Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Sistema Geral de Preferências (SGP), principal exemplo da concessão de preferências tarifárias unilaterais pelos países desenvolvidos, vem sendo usufruído pelos países em desenvolvimento há mais de 30 anos. O SGP dos EUA, um dos programas mais importantes para o país, vem recentemente sendo objeto de apreensão devido às ameaças que os EUA fez ao Brasil de retirá-lo do programa. Além disso, a possibilidade de uma reestruturação do programa no momento de sua renovação traz muita preocupação ao setor exportador que teme sofrer prejuízos. Este trabalho foi estruturado com o objetivo de estimar a perda das exportações brasileiras para os EUA se o Brasil for eliminado da lista dos países beneficiários do SGP. Usando uma metodologia de equilíbrio parcial, o efeito total sobre as exportações foi calculado através dos efeitos de criação e desvio de comércio. Os resultados indicam uma diminuição de aproximadamente US$ 393 milhões nas exportações destinadas aos EUA e essa perda estaria fortemente concentrada em alguns setores específicos. / The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), main example of the preferential tariff concessions offered unilaterally by developed countries, has been used by developing countries for more than 30 years. The U.S. GSP, one of the most important programs to Brazil, has been causing some apprehension due to threats made by the U.S. to exclude this country from the program. Furthermore, the constant possibility of a program restructure at the moment of its renewal brings hesitation to the exporting sector that fears to suffer a great loss. This study was structured with the intention to estimate the loss to the Brazilian exports to the U.S. if Brazil is excluded from the list of beneficiaries of GSP. Using a partial equilibrium model, the total effect on the exports was calculated through the effects of trade creation and trade diversion. The results imply a decrease of US$ 393 millions of exports destined to U.S. and this loss would be very much concentrated on a few specific sectors.

Any unexpected disruption to WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) based optical networks which carry data traffic at tera-bit per second may result in a huge loss to its end-users and the carrier itself. Thus survivability has been well-recognized as one of the most important objectives in the design of optical Internet. This thesis proposes a novel survivable routing architecture for the optical Internet. We focus on a number of key issues that are essential to achieve the desired service scenarios, including the tasks of (a) minimizing the total number of wavelengths used for establishing working and protection paths in WDM networks; (b) minimizing the number of affected working paths in case of a link failure; (c) handling large scale WDM mesh networks; and (d) supporting both Quality of Service (QoS) and best-effort based working lightpaths. To implement the above objectives, a novel path based shared protection framework namely Group Shared protection (GSP) is proposed where the traffic matrix can be divided into multiple protection groups (PGs) based on specific grouping policy, and optimization is performed on these PGs. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work done in the area of group based WDM survivable routing approaches where not only the resource sharing is conducted among the PGs to achieve the best possible capacity efficiency, but also an integrated survivable routing framework is provided by incorporating the above objectives. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

Any unexpected disruption to WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) based optical networks which carry data traffic at tera-bit per second may result in a huge loss to its end-users and the carrier itself. Thus survivability has been well-recognized as one of the most important objectives in the design of optical Internet. This thesis proposes a novel survivable routing architecture for the optical Internet. We focus on a number of key issues that are essential to achieve the desired service scenarios, including the tasks of (a) minimizing the total number of wavelengths used for establishing working and protection paths in WDM networks; (b) minimizing the number of affected working paths in case of a link failure; (c) handling large scale WDM mesh networks; and (d) supporting both Quality of Service (QoS) and best-effort based working lightpaths. To implement the above objectives, a novel path based shared protection framework namely Group Shared protection (GSP) is proposed where the traffic matrix can be divided into multiple protection groups (PGs) based on specific grouping policy, and optimization is performed on these PGs. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work done in the area of group based WDM survivable routing approaches where not only the resource sharing is conducted among the PGs to achieve the best possible capacity efficiency, but also an integrated survivable routing framework is provided by incorporating the above objectives. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:44:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 5517491 bytes, checksum: eb5cb71d29e204e53fcb2d806676b7a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / How to recognize, characterize and differentiate the genders multimodal comic strip, cartoon, cartoons and caricature? How relationships are established genres such genre-support? Based on the theoretical and methodological studies of gender linked to Systemic-Functional Linguistics – SFL – (HALLIDAY; HASAN, 1989) and comics (RAMOS, 2009; MCCLOUD, 1995; EISNER, 1999), we tried to reflect these issues in order to: (1) describe the Generic Structure Potential (GSP) genres strip comics, cartoon, cartoon and caricature; (2) characterize the support of the genres in focus from the perspective of SFL, and (3) investigate the relationship between gender-holder in the genres mentioned above. In order to fulfill these research objectives, we, through qualitative research, from the analysis of texts and images, study the book and its supporters following genres: (a) Aline (I, II, III), by Adão Iturrusgarai ( 2007, 2009a, 2009b), with the comics strips, (b) So Crawls Humanity, by Allan Sieber (2006), with the cartoons, (c) Risk Factors, by Júlio Erthal (1998), with the cartoons, and (d) Caricatures and caricatured, by Mario Mendez, with the cartoons. From our research, we conclude that it is difficult to differentiate the genders comics strip, cartoon, cartoons and caricatures, because they present the same variable mode (written/ multimodal) and tenor (author versus reader) of registers, where as the variable field of register is respectful, which thus elects stages of completion for each specific genre, what sets them apart. As for the gender-support ratio, we can say that the support – as an organization of language material, entered in register – elects elements of realization that qualify as material support required in a given culture and individually with their peers, these elements we call grafic elements that take place according to the relationship author versus editor (a). / Como reconhecer, caracterizar e diferenciar os gêneros multimodais tira cômica, cartum, charge e caricatura? Como se estabelecem as relações gênero-suporte nesses gêneros? Pautados no aporte teórico-metodológico dos estudos de gêneros vinculada à Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional – LSF – (HALLIDAY; HASAN, 1989) e aos quadrinhos (RAMOS, 2009; MCCLOUD, 1995; EISNER, 1999), procuramos refletir essas questões de forma a: (1) descrever a Estrutura Potencial do Gênero (EPG) dos gêneros multimodais tira cômica, cartum, charge e caricatura; (2) caracterizar o suporte dos gêneros multimodais em foco a partir da perspectiva da LSF; e (3) investigar a relação gênero-suporte nos gêneros supracitados. A fim de cumprirmos estes objetivos de pesquisa, procuramos, por meio da pesquisa qualitativa, a partir da análise de textos e imagens, estudar os seguintes suportes livro e seus gêneros: (a) Aline (I, II, III), de Adão Iturrusgarai (2007, 2009a, 2009b), com as tiras cômicas; (b) Assim Rasteja a Humanidade, de Allan Sieber (2006), com os cartuns; (c) Fatores de Risco, de Júlio Erthal (1998), com as charges; e (d) Caricaturas e Caricaturados, de Mário Mendez, com as caricaturas. De nossa pesquisa, concluímos que há dificuldade de se diferenciar os gêneros tira cômica, cartum, charge e caricatura, pois estes apresentam a mesma variável modo (escrito/multimodal) e relações (autor versus leitor) de registro; já a variável campo de registro ocorre de maneira diferente, o que, portanto, elege estágios de realização específicos para cada gênero, o que os diferencia. Quanto à relação gênero-suporte, podemos dizer que o suporte – como organização material da linguagem, inscrita no registro – elege elementos de realização material que o qualificam como suporte pretendido em uma dada cultura e o individualiza perante seus pares, a esses elementos chamamos de elementos gráficos que se realizam em função da relação autor versus editor(a).

