This study investigated the microbial colonization and maternal influences on the neonatal calf gut microbiome. Microbiome samples were collected from dams (n = 6) and calves (n = 6) using sterile flocked swabs. The vaginal, oral, and fecal bacterial communities were examined from the dam and the fecal community of calves was examined from birth to 60 d of age. Microbial communities varied by anatomical location and age of the calf. Metagenomic analysis 16s ribosomal DNA revealed ten phyla associated with microbiomes of the dam and the same ten phyla associated with calf feces at various time points: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Fibrobacteres, and Lentisphaerae. Overall, the calf meconium and fecal microbiome is influenced by a combination of the maternal vagina, oral, and fecal microbiomes. Further studies will be needed to identify the transference mechanisms of maternal microbes to offspring and the associated host-microbial interactions. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / This study investigated the microbial colonization and maternal influences on the neonatal calf gut microbiome. Microbiome samples were collected from dams (n = 6) and calves (n = 6) using sterile flocked swabs. The vaginal, oral, and fecal bacterial communities were examined from the dam and the fecal community of calves was examined from birth to 60 d of age. Microbial communities varied by anatomical location and age of the calf. Metagenomic analysis 16s ribosomal DNA revealed ten phyla associated with microbiomes of the dam and the same ten phyla associated with calf feces at various time points: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes, Fibrobacteres, and Lentisphaerae. Overall, the calf meconium and fecal microbiome is influenced by a combination of the maternal vagina, oral, and fecal microbiomes. Further studies will be needed to identify the transference mechanisms of maternal microbes to offspring and the associated host-microbial interactions.

<p>  </p> <p>We have a need to increase protein production as the world population continues to increase. Seeing that land and resources are a limited commodity, the need to raise pigs as efficiently as possible will continue to increase. Similarly, as the industry switches further away from antibiotics and growth performance technologies, the need for wholistic alternatives continues to increase. Therefore, the focus of this dissertation primarily focuses on technologies to improve pig growth performance both in the nursery (Chapter 3 and 4) as well as the finisher (Chapter 2 and 3). In chapter two, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of β-mannanase and lysine level as well as β-glucanase and β-mannanase in combination during ractopamine feeding prior to market. In Exp. 1, 343 crossbred pigs were blocked by ancestry, sex, and initial BW (97.3 ± 1.36 kg) and allocated to mixed gender pens (5 or 6 pigs/pen) to 5 treatments with 10 or 12 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) low lysine (0.80% SID Lys; LL); 2) LL+mannanase (0.08 MU/kg); 3) high lysine (0.95% SID Lys; HL); 4) HL+mannanase (0.08 MU/kg); 5) As treatment 3 + 4% choice white grease (CWG). Diets were corn-soy based (LL and HL=3335 and CWG=3517 kcal ME/kg) and contained 7.5 ppm ractopamine. One pig/pen was harvested on d 7 and 21, with remaining pigs harvested on d 35. For d 7-21 and 0-35 pigs fed the HL diets tended (<em>P</em><0.06) to have improved G:F compared to pigs fed LL diets. For d 21-28 (<em>P</em><0.03) and 0-35 (<em>P</em><0.03) pigs fed LL diets had greater ADFI than pigs fed HL diets. Pigs fed mannanase tended to have increased ADFI (<em>P<</em>0.06) d 21-28 and improved (<em>P<</em>0.10) ADG (984 vs 937 g/d) from d 21-35. Pigs fed the CWG diet had improved ADG (<em>P</em><0.04) from d 21-35 and 0-35 and for periods d 7-21 (<em>P</em><0.01) and 0-35 (<em>P</em><0.07) had reduced ADFI compared to pigs fed the HL diet. This resulted in improved G:F (<em>P<</em>0.01) from d 14-21, 21-28, 7-21, 21-35, and 0-35. Pigs harvested on d 7 fed mannanase diets had increased (<em>P<</em>0.01) carcass yield and tended to have increased (<em>P<</em> 0.06) loin depth, but reduced yield (<em>P<</em>0.06) on d 21. Pigs fed LL diets had increased (<em>P<</em>0.05) backfat (BF) depth compared to pigs fed HL diets on d 7. Pigs fed HL diets harvested on d 21 had reduced (<em>P<</em>0.01) BF depth and increased (<em>P<</em>0.03) percent lean versus pigs fed LL diets. Pigs fed CWG had increased (<em>P<</em>0.02) BF depth d 21 and d 35 and reduced (<em>P<</em>0.03) percent lean d 21 compared to pigs fed the HL diet. Overall, pigs fed HL diets had reduced (<em>P<</em>0.04) BF depth and tended to have increased (<em>P<</em>0.08) percent lean when compared to pigs fed LL and CWG diets. </p> <p>A second experiment was then designed to evaluate β-mannanase with and without β-glucanase in combination with ractopamine feeding. One-hundred eighty pigs (initial BW=105.4 ± 1.29 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of