Desde o início da década de 2010, o aumento do preço do combustível de aviação e a pressão da sociedade para redução da emissão de gases nocivos ao meio ambiente, junto com a necessidade de redução de ruído durante as fases de decolagem e pouso, levaram as companhias aéreas a buscar aeronaves mais eficientes. Para suprir essa demanda, os fabricantes de aviões comerciais solucionaram esse problema através do uso de motores de maior desempenho, que apresentam maior diâmetro que motores de gerações passadas. Desse modo, foi necessário projetar asas com maior diedro na região da raiz, possibilitando a instalação desses novos motores, e diedro menor após a seção do motor, adotando assim a solução de asa em gaivota. O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto de diferentes tipos de asas em gaivota nos coeficientes aerodinâmicos de uma aeronave de configuração comercial típica. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos envolvendo asas em gaivota. Numa primeira fase foi feito um estudo analítico das características aerodinâmicas de alguns modelos de aeronaves com asa em gaivota, e em uma segunda fase, foram empregadas ferramentas computacionais para analisar seus comportamentos aerodinâmicos. Posteriormente, em uma terceira fase, esses modelos foram ensaiados no túnel de vento do LAE (Laboratório de Aerodinâmica da EESC/USP), e os resultados das três fases foram comparados. / Since the beginning of the 2010s, the increasing price of aviation fuel and the pressure of society to reduce the emission of harmful gases into the environment, coupled with the need of noise reduction during the takeoff and landing, induce carrier companies to look for more efficient airplanes. To furnish this demand, the airplane manufacturers solved the problem using high performance engines, which present a larger diameter than the engines from previous generations. Thereby, it was necessary to project wing with higher dihedral on the root portion, enabling the installation of these new engines, and a lower dihedral after the engine section, thus adopting a gull wing solution. This research project aims at analyzing the impact of different types of gull wing on the aerodynamic coefficients of a typical commercial configuration airplane. For this purpose, a bibliographic review about the studies related to gull wings was performed. In a first phase, an analytical analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics of some airplane model with gull wings was done, and in a second phase, computational programs was used to study their aerodynamic behavior. Later, in a third phase, these models were tested in the wind tunnel of LAE (Laboratory of Aerodynamics of EESC/USP), and the results from the three phases were compared.

Desde o início da década de 2010, o aumento do preço do combustível de aviação e a pressão da sociedade para redução da emissão de gases nocivos ao meio ambiente, junto com a necessidade de redução de ruído durante as fases de decolagem e pouso, levaram as companhias aéreas a buscar aeronaves mais eficientes. Para suprir essa demanda, os fabricantes de aviões comerciais solucionaram esse problema através do uso de motores de maior desempenho, que apresentam maior diâmetro que motores de gerações passadas. Desse modo, foi necessário projetar asas com maior diedro na região da raiz, possibilitando a instalação desses novos motores, e diedro menor após a seção do motor, adotando assim a solução de asa em gaivota. O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto de diferentes tipos de asas em gaivota nos coeficientes aerodinâmicos de uma aeronave de configuração comercial típica. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos envolvendo asas em gaivota. Numa primeira fase foi feito um estudo analítico das características aerodinâmicas de alguns modelos de aeronaves com asa em gaivota, e em uma segunda fase, foram empregadas ferramentas computacionais para analisar seus comportamentos aerodinâmicos. Posteriormente, em uma terceira fase, esses modelos foram ensaiados no túnel de vento do LAE (Laboratório de Aerodinâmica da EESC/USP), e os resultados das três fases foram comparados. / Since the beginning of the 2010s, the increasing price of aviation fuel and the pressure of society to reduce the emission of harmful gases into the environment, coupled with the need of noise reduction during the takeoff and landing, induce carrier companies to look for more efficient airplanes. To furnish this demand, the airplane manufacturers solved the problem using high performance engines, which present a larger diameter than the engines from previous generations. Thereby, it was necessary to project wing with higher dihedral on the root portion, enabling the installation of these new engines, and a lower dihedral after the engine section, thus adopting a gull wing solution. This research project aims at analyzing the impact of different types of gull wing on the aerodynamic coefficients of a typical commercial configuration airplane. For this purpose, a bibliographic review about the studies related to gull wings was performed. In a first phase, an analytical analysis of the aerodynamic characteristics of some airplane model with gull wings was done, and in a second phase, computational programs was used to study their aerodynamic behavior. Later, in a third phase, these models were tested in the wind tunnel of LAE (Laboratory of Aerodynamics of EESC/USP), and the results from the three phases were compared.