Injection moulding using the process of Shear Controlled Orientation Injection Moulding (SCORIM) to enhance the aesthetic characteristics of plastics was investigated. Unsightly surface weld lines were successfully removed from highly reflective aluminium flake pigmented plastics by the application of a single macroscopic SCORIM shear when used in series with Bright Surface Moulding (BSM). A gonio spectrophotometer (GSP) was used for the quantitative characterisation of the Al flake pigmented mouldings as a measure of surface reflectivity and preferred angle of reflection. The different directional properties of surface reflectivities to either side of a conventional weld line are unacceptable, but were successfully reoriented approximately uniformly with the use of SCORIM and BSM moulding (i. e. SBM) used in series. SBM therefore provided an acceptable quality of surface finish for mouldings originally containing a weld line, without deterioration of mechanical properties. Indeed, some improvements in mechanical properties were observed. Translucent two-colour mouldings were used to successfully demonstrate the flow paths taken by sheared material during the application of macroscopic shears. The use of intermittent shearing to encapsulate shear oriented material in the solidifying layers, manifested original and profound aesthetic effects. This resulted from mixing the two colours and was reproducible and widely variable. The morphology of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) processed in this way and examined by light and electron microscopy revealed how only one or two intermittent shears were required to orient a large volume of the moulding in the shear direction. Moreover, U-shaped flow paths demonstrated that the easiest shear route was close to the mouldings edges, an observation supported by x-ray analysis. The addition of Al flake pigment was found to act as a heterogeneous nucleant for ß-spherulites. This acted as a suitable marker for the clear identification of the displaced weld interface using polarised light microscopy, of filled and unfilled iPP. y-phase was identified with the use of only one or two intermittent shears which reflects an increase in molecular alignment and consequent improved mechanical properties. The intensity of the y-phase increased with the volume of material sheared. Strong evidence was also obtained of a linear relationship between the logarithm of the time lapse between two intermittent shears and the corresponding values of a-phase index, crystallinity index and percentage crystallinity. The values of each increasing proportionally with the length of time used. Microhardness characterisation revealed anisotropy within SCORIM samples consistent with preferred orientation and increased modulus in the shear direction. The skin layers were characterised as the softest region through the thickness of SCORIM mouldings. The results of this work were used to provide the basis of a computer simulation of the SCORIM process under development at the University of Wales Swansea.

Grâce au SPG, l'Union Européenne accorde une réduction tarifaire douanière aux pays en développement (PED) afin de les aider à se développer. Les pays les moins avancés (PMA) et les pays vulnérables qui respectent une liste de normes relatives aux droits de l'homme, aux droits fondamentaux du travail, à la bonne gouvernance et à l'environnement sont eux, exempts de droit de douane sur le territoire communautaire. L'intérêt de l'utilisation du SPG est au cœur de cette étude qui a comporte deux parties. La première a trait au développement économique, la seconde au développement social et politique. Dans le titre premier, l'étude du cadre de la promotion du développement économique fait l'objet du premier sous-titre. Il s'attache à expliquer comment l'Union Européenne favorise certains pays (les PMA) et protège certains pans de son économie que ce soit en accordant un régime qui n'est pas totalement favorable à certaines marchandises (le textile et l'agriculture) ou grâce aux mécanismes de protectionnisme. En outre, ce sous-titre cherche à savoir quels avantages économiques l'Union Européenne peut tirer du SPG et s'il a été efficace dans son objectif de lutte contre la pauvreté dans les PED. Alors qu'il aura été expliqué que