two enzymes individually and in combination in a corn-soybean meal-cDDGS based diet on pig growth performance and feed efficiency during late finishing. Pigs were allocated in a randomized complete block design of mixed gender pens, stratified by ancestry, gender, and initial BW to 5 treatments with 6 pens/treatment and 6 pigs/pen. Dietary treatments included: 1) negative control (0.75% SID Lys; NC); 2) NC plus ractopamine (RAC); 3) RAC+mannanase (0.08 MU/kg β-mannanase; RENZ1); 4) RAC+enzymes (0.08 MU/kg β-glucanase + 0.10 MU/kg β-mannanase; RENZ2); 5) RAC+enzymes (0.08 MU/kg β-glucanase, 0.18 MU/kg β-mannanase; RENZ1+2). Treatments 2-5 contained 5 ppm ractopamine from d 0-14 and 10 ppm ractopamine from d 14-28. For d 0-14, pigs fed the RAC diet had increased (<em>P</em><0.003) ADG, improved feed efficiency and tended (<em>P</em><0.06) to have increased ADFI when compared to pigs fed the NC diet. Pigs fed RENZ1 had increased (<em>P</em><0.05) ADG, and improved (<em>P</em><0.02) G:F, while pigs fed RENZ2 tended (<em>P</em><0.08) to have reduced G:F compared to pigs fed RAC. Pigs fed RAC from d 14-28 had increased (<em>P</em><0.05) ADG, ADFI, and improved G:F compared to NC. Feeding RENZ1, RENZ2, or RENZ1+2 had no impact (<em>P></em>0.22) on ADG, ADFI, or G:F from d 14-28 compared to RAC fed pigs. For the overall period d 0-28, pigs fed RAC diets had increased (<em>P</em><0.04) ADG and ADFI with improved (<em>P</em><0.001) feed efficiency compared to NC. Pigs fed RENZ1 had increased (<em>P</em><0.02) ADG and improved (<em>P</em><0.01) feed efficiency while pigs fed RENZ2 had no improvement (<em>P></em>0.21) in measured response criteria compared to pigs fed RAC. Pigs fed RAC had increased (<em>P<</em>0.01) final live BW, carcass weight, loin depth, fat free lean, and value per pig. In conclusion, pigs fed the RAC diet had increased ADG and ADFI with improved feed efficiency throughout the trial. Pigs fed RAC + mannanase had increased ADG resulting in improved feed efficiency compared to pigs fed RAC. </p> <p>Chapter 3 focused on one experiment split over two growth periods was conducted to evaluate the effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae or lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation products (SCFP and LAFP, respectively) and vaccination for <em>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</em> and Porcine circovirus type 2 on growth performance, serum immune markers, and intestinal villi height. In period 1, 135 pigs [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Chester); initially 5.75 ± 0.51 kg BW] were blocked by ancestry, sex, and initial BW (6 blocks) and assigned to mixed gender pens (4 or 5 pigs/pen) to 5 treatments with 6 pens/treatment. Treatments included: 1) Negative control (NC), control diets, non-vaccinated no added fermentation products; 2) Positive control (PC), control diets, vaccinated, no added fermentation products; 3) PC + SCFP (0.2% d 0-21, 0.1% d 21-56); 4) PC + LAFP (0.1% d 0-21, 0.05% d 21-56; LAFP-Low); 5) PC + LAFP (0.2% d 0-21, 0.1% d 21-56; LAFP-High). Diets were corn-soy based. Two gilts and one barrow per pen were repeatedly bled every 7 days from d 0-35. One of the identified bleeding gilts per pen was selected to be sacrificed on d 33 of the trial for intestinal tissue sample collection. For d 7-14 NC (<em>P<</em>0.05) pigs had improved G:F compared to all other vaccinated pigs. For d 14-21 (<em>P<</em>0.03), d 21-28 (<em>P<</em>0.05, d 28-35 (<em>P<</em>0.09), and d 0-35 (<em>P<</em>0.02) vaccinated pigs had increased ADFI and tended to have improved ADG (<em>P<</em>0.09) from d 14-21 compared to NC pigs. Similarly, from d 0-35 PC pigs tended (<em>P<</em>0.09) to have increased ADFI when compared to NC pigs. Villus height d 33 tended (<em>P<</em>0.07) to be reduced when pigs were vaccinated vs the NC. For d 35 all vaccinated pigs tended (<em>P<</em>0.10) to have increased TNF-α vs NC. On d 28 a larger percentage of LAFP-High pigs tested positive (<em>P<</em>0.01) for circovirus. On d 35 a higher percentage of NC pigs tested negative (<em>P<</em>0.001) for circovirus. During the nursery period mycoplasma optical density (MOD) was lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) for LAFP-Low and High than vaccinated PC while mycoplasma sample to positive (S/P) ratio tended (<em>P<</em>0.08) to be lower in LAFP-Low and High vs vaccinated PC. During the nursery period MOD and S/P ratio increased (<em>P<</em>0.001) more on d 14 than d 21, d 28, or d 35. During the nursery period circovirus titers were significantly increased (<em>P<</em>0.03) for all vaccinated pigs vs NC. Both LAFP-Low and LAFP-High pigs had increased (<em>P<</em>0.001) circovirus titer compared to PC and SCFP. During the nursery period circovirus titers were lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) on d 14 and d 28 vs d 21 and d 35. Circovirus titer results during the nursery period were reduced for NC (<em>P<</em>0.004) when compared to all other vaccinated groups. During the