Regional study of the Silurian Amabel and Guelph (including the Eramosa Member) formations in the subsurface on the Bruce Peninsula provides petrographic details of these pervasively dolomitized rocks, defines lithofacies changes within each formation, and demonstrates the use of ground-penetrating radar as a tool for shallow subsurface stratigraphic mapping. Detailed stratigraphic logging of core provides insight on the complex depositional history of the pervasively dolomitized Amabel and Guelph formations by highlighting lateral facies changes that are not readily observable in outcrop. <br /><br /> The Lions Head and Colpoy Bay members of the Amabel Formation are continuous in core across the Bruce Peninsula. These members contain characteristic dark grey mottles which are the result of increased porous zones and pyrite, and/or concentrations of undifferentiated organics. Chert nodules and the abundance of silica is most abundant in the upper Lions Head Member where silica-replaced fossils are recognized within the surrounding dolomite. Typical Wiarton Member crinoidal lithofacies from the upper Amabel Formation are more common in the southern half of the Peninsula. The Eramosa Member is more laterally continuous on the Bruce Peninsula than previously assumed. Although there is a lack of bituminous argillaceous Eramosa lithofacies within core, the laminated Eramosa Member is thick near Wiarton which suggests that a large restricted less-oxygenated area existed in that vicinity during the Silurian. Thick accumulations of tan-brown fossiliferous undifferentiated Guelph Formation dolostones occur at both the northern and southern ends of the Peninsula. <br /><br /> Petrographic analyses reveal that the Amabel and Guelph formations are dolomitized with no precursor limestone observed. Four types of dolomite were observed within these formations and differentiated based on crystal size. These dolomites are characterized by a uniform dull red luminescence, and range from inclusion-rich anhedral very finely (< 5 µm) crystalline dolomite to clearer euhedral coarsely (> 250 µm) crystalline dolomite. Petrographic analyses also revealed secondary minerals such as pyrite, calcite (and dedolomite), silica, sphalerite, fluorite, and glauconite. <br /><br /> Ground-penetrating radar surveys provided high-resolution data, which combined with detailed geologic observations of accessible quarry outcrops and borehole logs, support the conclusion that GPR is a useful tool for locating karstic features, vuggy porosity, and lateral and vertical facies changes in carbonate rocks. Radar profiles may have important implications for the aggregate and building-stone industries as a tool to locate carbonate units of exploration interest or to avoid zones with high impurities.

Regional study of the Silurian Amabel and Guelph (including the Eramosa Member) formations in the subsurface on the Bruce Peninsula provides petrographic details of these pervasively dolomitized rocks, defines lithofacies changes within each formation, and demonstrates the use of ground-penetrating radar as a tool for shallow subsurface stratigraphic mapping. Detailed stratigraphic logging of core provides insight on the complex depositional history of the pervasively dolomitized Amabel and Guelph formations by highlighting lateral facies changes that are not readily observable in outcrop. <br /><br /> The Lions Head and Colpoy Bay members of the Amabel Formation are continuous in core across the Bruce Peninsula. These members contain characteristic dark grey mottles which are the result of increased porous zones and pyrite, and/or concentrations of undifferentiated organics. Chert nodules and the abundance of silica is most abundant in the upper Lions Head Member where silica-replaced fossils are recognized within the surrounding dolomite. Typical Wiarton Member crinoidal lithofacies from the upper Amabel Formation are more common in the southern half of the Peninsula. The Eramosa Member is more laterally continuous on the Bruce Peninsula than previously assumed. Although there is a lack of bituminous argillaceous Eramosa lithofacies within core, the laminated Eramosa Member is thick near Wiarton which suggests that a large restricted less-oxygenated area existed in that vicinity during the Silurian. Thick accumulations of tan-brown fossiliferous undifferentiated Guelph Formation dolostones occur at both the northern and southern ends of the Peninsula. <br /><br /> Petrographic analyses reveal that the Amabel and Guelph formations are dolomitized with no precursor limestone observed. Four types of dolomite were observed within these formations and differentiated based on crystal size. These dolomites are characterized by a uniform dull red luminescence, and range from inclusion-rich anhedral very finely (< 5 µm) crystalline dolomite to clearer euhedral coarsely (> 250 µm) crystalline dolomite. Petrographic analyses also revealed secondary minerals such as pyrite, calcite (and dedolomite), silica, sphalerite, fluorite, and glauconite. <br /><br /> Ground-penetrating radar surveys provided high-resolution data, which combined with detailed geologic observations of accessible quarry outcrops and borehole logs, support the conclusion that GPR is a useful tool for locating karstic features, vuggy porosity, and lateral and vertical facies changes in carbonate rocks. Radar profiles may have important implications for the aggregate and building-stone industries as a tool to locate carbonate units of exploration interest or to avoid zones with high impurities.