l'impact du SPG sur la réduction de la pauvreté n'est pas probant, le second sous-titre explique les raisons de cet échec. Les premières raisons sont externes au système. Alors que le notion de clause NPF est remise en question par la multiplication des accords commerciaux bilatéraux, par conséquent, celle de la marge préférentielle l'est aussi. Ces deux notions doivent donc être repensées. Il faut en discuter la pertinence dont dépend celle du SPG. En outre, l'importance des mesures non tarifaires et des services doit aussi être prise en compte dans l'évaluation du SPG qui est un instrument tarifaire. S'agissant des obstacles intrinsèques, le problème des règles d'origine occupe une place centrale. Plus globalement, la question de la simplification (et donc de la réduction des coûts) du SPG est abordée afin de savoir comment rendre le système plus efficace. Dans le titre second, le premier sous-titre est relatif au cadre (historique, normatif, géographique et méthodique) de la promotion des droits fondamentaux dans le SPG de l'Union Européenne. Le SPG+ et les aspects procéduraux font, quant à eux, y font aussi l'objet d'une attention particulière. Le second sous titre est consacré à l'intérêt de l'application des droits fondamentaux dans le SPG de l'Union Européenne. Ainsi, l'application des droits fondamentaux par les PED est positive pour l'économie de l'Union Européenne qu'il s'agisse ou non de leur aspect protectionniste. Concernant les PED, si une application des droits fondamentaux leur est bénéfique, elle n'en demeurent pas moins une charge. La possibilité de suspension du SPG en cas de violation des droits fondamentaux est peu invoquée, notamment par les ONG et les syndicats. Une tentative d'explication de ce phénomène est proposée dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse. / Under the GSP program, the European Union provides customs tariff reduction to developing countries in order to help them improve their development. Goods of least developed countries (LDC) and vulnerable countries which respect a list of human rights, fundamental labour rights, good governance and the environment norms enjoy a duty free access to the EU market. The GSP utilisation's interest (the benefit ?) is the heart of this study wich include two parts. The first concern the economic developement, the second the social and political developement. In the first title, the economic developement promotion framework is the topic of the first sub-title. It tries to explain how EU favorises some countries (LDC) and protects some sectors of it economy (textile and agriculture). Furthermore, this subtitle seek to know what economical advantages EU can have with the GSP and if this instrument has been efficient in it aim to reduce the poverty in developing countries. While it will have been explain that the GSP's impact in the poverty reduction is not important the second subtitle explain the reasons of this fail. The first reasons are extern of the system. While the MFN notion is challenged with the bilateral trade agreement multiplication, consequently, preferential margin notion is questioned too. So, this notion have to be rethinked. Their relevance must be discuted because without a high MFN level, the GSP can't work. Furthermore, the non tariff measure and service importance must be taken into account in the GSP (a tariff instrument) evaluation. Regarding intern obstacle, rules of origine problem has a central role. More generally, the simplification (and so cost reduction) of the GSP is treated in order to know how the system can be more efficient. In the second title, the first subtitle concern the fundamental rights promotion framework (historical, normative, geogragraphical and methodical framework). The GSP+ and the processal aspect are also treaten in this subtitle. The second subtitle is dedicated to the fundamental rights application advantages in the UE GSP. So, the fundamental rights application by developing countries is positive for the EU economy whether or not their protectionnist aspect. Regarding developing countries, if a fundamental rights application is benefit, it can also be a burden. There are few GSP withdrawal request in case of fundemental rights violation, especialy by trade union and NGO. The last chapter tries to explain this fact.

