of ametryn to formulated mixture of diuron + hexazinone resulted in synergistic effect for the control of D. nuda, but for D. ciliaris the effect was antagonistic by the methods evaluated. The growth of crabgrass species was compared by growth analysis, and D. ciliaris presented the highest growth, in conditions of no limitations of nutrients and water availability, when compared to D. nuda, mainly due to its greater leaf area, number of leaves and dry matter accumulation per plant. The root uptake and translocation of diuron were quantified from the application of a mixture of commercial diuron and diuron (14C) to soil. Plants of D. nuda absorbed quantitatively less diuron compared to D. ciliaris, especially 3 and 6 hours after application. The translocation of diuron did not differ between the two species evaluated. Finally, the identification and characterization of P450 and GST genes revealed that there is cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of diuron in D. nuda, causing them to become more tolerant to this molecule and that part of this phenomenon is explained by the expression of CYP81A6. In addition, the GST is less effective in the detoxification of fenilureas and triazines herbicides.