<p> The North Quarry (north of Ontario Highway 4) is located in Flamborough Ontario. In it, rocks of the Guelph formation are well exposed. The Guelph formation consists of dolomite and at the North Quarry has an average thickness of 30m. These rocks are cut by three predominant joint sets which have no indication of shear motion. The 030° set was formed as a result of compaction and loading; It appears to represent an upward joint propagation mirroring the Algonquin Arch trend. Joint sets 120° and 160° are a north western analogue to the conjugate pair described by Nickelson and Hough (1967) in the north eastern United States.</p> <p> Vein data and sampled minerals, using techniques such as cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, and isotope analysis enable paragenesis of joint propagation and crystallization relationships to be inferred. Possible stress field configurations have been deduced from these data. The joint set 030° was the first to open. Next, a minor east-west trending set opened. Joint sets 120° and 160° are the last to open. The joints were infilled by cement in the order of Organics > Calcite > Sulphides > Iron Oxides. Buckle heaves in the quarry were unreliable indicators of neotectonic stress.</p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

No description available.

A condutividade hidráulica de dois solos não saturados típicos da região de São Carlos, um arenoso e outro argiloso é estudada através de ensaios de campo empregando o permeâmetro Guelph. Duas alternativas de ensaio foram empregadas e os resultados experimentais foram analisados com os modelo teóricos de REYNOLDS e ELRICK (1985) e PHILIP (1985). Paralelamente, obtiveram-se em laboratório curvas de retenção de água dos solos o que possibilitou determinar a função condutividade hidráulica através das fórmulas empíricas de VAN GENUCHTEN, (1980) e de GARDNER (1958). As características e a variação dos valores da condutividade hidráulica não saturada de campo fornecidos pelo permeâmetro Guelph, são discutidos e confrontados com aqueles obtidos a partir dos métodos indiretos provenientes de laboratório. Observou-se que as condutividades hidráulicas saturadas nos solos foram praticamente iguais, quer se considerem os resultados de campo ou laboratório. Os resultados de campo mostraram-se mais consistentes para o solo argiloso qualquer que tenha sido a técnica de ensaio. O parâmetro &#945 da equação de GARDNER (1958) obtido no campo resultou maior que o valor sugerido na literatura ou obtido em laboratório para o solo arenoso. Para o solo argiloso, todas as opções de obtenção do parâmetro tenderam a fornecer valores praticamente iguais. / The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of two typical soils from the region of São Carlos City, sandy and clayey soils, has been studied through field tests using the Guelph permeameter. Two different alternatives of tests have been performed and the experimental data have been analyzed following the theoretical models from REYNOLDS and ELRICK (1985) and PHILIP (1985). However, soil-water characteristic curves were obtained in such a way that the hydraulic conductivity function could be evaluated using the empirical expressions from VAN GENUCHTEN (1980), and GARDNER (1958). The characteristics and the variation of the field unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values from the Guelph permeameter are discussed and compared to those from laboratory indirect methods. The field results showed to be more consistent to the clayey soil independent on the test or calculation method. The &#945 value (GARDNER, 1958) parameter obtained in the fields was Iarger than the values suggested in the literature or obtained in laboratory for the sandy soil. To the clayey soil, all the obtaining options of the parameter tended to supply values quite the same.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvanaTravinski.pdf: 2793954 bytes, checksum: d9b67ec4fc80683573196ad7d86cd258 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Some soil physical properties alter due to the management conducted on them. It is the management that largely produces the main modifications in the soil structure. Soil non harvest and conventional managements are the more investigated cultivation methods. Non harvest appeared as an alternative to the conventional, nevertheless, comparative studies of the alterations produced by those two types of management systems can supply important subsidies in the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of a system in relation to the other. The objective of this work was to compare the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity of a Red Latossol submitted to non harvest, conventional tillage and secondary forest and, to correlate it to other physical properties of the soil, such as soil particle density, soil particle distribution (sand, silte and clay), soil bulk density, soil micro and macro porosity. The saturated soil hydraulic conductivity was obtained using a Guelph permeameter. A rectangular mesh composed of 35 measurement positions was used. The investigated physical properties were analyzed using the classical statistics, which is based on the calculation of averages, standard deviation, variation coefficient, minimum and maximum values and asymmetry and curtosys coefficients. Also, there were made histograms to verify the nature of the distribution and the variability of the measured variables and boxplot graphs to identify discrepant points. For a visualization of their variability, maps of these properties were performed. As compared to the non harvest, the conventional tillage system presented a larger saturated soil hydraulic conductivity. The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity did not present correlation with no other properties of the soil than soil macroporosity, for both investigated soil tillage management. / Algumas propriedades físicas do solo sofrem alterações devido ao manejo nele empregado. É o manejo que em grande parte produz as principais modificações na estrutura dos solos. Os sistemas de manejo do solo mais pesquisados são os plantio direto e o convencional. O plantio direto surgiu como uma alternativa ao convencional, portanto, estudos comparativos das alterações produzidas pelos dois tipos de sistemas de manejo mencionados podem fornecer subsídios importantes na análise das vantagens e desvantagens de um sistema em relação ao outro. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de determinar a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico submetido ao sistema de manejo em plantio direto, plantio convencional e floresta secundária (área que está em estágio de sucessão vegetacional) e, correlacionar essa condutividade hidráulica com outras propriedades físicas do solo, tais como a densidade de partículas, as frações granulométricas (areia, silte e argila), a densidade do solo, a porosidade total do solo, a microporosidade e a macroporosidade do solo. O parâmetro condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado foi obtida com o uso do permeâmetro de Guelph. Utilizou-se uma malha retangular composta de 35 pontos amostrais. As propriedades físicas investigadas foram analisadas utilizando-se a estatística clássica, a qual está baseada no cálculo de médias, desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação, valores mínimo e máximo e coeficientes de assimetria e curtose. Juntamente com essa análise foram feitos os histogramas para verificar a natureza da distribuição e a variabilidade das variáveis levantadas e gráfico boxplot para identificar pontos discrepantes. Para uma visualização do seu comportamento espacial, mapas das propriedades de cada sistema de manejo foram categorizados. Com o permeâmetro de Guelph foi possível determinar que o sistema plantio convencional apresentou valores médios maiores do que o plantio direto. A condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado não apresentou correlação com as demais propriedades do solo. Somente os valores médios da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, nos sistemas plantio direto e convencional apresentaram correlação com os valores médios da macroporosidade do solo.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Toronto, 2005.

A condutividade hidráulica de dois solos não saturados típicos da região de São Carlos, um arenoso e outro argiloso é estudada através de ensaios de campo empregando o permeâmetro Guelph. Duas alternativas de ensaio foram empregadas e os resultados experimentais foram analisados com os modelo teóricos de REYNOLDS e ELRICK (1985) e PHILIP (1985). Paralelamente, obtiveram-se em laboratório curvas de retenção de água dos solos o que possibilitou determinar a função condutividade hidráulica através das fórmulas empíricas de VAN GENUCHTEN, (1980) e de GARDNER (1958). As características e a variação dos valores da condutividade hidráulica não saturada de campo fornecidos pelo permeâmetro Guelph, são discutidos e confrontados com aqueles obtidos a partir dos métodos indiretos provenientes de laboratório. Observou-se que as condutividades hidráulicas saturadas nos solos foram praticamente iguais, quer se considerem os resultados de campo ou laboratório. Os resultados de campo mostraram-se mais consistentes para o solo argiloso qualquer que tenha sido a técnica de ensaio. O parâmetro &#945 da equação de GARDNER (1958) obtido no campo resultou maior que o valor sugerido na literatura ou obtido em laboratório para o solo arenoso. Para o solo argiloso, todas as opções de obtenção do parâmetro tenderam a fornecer valores praticamente iguais. / The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of two typical soils from the region of São Carlos City, sandy and clayey soils, has been studied through field tests using the Guelph permeameter. Two different alternatives of tests have been performed and the experimental data have been analyzed following the theoretical models from REYNOLDS and ELRICK (1985) and PHILIP (1985). However, soil-water characteristic curves were obtained in such a way that the hydraulic conductivity function could be evaluated using the empirical expressions from VAN GENUCHTEN (1980), and GARDNER (1958). The characteristics and the variation of the field unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values from the Guelph permeameter are discussed and compared to those from laboratory indirect methods. The field results showed to be more consistent to the clayey soil independent on the test or calculation method. The &#945 value (GARDNER, 1958) parameter obtained in the fields was Iarger than the values suggested in the literature or obtained in laboratory for the sandy soil. To the clayey soil, all the obtaining options of the parameter tended to supply values quite the same.