No description available.

No description available.

Repetitive DNA comprises substantial part of the eukaryotic genome. ?Junk DNA?, as it was originally understood at the beginning of its discovery has attracted a lot of attention lately due to many studies proving its functional perspectives. Analysis of its dynamics, characteristics and distribution has been widely studied in organisms with monocentric chromosomes. Holokinetic system, however, was left behind in these efforts and whole image of repetitive DNA distribution and dynamics in this system remains to be elucidated. In this thesis various approaches were used to isolate and characterise repetitive DNA in the genome of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Satellite DNA CPSAT-1 was successfully isolated, characterised with Dot blot and Southern blot and mapped with FISH in the genome of C. pomonella. 17 microsatellite probes were used to localize microsatellite arrays in the genome of C. pomonella. Method of microsatellite FISH revealed distribution of all tested microsatellites in C. pomonella complement.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) agreement on the export from the Andean Community (AC) to the European Union (EU) between the years 1995 to 2000. The GSP agreement enables developing countries to face lower- or no tariffs when exporting to developed countries. According to Ricardian theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and New Trade theory decreased trade barriers tend to have a positive effect on trade. When analyzing the trade flow between these countries using the gravity model the outcome is found to be consistent with the theories i.e the results show that the GSP agreement implemented in 1995 has had a positive impact on trade.

We discuss main facts of symmetric Nash equilibrium (SNE) of position auction proposed by Varian (2007). Then we describe more features in detail, such as (1) non-zero surplus of each bidder, (2) allocative and also Pareto efficiency in SNE and (3)the condition of existence of honest strategy in SNE. After that, we propose a best-response bidding strategy for repeated simultaneous position auction of incomplete information with simulation. This approach offers an explanation that how bidders may follow public information to achieve the same equilibrium of lower bound of SNE in the static model. Furthermore, the best-response bidding strategy has following merits: (1) non-zero surplus of each bidder in each round, (2) low information requirement for each bidder¡¦s calculation, (3) much lower increasing rate of rounds than increasing rate of positions and (4) easier rule for bidders to get started with.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) agreement on the export from the Andean Community (AC) to the European Union (EU) between the years 1995 to 2000. The GSP agreement enables developing countries to face lower- or no tariffs when exporting to developed countries. According to Ricardian theory, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and New Trade theory decreased trade barriers tend to have a positive effect on trade. When analyzing the trade flow between these countries using the gravity model the outcome is found to be consistent with the theories i.e the results show that the GSP agreement implemented in 1995 has had a positive impact on trade.</p>

The master´s thesis deals with the possibility of enforcing human rights through the instruments that are primarily used to pursue economic interests of the state, specifically illustrating these possibilities within the context of the World Trade Organization. The thesis presents the theoretical understanding of the concept of national interest and the relation between the economic and human rights interests of the state. It also focuses more closely on the relation between trade liberalization through the activities of the WTO and the protection of human rights. The thesis also describes the possibilities of pursuing human rights through already existing processes within the WTO, namely through the accession process, the trade policy review mechanism, trade agreements based on the Generalized System of Preferences and last but not least, the use of general exceptions and dispute settlement mechanism.