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Eutectic (63% tin-37% lead) or near-eutectic (40% tin-60% lead) tin-lead solder is widely used for creating electrical interconnections between the printed wiring board (PWB) and the components mounted on the board surface. For components mounted directly on the PWB mounting pads, that is, surface mounted components, the tin-lead solder also constitutes the mechanical interconnection. Eutectic solder has a melting point of 183°C (361°F). It is important to realize that its homologous temperature, defined as the temperature in degrees Kelvin over its melting point temperature (T(m)), also in degrees Kelvin, is defined as T/T(m). At room temperature (25°C = 298K), eutectic solder's homologous temperature is 0.65. It is widely acknowledged that materials having a homologous temperature ≥ 0.5 are readily subject to creep, and the solder joints of printed wiring assemblies are routinely exposed to temperatures above room temperature. Hence, solder joints tend to be subject to both thermal fatigue and creep. This can lead to premature failures during service conditions. The geometry, that is, the lead configuration, of the joints can also affect failure. Various geometries are better suited to withstand failure than others. The purpose of this paper is to explore solder joint failures of dual in-line (DIP) integrated circuit components, leadless ceramic chip carriers (LCCCs), and gull wing and J-lead surface mount components mounted on PWBs.

A handling quality investigation was performed on the swept gull-wing configuration. The swept gull-wing configuration is tailless and has a wing with a transition in the sweep and dihedral angle. An example of this type of aircraft is the Exulans. This aircraft is currently under development at the University of Pretoria. The handling quality study was focussed on pitch axis dynamics. The Exulans is a research testbed that will be used to investigate the swept gull-wing configuration and its special controls by means of full-scale flight testing. Variable wing sweep, twisting elevons and winglets will be investigated as means of control. These control devices are configured in such a way as to have minimum impact on the performance of the aircraft. The handling qualities of the swept gull-wing configuration have to be acceptable while using these different control strategies. The study was launched to investigate whether a gull-wing configuration aircraft will have satisfactory handling qualities at CG positions associated with the most favourable aerodynamic performance. There is an aerodynamic performance gain in designing an aircraft so that the CG falls on the so-called `E-point'. The E-point is the centre of pressure for an elliptical circulation distribution. An elliptical circulation distribution is associated with the highest Oswald efficiency for an aircraft. Time domain simulation techniques and frequency domain analysis techniques were used to analyse the handling qualities of the gull-wing configuration. The C-star criterion was used to analyse handling qualities with time domain simulation data as input. Comparative time domain simulations were performed between the Exulans and other aircraft to compare handling qualities. Eigenvalue analysis was used together with the thumbprint criterion to investigate inherent gull-wing airframe dynamics. The Shomber-Gertsen and Military Specification 8785 criteria were also used for the same purpose. The Neal-Smith method was used to investigate the effect of control authority on handling qualities and the effect of a pilot. The Monnich and Dalldorff criterion was used to evaluate gust handling qualities. An analysis chart by Fremaux and Vairo was used to evaluate the tumbling susceptibility of the gull-wing configuration. The pitch handling quality investigation shows sufficient promise that the swept gull-wing configuration will have acceptable handling qualities with the CG placed at positions associated with optimised aerodynamic performance. Analysis showed that the swept gull-wing configuration is potentially prone to tumbling. With low static margins, the configuration should exhibit improved handling qualities in gusty conditions when compared to existing tailless aircraft. It is recommended that a lateral handling quality study be performed before full scale flight testing commences on the Exulans. In addition, the possibility of wingtip stall must be investigated for the case of the swept gull-wing configuration. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted