In this study the effects of repeated antigen injections on total complement (C') and C'4 of guinea pig serum were investigated to determine if constant antigenic stimulation would show changes in the C' and C'4 titers. Attempts were also made to correlate any changes with variations in antibody titers during the repeated antigen injections.

"Community" is a word that suffuses Western discourse. Its use is widespread in both popular and in the more specialized languages of anthropology and sociology. Though rich in meaning, "community" is yet often employed to arbitrarily bind people together 'from the outside'. Thus 'a community', 'peasant communities', and so on, refer to bounded entities that are there. This thesis begins by taking community as a problem. For though we write easily .about, and easily apply, the concept of 'a community', the notion of being 'in community', taking community to refer, to a shared or common quality or state of being, is not so easily applied, let alone thought. What ivS therefore explored is a notion of community as a process, both generally and in relation to a particular Papua New Guinean people, the Orokaiva. As a process, community is taken to be 'emergent', rather than 'there'. "Community" is subsequently developed as an alternative paradigm of order to the descent-based models of Williams, Crocombe & Hogbin, Rimoldi and Schwimmer. The Orokaiva plant emblem, a central symbol of Orokaiva sociality, is focused on. Stemming from a notion of 'emergent community', the interrelated .problems of identification, affiliation, ideology, and context are selected and pursued in relation to the Orokaiva plant emblem. I follow McKellin's (1980) delineation of three ordering principles -- lineality, territoriality, and exchange/commen-sality -- from Managalase kinship ideology; these same three principles are shown to underlie some Orokaiva notions of plant emblem identification. Taking these ordering principles together with some Orokaiva notions of "substance", a complex of interrelated Orokaiva ideas is delineated. It is this ideational order which is hypothesized as constituting the ideational resources engaged in the indigenous rationalization of Orokaiva sociality. Some contexts generated by three events -- birth, marriage, and death -- are analysed in the light of that complex of ideas termed an 'ideology of community'. Referred to as 'contexts for community' , they suggest some of the possible ways in-which the ideational order is utilized to close the ambiguities of sociality and make the phenomenological dimension of "community" visible. Reliant upon the ethnographic work of others, this thesis is primarily forwarded as a problem-seeking, rather than a problem-solving study. Will "community" ever be found among the Orokaiva? / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of studies on the aerobic, mesophilic intestinal flora of guinea pigs subjected to conditions similar to those encountered by man in spacecraft.

The principal purpose of this work was to determine the effect of immunized guinea pig serum upon the survival time of tumor infected mice, and to make a correlation between this effect and the complement titer.

The mammalian hearing organ, the cochlea, has a marvelous sensitivity and frequency resolution. Due to passive mechanical properties (e.g. mass, stiffness, damping), sound-induced traveling waves are formed on the basilar membrane (BM), which are longitudinally tuned to different frequencies. In a live cochlea, a phenomenon called cochlear amplification, derived from the mechano-electric transduction of the outer hair cells (OHCs), locally enhances the traveling wave and increases the frequency selectivity. My research during the PhD program was focused on studying the in-vivo mechanical and electrophysiological responses of the cochlea in animal models.In the first set of experiments, the intra-cochlear motion and the OHC-generated local cochlear microphonic (LCM) responses were measured in the base of the gerbil cochlea. We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure the intra-cochlear motion and a tungsten micro-electrode to obtain the LCM responses. We explored the effect of the two types of sound stimuli, single and multi-tone stimuli, to the nonlinear behavior of the LCM and the intra-cochlear motion responses in two frequency bands: a frequency band in which cochlear responses show a nonlinear peak (the best frequency (BF) band) and a frequency range below the large peak (sub-BF band: f < ∼ 0.7 × BF). In the sub-BF band, BM motion had linear growth for both stimulus types, and the motion in the OHC region was mildly nonlinear for single tones, and relatively strongly nonlinear for multi-tones. Sub-BF, the nonlinear character of the LCM was similar to that of the OHC- region motion. In the BF band, the LCM and the intra-cochlear motions all possessed the BF peak nonlinearity. Coupling these observations with previous findings on phasing between OHC force and traveling wave motions, we proposed the following framework for cochlear nonlinearity: The BF-band nonlinearity is an amplifying nonlinearity, in which OHC forces input power into the traveling wave, allowing it to travel further apical to the region where it peaks. The sub-BF nonlinearity is a non- amplifying nonlinearity; it represents OHC electromotility, and saturates due to OHC current saturation, but the OHC forces do not possess the proper phasing to feed power into the traveling wave. In the second set of experiments, we repeated the cochlear measurements as in the first project in the base of guinea pig cochlea. The goal was to compare the degree of nonlinearity and amplification in the LCM and intra-cochlear responses between gerbil and guinea pig. The experimental condition and method were similar to the gerbil study. In the BF band, our observations were similar to our previous measurements in gerbil: a nonlinear peak in LCM responses and in intra- cochlear displacements, and higher motion in the OHC region than the BM. Sub-BF, the responses in the two species were different. In both species the BM motion responses in the sub-BF band was linear and LCM was nonlinear. Sub-BF in the OHC-region, nonlinearity was only observed in a subset of healthy guinea pig cochleae while in gerbil, robust nonlinearity was observed in all healthy cochleae. The differences suggest that gerbils and guinea pigs may employ different mech- anisms for to achieve frequency selectivity. However, it cannot be ruled out that the differences are due to technical measurement differences across the species.