Das Ameise Kolonie Optimization (ACO) ist eine Metaheuristik für Verfahren der kombinatorischen Optimierung, die auf dem modellhaften Verhalten von realen Ameisen bei der Futtersuche basiert[1]. Viele Probleme können durch ACO sehr effizient bearbeitet werden. Zum Beispiel Job-Shop[2,3], Flow-Shop[4], Minimum Cost Permutation[5], Maschinenbelegungsprobleme, Minimierung der Transportzeit bei räumlich weit auseinander liegenden Produktionsstätten(Single Machine Total Tardiness problem)[6] usw. Marco Dorigo und Thomas Stützle[7] haben über das Problem des Handlungsreisenden (TSP) viele hilfreiche Formeln vorgestellt, um ein besseres Ergebnis zu bekommen. In dieser Masterarbeit werden durch Formeln einfach getestet bzw. ermittelt, wie gut das Ergebnis aussieht. Anschließend wird ein akuelles Thema GSP (The Gas Station Problem) vorgestellt. Samir Khuller, Azarakhsh Malekain und Julian Mestre[8] haben in ihrer Arbeit einige konkrete Probleme diskutiert. Dort haben sie auf theoretischer Ebene die günstigere Tour ermittelt. Zum Beispiel gibt es einige Tankstellen mit unterschiedlichen Benzin-Preisen. Ein Auto fährt von einer Startstadt zu einer Zielstadt und der Fahrer entscheidet, wieviel und wo das Benzin getankt wird. In dieser Masterarbeit werden zudem noch kompliziertere Annahmen beachten. Es kann entweder mit Strom oder Benzin auf den Straßen fahren. Zusätzlich kann das Auto noch unterwegs von Strom auf Benzin oder umgekehrt umschalten. Es kann beispielsweise das erste Drittel des Wegs mit Strom und den Rest mit Benzin fahren. Das Ziel ist es dabei, einen kürzeren Weg dazu so billig wie möglich zu finden. Wir versuchen, dieses Problem durch ACO durchlaufen zu lassen. Im allgeimeinen Fall findet jede Ameise eine günstige Tour d.h. die Ameise stirbt niemals unterwegs. Aber bei diesem Problem darf die Ameise irgendwo sterben, zum Beispiel stirbt sie in einer Stadt, weil sie nicht genug Benzin oder Strom im Tank hat. In dem Kapitel bzgl. der Zukunft der Arbeit stellen wir noch andere Algorithmen bzw. ACO kombiniert mit PSO vor. Der Unterschied zwischen diesen zwei Methoden ist der, dass bei ACO das Auto von Stadt i zu Stadt j immer auf einer geraden Linie und bei ACO mit PSO in einer Kurve fährt. Falls die Ameise einen Berg oder Fluß passiert, leitet sie den Weg um. Das Ameise Kolonie Optimization (ACO) ist ein sehr mächtiger Algorithmus. Es gibt viele Varianten von ACO, die sich mit TSP beschäftigen. Es gibt keine Ideallösung, sondern es geht darum, immer eine bessere Lösung zu finden. Die konkrete Arbeitsweise wird im folgenden Kapitel mit einigen einfachen Beispielen erklärt.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Sistema Geral de Preferências (SGP), principal exemplo da concessão de preferências tarifárias unilaterais pelos países desenvolvidos, vem sendo usufruído pelos países em desenvolvimento há mais de 30 anos. O SGP dos EUA, um dos programas mais importantes para o país, vem recentemente sendo objeto de apreensão devido às ameaças que os EUA fez ao Brasil de retirá-lo do programa. Além disso, a possibilidade de uma reestruturação do programa no momento de sua renovação traz muita preocupação ao setor exportador que teme sofrer prejuízos. Este trabalho foi estruturado com o objetivo de estimar a perda das exportações brasileiras para os EUA se o Brasil for eliminado da lista dos países beneficiários do SGP. Usando uma metodologia de equilíbrio parcial, o efeito total sobre as exportações foi calculado através dos efeitos de criação e desvio de comércio. Os resultados indicam uma diminuição de aproximadamente US$ 393 milhões nas exportações destinadas aos EUA e essa perda estaria fortemente concentrada em alguns setores específicos. / The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), main example of the preferential tariff concessions offered unilaterally by developed countries, has been used by developing countries for more than 30 years. The U.S. GSP, one of the most important programs to Brazil, has been causing some apprehension due to threats made by the U.S. to exclude this country from the program. Furthermore, the constant possibility of a program restructure at the moment of its renewal brings hesitation to the exporting sector that fears to suffer a great loss. This study was structured with the intention to estimate the loss to the Brazilian exports to the U.S. if Brazil is excluded from the list of beneficiaries of GSP. Using a partial equilibrium model, the total effect on the exports was calculated through the effects of trade creation and trade diversion. The results imply a decrease of US$ 393 millions of exports destined to U.S. and this loss would be very much concentrated on a few specific sectors.