nursery period circovirus titer results were higher (<em>P<</em>0.001) on d 21 than d 14 & d 28, and higher (<em>P<</em>0.01) on d 35 than on d 21. </p> <p>In period 2 of the trial, 90 remaining pigs (initially 18.63 ± 1.50 kg BW) were combined by nursery treatment and assigned to mixed gender pens (6 pigs/pen) with 3 pens/treatment. During this grow-finish period, nursery treatments continued from d 35 to 56 post-weaning. After d 56 the control treatments continued, and the fermentation product treatments were fed SCFP: 3) SCFP (0.1% SCFP d 56-market); 4) LAFP-Low (0.1% SCFP d56-market); 5) LAFP-High (0.2% SCFP d 56-market). Diets were corn-soy based during this grow-finish period. From d 56-77 the main effect of vaccination tended (<em>P<</em>0.08) to increase ADFI while worsening G:F (<em>P<</em>0.06). As a result, overall (d35-market) ADFI tended (<em>P<</em>0.07) to be increased when pigs were vaccinated. During the grow-finish period MOD, mycoplasma S/P ratio, mycoplasma sample result, circovirus titer, and circovirus titer result all were reduced (<em>P<</em>0.0001) when pigs were not vaccinated. Similarly, the main effect of day had significant impact on all blood criteria measured throughout the grow-finish portion of the trial, however there were interactive effects for mycoplasma titer result (<em>P<</em>0.005) were non vaccinated pigs showed lower titer results from d 56 to 98 when compared to vaccinated pigs, then had 100% positives, the same as vaccinated pigs. Similarly, there was a treatmentxday interaction in the grow-finish period for circovirus titer, where non vaccinated pigs started negative and remained negative throughout the trial, while vaccinated pigs started with 100% having a titer then declined by day 119 and 140 to 50-75% positive.</p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p>

No description available.

Orientador: Urbano dos Santos Ruiz / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o aditivo alternativo, composto por ácido benzoico e óleos essenciais de eugenol, timol e piperina, associado ou não a antibiótico melhorador de desempenho na alimentação de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 108 leitões, de linhagem genética comercial, em três fases: I - dos 21 aos 35 dias; II - dos 36 aos 50 dias; e III - dos 51 aos 63 dias de idade. As dietas foram isonutritivas, diferindo quanto à adição dos aditivos, da seguinte maneira: dieta sem qualquer aditivo melhorador de desempenho, dieta com adição de 40 ppm do antibiótico colistina, dieta com inclusão de 0,3% do aditivo alternativo, dieta com adições de 0,3 % do aditivo alternativo e de 40 ppm de colistina. Foram avaliados: o desempenho zootécnico, digestibilidades de nutrientes das dietas; incidência de diarreia; tempo de trânsito da digesta, morfologia intestinal, pesos relativos de órgãos do sistema digestório; composição da microbiota do conteúdo do ceco; e índices econômicos. Os animais foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados, de acordo com seus pesos ao início do experimento, com quatro tratamentos e nove repetições, sendo a unidade experimental a baia, composta por três animais na fase I e dois nas fases II e III. Como os animais não foram redistribuídos nos blocos ao final de cada fase, as análises estatísticas foram efetuadas de forma cumulativa, ou seja, do início do experimento ao final das fases I, II e III, em um esquema fatorial 2×2. Os dados foram su... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this research was evaluate alternative feed additive, composed by benzoic acid and the essential oils of eugenol, thymus and piperine, associated or not with performance enhancer antibiotic, in newly weaned piglets feeding. One hundred and eight piglets, from a commercial lineage, were used in three phases: I – from 21 to 35 days; II from 36 to 50 days; and III – from 51 to 63 days. The diets were composed mainly by corn, soybean meal, spray dried blood plasma and dairy products, presenting the same levels of metabolizable energy, digestible amino acids, calcium and digestible phosphorous, differing over feed additive addition, as follows: diet without performance enhancer feed additive: diet with 40 ppm of colistin; diet with 0.3% alternative feed additive; diet with 40 ppm colistin and 0.3% alternative feed additive. The parameters evaluated were: growth performance; nutrient diets digestibility; diarrhea incidence; digesta transit time; intestinal morphology, weights of digestive organs (absolute and relative to body weight); microbial cecum content compositon; economical indices. The animals were distributed in blocks, according with their initial body weight, assigned to four treatments, with nine repetitions, and the experimental unit was the pen, with three animals in phase I e two, in phases II and III. As the animals were redistributed in blocks at the end of each phase, the statistical analysis were performed in a cumulative way, that is, from the b... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Cláudio Donizéti da Silva Júnior null (claudiosilvajr@bol.com.br) on 2016-04-27T13:32:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Claudio Donizete da Silva Junior.pdf: 1169662 bytes, checksum: 917622edaade5cf1ff01513118c788c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-28T19:54:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_cd_me_dra.pdf: 1169662 bytes, checksum: 917622edaade5cf1ff01513118c788c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:54:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_cd_me_dra.pdf: 1169662 bytes, checksum: 917622edaade5cf1ff01513118c788c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o aditivo alternativo, composto por ácido benzoico e óleos essenciais de eugenol, timol e piperina, associado ou não a antibiótico melhorador de desempenho na alimentação de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 108 leitões, de linhagem genética comercial, em três fases: I - dos 21 aos 35 dias; II - dos 36 aos 50 dias; e III - dos 51 aos 63 dias de idade. As dietas foram isonutritivas, diferindo quanto à adição dos aditivos, da seguinte maneira: dieta sem qualquer aditivo melhorador de desempenho, dieta com adição de 40 ppm do antibiótico colistina, dieta com inclusão de 0,3% do aditivo alternativo, dieta com adições de 0,3 % do aditivo alternativo e de 40 ppm de colistina. Foram avaliados: o desempenho zootécnico, digestibilidades de nutrientes das dietas; incidência de diarreia; tempo de trânsito da digesta, morfologia intestinal, pesos relativos de órgãos do sistema digestório; composição da microbiota do conteúdo do ceco; e índices econômicos. Os animais foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados, de acordo com seus pesos ao início do experimento, com quatro tratamentos e nove repetições, sendo a unidade experimental a baia, composta por três animais na fase I e dois nas fases II e III. Como os animais não foram redistribuídos nos blocos ao final de cada fase, as análises estatísticas foram efetuadas de forma cumulativa, ou seja, do início do experimento ao final das fases I, II e III, em um esquema fatorial 2×2. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando-se o procedimento GLM (General Linear Models) do programa estatístico SAS (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Constatou-se que o emprego do aditivo alternativo, associado ou não ao antibiótico, foi efetivo em melhorar (P<0,05) o ganho de peso dos leitões somente no período I, e que o antibiótico usado de forma isolada não trouxe resultados positivos sobre o desempenho dos animais. Verificou-se que o aditivo alternativo e o antibiótico, associados ou não, melhoraram (P<0,05) a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e da energia nas fases I e II, em relação ao constatado com os animais submetidos a dieta controle. Os animais alimentados com ambos aditivos apresentaram incidência de diarreia numericamente menor, assim como menores (P<0,05) contagens de células caliciformes e menores (P<0,05) pesos relativos do intestino delgado e do ceco dos leitões que consumiram o aditivo alternativo em relação àqueles que não o ingeriram, no período I, sendo indicativos de que houve controle de microrganismos patogênicos e melhor saúde intestinal nestes animais no período I. O emprego dos aditivos no período I influenciou (P<0,05) as frequências dos filos bacterianos Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Actinobcateria e Spirochaetes. No mesmo período, o uso do aditivo alternativo promoveu redução de 46,6%, numericamente, na porcentagem de Escherichia no ceco dos animais. No período III houve efeitos dos aditivos sobre o filo Bacteriodetes e sobre os gêneros Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus e Clostridium. O uso do aditivo alternativo apresentou resultados positivos no período imediatamente após o desmame. / The objective of this research was evaluate alternative feed additive, composed by benzoic acid and the essential oils of eugenol, thymus and piperine, associated or not with performance enhancer antibiotic, in newly weaned piglets feeding. One hundred and eight piglets, from a commercial lineage, were used in three phases: I – from 21 to 35 days; II from 36 to 50 days; and III – from 51 to 63 days. The diets were composed mainly by corn, soybean meal, spray dried blood plasma and dairy products, presenting the same levels of metabolizable energy, digestible amino acids, calcium and digestible phosphorous, differing over feed additive addition, as follows: diet without performance enhancer feed additive: diet with 40 ppm of colistin; diet with 0.3% alternative feed additive; diet with 40 ppm colistin and 0.3% alternative feed additive. The parameters evaluated were: growth performance; nutrient diets digestibility; diarrhea incidence; digesta transit time; intestinal morphology, weights of digestive organs (absolute and relative to body weight); microbial cecum content compositon; economical indices. The animals were distributed in blocks, according with their initial body weight, assigned