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T14:41:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto Lopes da Silva.pdf: 2279594 bytes, checksum: 9d16b5a4a812568f5d4017907f2695cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos - Finep / For any study involving the movement of soil water becomes essential to know the physical and hydraulic properties and their correlations. Both proprieties are of fundamental importance in the storage and transport of water and nutrients, in controlling infiltration and runoff, as well as soil conservation. In this context, this study aimed to do a physical-water characterization of three experimental basins (Jatoba and Mimoso / Pesqueira-PE and Xaréu / Fernando Noronha-PE) in the semiarid, in order to generate information for hydrological modeling and subsidies for soil and water management and conservation. It has been evaluated the physical and hydraulic behavior of soil at different depths and vegetation cover. Physical characterization of soils was carried out by laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed samples. The hydraulic characterization was conducted through moisture retention curves and through of hydraulic conductivity (K) tests in the field with the Guelph permeameter. Possession of physical variables and soil organic matter pedotransfer functions (PTF) have been tested to estimate the K0 and moisture in particular tensions in order to compare field and laboratory measurements. Among the attributes analyzed, the organic matter was the one with the highest coefficient of variation in depth in the basins and Mimoso Jatoba. There was also high variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K0) in depth, in the three basins. It was concluded that the hydraulic conductivity no significant difference in hydraulic conductivity means has been verified for the different vegetation covers. Among soils, the Vertisol presented the highest capacity to retain water. It is concluded that the proposed PTF showed low prediction of K0. The PTF for estimatingsoil moisture, also showed low prediction for soils at Xaréu Basins. In the Jatoba and Mimoso Basins, the best prediction for soil moisture at field capacity was obtained by the model proposed by Meng et al. (1987) and the humidity at wilting point, the equation based on the mean texture proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002) showed the best performance. For the water available content for the equation based on unique data set proposed by Oliveira et al. (2002), and Massuti (1997) model showed a good prediction. / Para qualquer estudo que envolva o movimento da água no solo torna-se imprescindível o conhecimento das propriedades físicas e hidráulicas, bem como suas correlações. Ambas têm fundamental importância no armazenamento e transporte de água e de nutrientes, no controle da infiltração e escoamento superficial, bem como na conservação do solo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo buscou realizar uma caracterização físico-hídrica de três bacias experimentais (Jatobá e Mimoso/Pesqueira-PE e Xaréu/Fernando Noronha-PE) do semiárido, a fim de gerar informações para suporte à modelagem hidrológica e subsídios para o gerenciamento e conservação do solo e da água. Avaliou-se o comportamento físico-hídrico dos solos em diferentes profundidades e coberturas vegetais. A caracterização física dos solos se deu por análises de laboratório com amostras indeformadas e deformadas. A caracterização hidráulica foi realizada por meio de curvas de retenção de umidade e através de testes de condutividade hidráulica (K) em campo com permeâmetro de Guelph. De posse das variáveis físicas e da matéria orgânica do solo, foram testadas funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para estimativa da K0 e umidade em tensões específicas, a fim de comparar com as medidas em campo e laboratório. Dentre os atributos do solo analisados, a matéria orgânica foi o que apresentou o maior coeficiente de variação, em profundidade, nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso. Verificou-se também, alta variabilidade da condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K0) em profundidade, nas três bacias. Concluiu-se que a condutividade hidráulica não apresentou diferença significativa entre médias, para as diferentes coberturas vegetais. Dentre os solos estudados, o Vertissolo foi o que apresentou a maior capacidade de retenção de água. Conclui-se que as FPT propostas apresentaram baixa predição da K0. As FPT para estimativa da umidade retida a potenciais específicos, também apresentaram baixa predição para os solos da Bacia do Xaréu. Nas Bacias do Jatobá e do Mimoso a melhor predição para umidade na capacidade de campo foi obtida pelo modelo de Meng et al. (1987) e para a umidade no ponto de murcha permanente, a equação baseada na textura média proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002) mostrou o melhor desempenho. Para água disponível a equação baseada no conjunto único de dados proposta por Oliveira et al. (2002), e o modelo de Massuti (1997) apresentaram boa predição.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Lewis (2016) simple method to determine hydraulic conductivity in soil samples. This was conducted by comparing Lewis method to a slug-test, Guelph permeameter and calculations from grain size analysis in order to find out if the method is a reliable source for measuring hydraulic conductivity. Other parameters to compare is time consumption, cost effectiveness and area of use. Four different samples were used in the testing, a sand, two tills and pyrite ash (which is a rest product from manufacturing sulfite pulp). The results indicated that measurements in the homogenic sand all methods was in a good range of each other, while in the more heterogenic till the slug-test and Lewis method was close and the calculations from grainsize analysis was much lower. Only grainsize analysis was performed on the pyrite ash and the results was similar to Lewis method. This study shows that Lewis method works well as a reliable source for K measurements and is less time consuming than all the other methods. The material required for the method can be obtained in a hardware store.