3-Deoxy-D-arabino heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS) catalyses the first step of the shikimate pathway, responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. This pathway is found in microorganisms, plants and apicomplexan parasites and its absence in mammals makes it a viable target for antimicrobial drug design. DAH7PS enzymes differ in the regulatory machinery that decorates the catalytic (β/α)8 barrel. Some DAH7PS enzymes are fused to chorismate mutase (CM), another enzyme in the shikimate pathway. This fusion protein is allosterically regulated by chorismate (CA) or prephenate (PA), the precursor of tyrosine and phenylalanine. It has been suggested that DAH7PS enzymes evolved these extensions to the core barrel for the sole purpose of regulation. Geobacillus sp DAH7PS (GspDAH7PSWT) is a thermophilic type Iβ DAH7PS enzyme with an N-terminal CM domain fused through a linker region. This thesis describes the functional characterisation work carried out on GspDAH7PSWT, in attempt to help determine how DAH7PS enzymes evolved such diverse methods of regulation. Chapter 2 describes the functional characterisation work carried out on the catalytic and regulatory domains of GspDAH7PSWT. The enzyme demonstrated both DAH7PS and CM activities with the DAH7PS domain determined to be metal dependent and most activated by Cd2+. PA completely inhibited the catalytic activity of GspDAH7PSWT, and AUC demonstrated an equilibrium exists between the dimeric and tetrameric quaternary states of the enzyme in solution. Chapter 3 describes the domain truncation of GspDAH7PSWT carried out at the linker region in order to obtain two separate protein domains, the catalytic domain lacking the N-terminal domain (GspDAH7PSDAH7PS) and the regulatory domain without the catalytic domain (GspDAH7PSCM). Both variants were fully characterised, and information obtained from each domain was compared to the respective catalytic and regulatory domains of the wild-type enzyme, which was also characterised. Like GspDAH7PSWT, GspDAH7PSDAH7PS showed greatest activation in the presence of Cd2+, with other metals having varying effects on activation rates and stability of the enzyme. Both truncated variants followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics where GspDAH7PSDAH7PS was found to be more active than GspDAH7PSWT and unaffected by PA, whereas GspDAH7PSCM was a less efficient catalyst than the CM domain of GspDAH7PSWT. AUC demonstrated that in solution an equilibrium occurs between the monomeric and tetrameric oligomeric states of GspDAH7PSDAH7PS. Chapter 4 summarises the findings of the thesis along with future directions of this research, combining the results obtained and expanding upon them. It is concluded that the catalytic regulatory CM domain supports both protein structure and allosteric regulation of GspDAH7PSWT

3-Deoxy-D-arabino heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAH7PS) catalyses the first step of the shikimate pathway, responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. This pathway is found in microorganisms, plants and apicomplexan parasites and its absence in mammals makes it a viable target for antimicrobial drug design. DAH7PS enzymes differ in the regulatory machinery that decorates the catalytic (β/α)8 barrel. Some DAH7PS enzymes are fused to chorismate mutase (CM), another enzyme in the shikimate pathway. This fusion protein is allosterically regulated by chorismate (CA) or prephenate (PA), the precursor of tyrosine and phenylalanine. It has been suggested that DAH7PS enzymes evolved these extensions to the core barrel for the sole purpose of regulation. Geobacillus sp DAH7PS (GspDAH7PSWT) is a thermophilic type Iβ DAH7PS enzyme with an N-terminal CM domain fused through a linker region. This thesis describes the functional characterisation work carried out on GspDAH7PSWT, in attempt to help determine how DAH7PS enzymes evolved such diverse methods of regulation. Chapter 2 describes the functional characterisation work carried out on the catalytic and regulatory domains of GspDAH7PSWT. The enzyme demonstrated both DAH7PS and CM activities with the DAH7PS domain determined to be metal dependent and most activated by Cd2+. PA completely inhibited the catalytic activity of GspDAH7PSWT, and AUC demonstrated an equilibrium exists between the dimeric and tetrameric quaternary states of the enzyme in solution. Chapter 3 describes the domain truncation of GspDAH7PSWT carried out at the linker region in order to obtain two separate protein domains, the catalytic domain lacking the N-terminal domain (GspDAH7PSDAH7PS) and the regulatory domain without the catalytic domain (GspDAH7PSCM). Both variants were fully characterised, and information obtained from each domain was compared to the respective catalytic and regulatory domains of the wild-type enzyme, which was also characterised. Like GspDAH7PSWT, GspDAH7PSDAH7PS showed greatest activation in the presence of Cd2+, with other metals having varying effects on activation rates and stability of the enzyme. Both truncated variants followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics where GspDAH7PSDAH7PS was found to be more active than GspDAH7PSWT and unaffected by PA, whereas GspDAH7PSCM was a less efficient catalyst than the CM domain of GspDAH7PSWT. AUC demonstrated that in solution an equilibrium occurs between the monomeric and tetrameric oligomeric states of GspDAH7PSDAH7PS. Chapter 4 summarises the findings of the thesis along with future directions of this research, combining the results obtained and expanding upon them. It is concluded that the catalytic regulatory CM domain supports both protein structure and allosteric regulation of GspDAH7PSWT

本研究的主要目的在於比較「GSP融入數學教學」與「傳統講述教學」對學生學習幾何課程之成效，並探討實驗組學生經由「GSP融入數學教學」後的態度與看法，以便可以作為將來在國中階段發展GSP輔助教學之參考。 本研究採不等組前後測準實驗研究設計，以桃園縣某國中三年級兩班共67名學生為研究對象，非隨機分派一班為實驗組，進行GSP融入數學教學；另一班為控制組，進行傳統講述教學，經由Kolb學習風格量表受測，區分為「具體經驗」及「抽象概念」兩類的學生，教學實驗為期六週共十二節課，教學內容為國三第五冊幾何單元「圓」，探究不同性別與不同學習風格之學生分別接受不同教學方法之後，在數學學習態度、學習成就與學習保留上的差異，採用二因子共變數分析統計方法驗證假設，並於實驗教學後針對實驗組做「GSP使用態度調查表」以了解學生的態度與反應。檢定分析與調查結果，得到以下結論： 一、排除前測影響後，學生在數學學習態度上的表現： (一)不同教學方法分別與不同性別、不同學習風格之間沒有交互作用。 (二)不同性別、不同學習風格均無顯著差異。 (三)不同教學方法會造成顯著差異；GSP融入數學教學優於傳統講述教學。 二、排除前測影響後，學生在數學學習成就上的表現： (一)不同教學方法分別與不同性別、不同學習風格之間沒有交互作用。 (二)不同性別、不同學習風格均無顯著差異。 (三)不同教學方法會造成顯著差異；GSP融入數學教學優於傳統講述教學。 三、排除前測影響後，學生在數學學習保留上的表現： (一)不同教學方法與不同性別之間沒有交互作用，且均無顯著差異。 (二)不同教學方法與不同學習風格之間有交互作用。 (三)以GSP融入數學教學而言，不同學習風格會造成顯著差異；抽象概念的學生優於具體經驗的學生。 (四)以抽象概念風格而言，不同教學方法會造成顯著差異；GSP融入數學教學優於傳統講述教學。 四、實驗組學生使用GSP態度分析 實驗組學生在幾何單元「圓」實施「GSP融入數學教學」後，絕大多數的學生喜歡此種教學方法，並抱持著正向及肯定的學習態度。 最後根據研究結果提出具體建議，以供學校、教師及未來研究者參考。 / The main purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of learning geometry using new teaching method (i.e. GSP in mathematics teaching) and traditional teaching method. For the possibilities of applying GSP to junior high school math teaching in the future, this study also analyze how students learn and react toward ‘GSP in mathematics teaching’. There are two grade 9 classes with totaled 67 students in the study. One class is assigned as the experimental group (i.e. GSP in mathematics teaching). Another class, the control group, is taught by traditional narrative teaching. All student are categorized, based on Kolb Learning Style Inventory(LSI), into two types: Concrete Experience and Abstract Conceptualization. The experiment consists of 12 classes in 6 weeks. The geometry content is ‘circle’, in book V for 9th graders. The study analyzes how students with different learning styles and genders react to these two math teaching methods. The attitudes , achievements and retentions of students learning are the main interests. The hypotheses are tested using two-way ANCOVA. Students in the experimental group are further evaluated with GSP questionnaire at the end of the experiment. The conclusions are as follow: I. For the attitude of students in learning math: 1. There is no interaction between teaching method and gender and between teaching method and style. 2. There is no significant difference between different genders and between different learning styles. 3. Different teaching methods have significant difference: GSP in math teaching is much better than traditional narrative teaching. II. For the achievement of students in learning math: 1. There is no interaction between teaching method and gender and between teaching method and style. 2. There is no significant difference between different genders and between different learning styles. 3. Different teaching methods have significant difference:GSP in math teaching is much better than traditional narrative teaching. III. For the retention of students in learning math. 1. There is no interaction between teaching method and gender. In addition , there are no significant differences between teaching method and between different gender. 