to four treatments, with nine repetitions, and the experimental unit was the pen, with three animals in phase I e two, in phases II and III. As the animals were redistributed in blocks at the end of each phase, the statistical analysis were performed in a cumulative way, that is, from the beginning of the trial to the end of Phases I, II and III, which were named periods, in a factorial 2 x 2 arrangement. Data was submitted to anova, using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). It was found that the alternative feed additive use, associated or not with the antibiotic, was effective in improve (P<0.05) piglets weight gain only in period I, and that the isolated antibiotic usage did not promote positive results in animals performance. The alternative feed additive, associated or not with the antibiotic, improved (P<0,05) nutrient and energy diets digestibilities in phases I and II, as compared with to what was found with the animals submitted to the control diet. It was observed that the animals fed diet containing both feed additives presented numerically lower diarrhea incidence, lower (P<0.05) globets cells counting and lower (P<0.05) small intestine and cecum relative weights than the piglets fed the control diet, in period I, what indicates that the feed additives exerted certain control over pathogenic microorganisms and improved gut health in period I. The use of feed additives in period I influenced (P <0.05) the frequency of bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Actinobcateria and Spirochaetes. At the same period, the alternative feed additive promoted 46.6% reduction, numerically, on Escherichia percentage in animals cecum content. In period III there were effects of additives on the Bacteriodetes phyla and on Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Streptococcus and Clostridium genus. The alternative additive use presented positive results soon after weaning.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da mistura comercial do líquido da casca de castanha de caju e do óleo de mamona (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda., Cascavel, Brasil) no desempenho, na microbiota e no sistema imune de frangos de corte desafiados ou não por coccidiose. Ao total 864 pintos machos (Cobb) de um dia de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 tratamentos (8 boxes/tratamento e 18 pintos/box) em um desenho fatorial 3 x 2 com 3 aditivos: controle (sem aditivo), 100 ppm de monensina ou 0,15% de Essential e 2 níveis de desafio aos 14 dias de idade: não desafiados ou inoculados por gavagem com 1mL de solução contendo oocistos esporulados de E. tenella, E. acervulina e E. máxima. Os resultados foram divididos em dois artigos. Artigo 1: Na primeira semana após desafio, as aves desafiadas suplementadas com monensina apresentaram maior ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR) e melhor conversão alimentar (CA) (P <0,05), porém na segunda semana o Essential apresentou maior GP e melhor CA (P <0,05), aos 42 dias de idade, ambos os grupos não se diferiram em GP, CR, PV e foram maiores do que o controle (P <0,05). A utilização de monensina em aves desafiadas reduziu o número cópias do domínio bactéria e de E.coli (P<0,05), por sua vez, a suplementação com Essential reduziu Clostridium Cluster XIV, Clostridium perfringens e Staphylococcus aureus em relação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). As aves não desafiadas que receberam Essential ou monensina apresentaram menor população de C.perfringens e S. aureus (P<0,05). Artigo 2: O grupo que recebeu Essential aumentou a expressão gênica de IFN-y, IL-6 e TNF-α (P<0,05) e o grupo controle aumentou a expressão gênica de COX-2 e IL-1 em relação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). As aves não desafiadas que receberam monensina apresentaram maior expressão gênica de IFN-y, COX-2 e IL-1 comparadas aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05), ao contrário do grupo com Essential que reduziu a expressão gênica com exceção do TNF-α. Aos 7 e 14 dias após o desafio houve maior excreção de oocistos para o grupo controle, Essential e monensina não diferiram-se (P>0,05). Assim, o Essential melhorou o desempenho de frangos de corte infectados por coccidiose após a segunda semana do desafio e atuou como um modulador da microbiota intestinal e do sistema imune, direcionando a resposta inflamatória contra o parasita. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial mixture of cashew shell liquid and castor oil (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda., Cascavel, Brazil) on growth performance, immunity and microbiota in broilers challenged with coccidiosis. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments (8 pens/treatment and 18 birds/pen) in a 3 x 2 factorial design with 3 additives: control (no additive), 100 ppm of monensin, and 0.15% of Essential; and 2 challenge levels at 14 days of age: no challenge and inoculation by gavage of 1 ml of a solution containing sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima. The results were divided into two articles. Article 1: In the first week after challenge, challenged birds supplemented with monensin showed higher LW, WG, FI and better FCR (P <0.05), but in the second week Essential presented higher WG and better FCR (P <0.05), at 42 days of age, both groups did not differ in WG, FI, and LW and were higher than the control (P <0.05). The use of monensin in challenged birds reduced the number of copies of the bacteria domain and of E.coli (P<0,05). In turn, Essential supplementation reduced Clostridium Cluster XIV, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus in relation to the other treatments (P<0,05). The unchallenged birds that received Essential or monensin presented a lower population of C.perfringens and S. aureus (P<0,05). In addition, Essential presented higher number of copies of Lactobacillus spp., followed by monensin and control (P <0.05). Article 2: The group that received Essential increased the gene expression of IFN-y, IL-6 e TNF-α (P<0,05) and the control group increased the gene expression of COX-2 and IL-1 in relation to the other treatments (P <0.05). The unchallenged birds that received monensin presented upregulated expression of IFN-y, COX-2 and IL-1 compared to the other treatments (P <0.05), unlike the Essential group, which reduced gene expression with the exception of TNF-α. At 7 and 14 days after the challenge there was a higher excretion of oocysts for the control group, Essential and monensin did not differ (P>0,05). Thus, Essential improved the performance of coccidiosis-infected broiler chickens after the second week of challenge, as well as acts as a modulator of intestinal flora and immune system, directing the inflammatory response against the parasite.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da mistura comercial do líquido da casca de castanha de caju e do óleo de mamona (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda., Cascavel, Brasil) no desempenho, na microbiota e no sistema imune de frangos de corte desafiados ou não por coccidiose. Ao total 864 pintos machos (Cobb) de um dia de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 tratamentos (8 boxes/tratamento e 18 pintos/box) em um desenho fatorial 3 x 2 com 3 aditivos: controle (sem aditivo), 100 ppm de monensina ou 0,15% de Essential e 2 níveis de desafio aos 14 dias de idade: não desafiados ou inoculados por gavagem com 1mL de solução contendo oocistos esporulados de E. tenella, E. acervulina e E. máxima. Os resultados foram divididos em dois artigos. Artigo 1: Na primeira semana após desafio, as aves desafiadas suplementadas com monensina apresentaram maior ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR) e melhor conversão alimentar (CA) (P <0,05), porém na segunda semana o Essential apresentou maior GP e melhor CA (P <0,05), aos 42 dias de idade, ambos os grupos não se diferiram em GP, CR, PV e foram maiores do que o controle (P <0,05). A utilização de monensina em aves desafiadas reduziu o número cópias do domínio bactéria e de E.coli (P<0,05), por sua vez, a suplementação com Essential reduziu Clostridium Cluster XIV, Clostridium perfringens e Staphylococcus aureus em relação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). As aves não desafiadas que receberam Essential ou monensina apresentaram menor população de C.perfringens e S. aureus (P<0,05). Artigo 2: O grupo que recebeu Essential aumentou a expressão gênica de IFN-y, IL-6 e TNF-α (P<0,05) e o grupo controle aumentou a expressão gênica de COX-2 e IL-1 em relação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). As aves não desafiadas que receberam monensina apresentaram maior expressão gênica de IFN-y, COX-2 e IL-1 comparadas aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05), ao contrário do grupo com Essential que reduziu a expressão gênica com exceção do TNF-α. Aos 7 e 14 dias após o desafio houve maior excreção de oocistos para o grupo controle, Essential e monensina não diferiram-se (P>0,05). Assim, o Essential melhorou o desempenho de frangos de corte infectados por coccidiose após a segunda semana do desafio e atuou como um modulador da microbiota intestinal e do sistema imune, direcionando a resposta inflamatória contra o parasita. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial mixture of cashew shell liquid and castor oil (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda., Cascavel, Brazil) on growth performance, immunity and microbiota in broilers challenged with coccidiosis. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments (8 pens/treatment and 18 birds/pen) in a 3 x 2 factorial design with 3 additives: control (no additive), 100 ppm of monensin, and 0.15% of Essential; and 2 challenge levels at 14 days of age: no challenge and inoculation by gavage of 1 ml of a solution containing sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima. The results were divided into two articles. Article 1: In the first week after challenge, challenged birds supplemented with monensin showed higher LW, WG, FI and better FCR (P <0.05), but in the second week Essential presented higher WG and better FCR (P <0.05), at 42 days of age, both groups did not differ in WG, FI, and LW and were higher than the control (P <0.05). The use of monensin in challenged birds reduced the number of copies of the bacteria domain and of E.coli (P<0,05). In turn, Essential supplementation reduced Clostridium Cluster XIV, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus in relation to the other treatments (P<0,05). The unchallenged birds that received Essential or monensin presented a lower population of C.perfringens and S. aureus (P<0,05). In addition, Essential presented higher number of copies of Lactobacillus spp., followed by monensin and control (P <0.05). Article 2: The group that received Essential increased the gene expression of IFN-y, IL-6 e TNF-α (P<0,05) and the control group increased the gene expression of COX-2 and IL-1 in relation to the other treatments (P <0.05). The unchallenged birds that received monensin presented upregulated expression of IFN-y, COX-2 and IL-1 compared to the other treatments (P <0.05), unlike the Essential group, which reduced gene expression with the exception of TNF-α. At 7 and 14 days after the challenge there was a higher excretion of oocysts for the control group, Essential and monensin did not differ (P>0,05). Thus, Essential improved the performance of coccidiosis-infected broiler chickens after the second week of challenge, as well as acts as a modulator of intestinal flora and immune system, directing the inflammatory response against the parasite.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da mistura comercial do líquido da casca de castanha de caju e do óleo de mamona (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda., Cascavel, Brasil) no desempenho, na microbiota e no sistema imune de frangos de corte desafiados ou não por coccidiose. Ao total 864 pintos machos (Cobb) de um dia de idade foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 tratamentos (8 boxes/tratamento e 18 pintos/box) em um desenho fatorial 3 x 2 com 3 aditivos: controle (sem aditivo), 100 ppm de monensina ou 0,15% de Essential e 2 níveis de desafio aos 14 dias de idade: não desafiados ou inoculados por gavagem com 1mL de solução contendo oocistos esporulados de E. tenella, E. acervulina e E. máxima. Os resultados foram divididos em dois artigos. Artigo 1: Na primeira semana após desafio, as aves desafiadas suplementadas com monensina apresentaram maior ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR) e melhor conversão alimentar (CA) (P <0,05), porém na segunda semana o Essential apresentou maior GP e melhor CA (P <0,05), aos 42 dias de idade, ambos os grupos não se diferiram em GP, CR, PV e foram maiores do que o controle (P <0,05). A utilização de monensina em aves desafiadas reduziu o número cópias do domínio bactéria e de E.coli (P<0,05), por sua vez, a suplementação com Essential reduziu Clostridium Cluster XIV, Clostridium perfringens e Staphylococcus aureus em relação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). As aves não desafiadas que receberam Essential ou monensina apresentaram menor população de C.perfringens e S. aureus (P<0,05). Artigo 2: O grupo que recebeu Essential aumentou a expressão gênica de IFN-y, IL-6 e TNF-α (P<0,05) e o grupo controle aumentou a expressão gênica de COX-2 e IL-1 em relação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). As aves não desafiadas que receberam monensina apresentaram maior expressão gênica de IFN-y, COX-2 e IL-1 comparadas aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05), ao contrário do grupo com Essential que reduziu a expressão gênica com exceção do TNF-α. Aos 7 e 14 dias após o desafio houve maior excreção de oocistos para o grupo controle, Essential e monensina não diferiram-se (P>0,05). Assim, o Essential melhorou o desempenho de frangos de corte infectados por coccidiose após a segunda semana do desafio e atuou como um modulador da microbiota intestinal e do sistema imune, direcionando a resposta inflamatória contra o parasita. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial mixture of cashew shell liquid and castor oil (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda., Cascavel, Brazil) on growth performance, immunity and microbiota in broilers challenged with coccidiosis. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments (8 pens/treatment and 18 birds/pen) in a 3 x 2 factorial design with 3 additives: control (no additive), 100 ppm of monensin, and 0.15% of Essential; and 2 challenge levels at 14 days of age: no challenge and inoculation by gavage of 1 ml of a solution containing sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, E. acervulina, and E. maxima. The results were divided into two articles. Article 1: In the first week after challenge, challenged birds supplemented with monensin showed higher LW, WG, FI and better FCR (P <0.05), but in the second week Essential presented higher WG and better FCR (P <0.05), at 42 days of age, both groups did not differ in WG, FI, and LW and were higher than the control (P <0.05). The use of monensin in challenged birds reduced the number of copies of the bacteria domain and of E.coli (P<0,05). In turn, Essential supplementation reduced Clostridium Cluster XIV, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus in relation to the other treatments (P<0,05). The unchallenged birds that received Essential or monensin presented a lower population of C.perfringens and S. aureus (P<0,05). In addition, Essential presented higher number of copies of Lactobacillus spp., followed by monensin and control (P <0.05). Article 2: The group that received Essential increased the gene expression of IFN-y, IL-6 e TNF-α (P<0,05) and the control group increased the gene expression of COX-2 and IL-1 in relation to the other treatments (P <0.05). The unchallenged birds that received monensin presented upregulated expression of IFN-y, COX-2 and IL-1 compared to the other treatments (P <0.05), unlike the Essential group, which reduced gene expression with the exception of TNF-α. At 7 and 14 days after the challenge there was a higher excretion of oocysts for the control group, Essential and monensin did not differ (P>0,05). Thus, Essential improved the performance of coccidiosis-infected broiler chickens after the second week of challenge, as well as acts as a modulator of intestinal flora and immune system, directing the inflammatory response against the parasite.

La période des 1000 premiers jours de vie constitue une fenêtre de sensibilité au cours de laquelle l’environnement peut moduler le développement du foetus et du nourrisson, et conditionner la santé tout au long de la vie. Les conséquences à long terme de l’environnement périnatal sur le risque de maladies intestinales sont toutefois encore peu connues. L’objectif de ce travail était de montrer l’impact de l’environnement nutritionnel précoce sur la maturation intestinale et la santé intestinale à long terme.Un retard de croissance postnatal (RCPN) était induit chez la souris FVB/NRj par augmentation de la taille des portées. Le RCPN était responsable d’un retard de maturation de l’intestin chez la souris au sevrage, en particulier de la barrière intestinale, caractérisé par une augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale, concomitante d’une désorganisation des protéines des jonctions serrées. Le microbiote intestinal était moins riche en espèces bactériennes chez la souris au sevrage en cas de RCPN et sa composition était différente, avec en particulier une proportion anormalement élevée de Parabacteroides spp, Enterococcus spp, Erysipelatoclostridium spp, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes spp, Staphylococcus spp, et Escherichia-Shigella spp, et une plus faible proportion d’espèces productrices de butyrate. L’absence de barrière intestinale efficace et la dysbiose induites par le RCPN, étaient associées à une altération de la réponse inflammatoire de l’intestin à l’âge adulte, caractérisée par une augmentation des réponses immunitaires Th1, Th17 et Treg et une plus grande susceptibilité à la colite chimiquement induite.Ce travail démontre l’importance de l’environnement nutritionnel précoce dans la programmation de la santé intestinale au cours de la vie, et conforte l’hypothèse d’une origine développementale des maladies intestinales chroniques. / The first thousand days of life are a critical time for the development of both the fetus and the infant, and can modify the risk profile for diseases in later life. However, the longterm consequences of the perinatal environment on the susceptibility to intestinal disorders have not yet been assessed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the early nutritional environment on intestinal maturation and gut health in later life.Postnatal growth restriction (PNGR) was induced in FVB/NRj mice during the suckling period by adjusting the litter size. PNGR delayed intestinal maturation in pups at weaning. PNGR was associated with a maturation delay of the intestinal barrier, characterized by an increased intestinal permeability and impaired tight junctions. At the same time, PNGR affected gut bacterial colonization. Pups with PNGR harbored a decreased bacterial diversity, higher Parabacteroides spp, Enterococcus spp, Erysipelatoclostridium spp, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes spp, Staphylococcus spp, and Escherichia-Shigella spp, and lower butyrate producers. The lack of an efficient intestinal barrier and the dysbiosis induced by PNGR were associated with an altered intestinal inflammatory response in adult mice, characterized by an increase of Th1, Th17 and Treg immune responses, and a higher susceptibility to chemically induced colitis.Our data emphasize the importance of the early nutritional environment in programming of gut health in later life, and support the hypothesis of the developmental origin of chronic intestinal disorders.