Electrophysiological studies of myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig antrum suggest that different neuroactive compounds are involved in synaptic transmission. It is not known what neurotransmitters and neuropeptides are present and to what extent they colocalize. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed on whole-mount preparations of the guinea-pig antrum. Immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase was used as a general marker and was set at 100%. There was no overlap between cholinergic and nitrergic neurons, resulting in two separate subpopulations. The presence of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity was used to identify the cholinergic subset, which accounted for 56% of the cells. Immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase, on the other hand, was displayed in 40.7% of the neurons. Substance-P immunoreactivity was present in 37.4% of the cells and vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y in 21.7% and 28.6%, respectively. Small subsets of neurons had immunoreactivity for serotonin (3.9%), calretinin (6.8%) and calbindin (0.5%). Colocalization studies revealed several subgroups of neurons, containing one or more of the screened markers. Though some similarity is found in the chemical coding of the antrum compared to that of the small intestine and the corpus, remarkable differences can be seen in the occurrence of some subpopulations. Cholinergic neurons are not as predominant as in other parts of the gut, serotonin presence is doubled and some vasointestinal-peptide-positive neurons express substance P. These differences might reflect the highly specialized function of the antrum; however, the exact role of these classes remains to be established.

The study was done in the department of La Paz, providence of Ingavi in the community of Letanias (16° 39’ 15” S; 69° 60’ 18” W), in the Benson Institute building, located 3 kilometers from Viacha. The objectives were: to evaluate the growth and increase in weight and consumption of food in Guinea pig male and females under the effect of diets with different levels of barley sprout in the phases of growth; to determine the nutritional conversion; to determine the optimal level of use of the barley sprouts in the basic feeding of Guinea pigs; and to evaluate the results of the diets from the point of view of its economic efficiency. The diets utilized were isoprotein and isoenergetic and consisted of the following: D l (34% H. alfalfa + 33% P. barley + 33% bran), D-2 (45%H. alfalfa + 25% sprout + 14% P. barley + 16% bran), D-3 (35% H. alfalfa + 50% sprout + 12% P. barley + 3% bran), D-4 (22% H. alfalfa + 75% sprout + 2% P. barley + 1% bran). The design that I used was completely random with factorial arrangement, with four repetitions, taking into account 64 animals 32 male and 32 females. I analyzed the variables with the statistical package MSTATC obtaining the following results.- The analysis of variance obtained for the gaining and increasing of weight, I present differences in the phases of evaluation (sixth and eleventh week). Being D-2 the diet that presents greater weight with referring to the diets D l, D-2 and D-3. The consumption of food was greater in the diet D-2, showing greater flexibility than the diets D-2, D-3 and D-l. Analyzing the nutritional conversion index, weight, and economic relation it is concluded that the diet D-2 with 25% of barley sprout is the one that achieves the best behavior, achieving a good use of the goods that farmers have and the cost of feed is attainable for the producer. Barley sprouts can be an alternative feed for the guinea pig always as long as administered in low levels.

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