2. There is interaction between teaching method and learning style. 3. Learning styles have significant difference when GSP is used in math teaching. Students categorized in Abstract Conceptualization perform better than those in Concrete Experience. 4. Among those Abstract Conceptualization students from GSP in math teaching class is significantly better than those from traditional narrative teaching. IV. For the attitude of students with GSP: Most students in experimental group are fond of GSP in math teaching, and hold a positive attitude toward learning . Finally, suggestions based on this study will be provided for school authority, teachers and other researchers. Keyword: GSP, computer-assisted instruction, learning style, mathematics learning attitude, mathematics learning achievement, mathematics learning retention, ANCOVA

Le Système de préférences généralisées (SPG) correspond à des réductions de droits de douane offertes par des sujets de droit international pubic « développés » aux pays en développement (PED). De manière générale, la conditionnalité est, quant à elle, un mécanisme qui permet de lier l’établissement, l’approfondissement, ou le maintien d’une situation juridique à la réalisation de conditions par un ou des bénéficiaire(s). Lorsque ce mécanisme est qualifié de « politique », ses conditions ont trait à la manière de gouverner et/ou à l’orientation des affaires publiques d’un sujet de droit international public. Le SPG de l’Union européenne (UE) contient plusieurs formes de conditionnalités qui agissent dans différents domaines des politiques publiques des PED bénéficiant de cette réduction douanière. L’intérêt de cette étude est d’aborder le SPG conditionné de l’UE dans le cadre de la construction de cette organisation internationale sui generis et comme révélateur d’une conception qui lui est particulière des relations internationales pour le développement. Par un effet miroir propre à chaque acte juridique, dans quelle mesure cet acte autonome reflète-t-il certaines caractéristiques de l’Union, une certaine identité de l’Union ? Le SPG conditionné de l’UE est tout d’abord un vecteur certain d’une identité européenne du développement en raison du caractère unilatéral de sa définition et de la relative uniformité de sa mise en œuvre. Cependant, celui-ci constitue un vecteur limité et ambivalent. Limité, tout d’abord, car le SPG est un acte secondaire au sein de la politique commerciale et car sa conditionnalité politique n’est pas reproduite dans d’autres actes des relations extérieures de l’Union. Ambivalent, ensuite, car cet acte autonome peut paraître illicite dans les relations commerciales internationales, tout en renouvelant le concept de développement par le commerce au sein de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). / A Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a reduction in custom fees on exports from « developing » subjects of public international law to « developed » countries. As a general rule, conditionality is a tool used to establish, deepen or maintain a legal situation conditioned by specific behavior from it’s beneficiary(ies). This tool is qualified as « political » when it conditions governing tools and/or the public policy of a subject of public international law. The European Union’s GSP has several forms of conditionality which deal with the public of policy of the developing countries benefiting from reduced custom fees. This work aims to study the EU’s conditioned GSP in the context of this sui generis international organization’s construction and as evidence of a EU-specific conception of international relations for development. As each legal tool reflects it’s creator, how does this act reveal certain characteristics of the EU or even aspects of the EU’s identity ? The EU’s conditioned GSP is an expression of European identity as it is defined unilaterally and applied with relative uniformity. However, this expression is limited and ambivalent. First of all, limited, because the GSP is a secondary act within EU commercial policy and it’s political conditionality is not found in other elements of the EU’s foreign relations. Secondly, ambivalent, because this GSP can seem illegal in the context of international commercial relations, all the while renewing the concept of development-through-trade within the World Trade Organization (WTO).