This disertation thesis deals with the Sokol identity changes during its whole existence as Sokol was founded in 1862. In 2012 Sokol celebrated 150th anniversary by XV Sokol gymnastic festival 'Slet'. There were different opinions about that festival. That is the reason why the question about motivation of being a Sokol member in the past and now is so important. Are the same traditional Sokol values in the present? The thesis is divided into two parts - historical and contemporary - each chapter deals with a logical part of Sokol identity development. The historical part is based on a well- known historical studies that are confronted with both Sokol writers and archival resources. Besides of the general facts about the Czech Sokol Organization, the contemporary part also includes a field research focused on topics of both 'ethic' and 'emic' Sokol values. The research was prepared by using a quantitative method of questionnary survey of both Sokol members and non-Sokol public. The second part of research was prepared by using a qualitative method of directed interview with Sokol leaders. In the research participating observation at the Prague Sokol ball 'Šibřinky' was also used. The question is whether they are still popular or not. It was necessary to find new goals in a new political and social...

Title: Development of flexibility and subsequent compensation at various performance levels in rhythmic gymnastics in the Czech Republic Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to find out how exercises for the development of flexibility are performed. The other aim is to find out how the girls are led to correct warm-up and compensation during the training and at home. Interviews with trainers of various levels of rhythmic gymnastics were used to gather information. Furthermore, the thesis compares training routines for the flexibility development between different levels of rhythmic gymnastics programs. Methods: Information was obtained from interviews with trainers of rhythmic gymnastics in the Czech Republic. These were then analyzed. Some questions were evaluated using statistical methods of quantitative research. Results: Three out of five hypotheses were confirmed, remaining two were not confirmed. The biggest differences were found between the free program and the other two programs. The main difference concerned the length of the training units and other different answers arose from this. All or most of the trainers agreed on some issues regardless of the level at which they work. Keywords: Flexibility, Development, Compensation, Rhythmic gymnastics, Programs of RG, Imbalance,

Bakgrund: I Sverige uppkommer varje år runt 100 000 idrottsskador som kräver vård. Idrottsskador förekommer i stor utsträckning inom truppgymnastik, den största disciplinen inom svensk gymnastik. Fysioterapeutens roll i rehabilitering av idrottsskador syftar till att stödja läkningsprocessen men också till att försöka minimera de negativa följderna som en eventuell skadefrånvaro kan innebära, ur ett såväl fysiologiskt som psykosocialt perspektiv. Det finns i studieförfattarnas vetskap inga studier om truppgymnasters upplevelse av rehabiliteringsprocessen trots att detta är en idrott med helt unika krav. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka truppgymnasters upplevelser av rehabiliteringsprocessen för återgång till idrott efter skada. Metod: Kvalitativ deskriptiv design med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sex tidigare skadade truppgymnaster som var aktiva på SM-nivå inkluderades i studien. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes som analysmetod. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i arton underkategorier indelade i fem kategorier: Tankar och känslor under rehabiliteringstiden, Utmanande faktorer vid genomförandet av rehabiliteringen, Omständigheter som påverkade genomförandet av rehabiliteringen positivt, Fysioterapeutens förmågor och insatser och Stödet från den sociala omgivningen. Slutsats: Resultatet i den här studien pekar på att såväl fysiska, psykologiska som sociala faktorer kan påverka upplevelsen av rehabiliteringsprocessen hos skadade truppgymnaster. / Background: Approximately 100 000 sport injuries that require medical care, occur in Sweden every year. Sport injuries are common in teamgym, the gymnastics discipline with the largest number of members in Sweden. In rehabilitation the physiotherapist´s role is to support the healing process and minimize negative consequences following injury absence, considering both physical and psychosocial aspects. According to the authors knowledge no study exists that examine teamgymnasts’ experience of the rehabilitation process, even though the sport has unique demands.  Aim: To explore teamgymnasts’ experience of the rehabilitation process in returning to sport after injury. Method: Qualitative descriptive design. Semistructured interviews were conducted. Six previously injured teamgymnasts competing at national level were included. Qualitative content analysis with inductive approach was used to analyze the data. Results: The analysis resulted in 18 subcategories devided into five categories: Cognitions and emotions during rehabilitation, Challenging factors during the performance of rehabilitation, Circumstances that positively influenced the performance of rehabilitation, Abilities and contributions of the physiotherapist, Support from the social environment.  Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that both physical and psychosocial factors may influence the experience of the rehabilitation process among injured teamgymnasts.

Гидроцефалия – это синдром или симптом нарушения ликвородинамики, вызванный самыми различными заболеваниями. Врожденная гидроцефалия ассоциируется с нарушениями двигательной активности у детей раннего возраста. Целью работы стала оценка влияния разработанной программы физической реабилитации на степень выраженности двигательных нарушений у детей от 6 месяцев до 2 лет с гидроцефалией. В исследовании приняли участие 38 детей с гидроцефалией после оперативной коррекции ликвородинамики. В качестве методов исследования степени выраженности двигательных нарушений использовали шкалу оценки моторных функций GMFCS, шкалу оценки мышечной силы, модифицированную шкалу Ашфорта, ортостатическую устойчивость гемодинамических параметров оценивали при вертикализации. Согласно полученным результатам, предложенная программа физической реабилитации позволила снизить степень выраженности двигательных нарушений, улучшить мышечный тонус, повысить двигательную активность у детей с гидроцефалией. Также результаты апробации программы позволили подтвердить значимость восстановления подвижности мелких суставов и мышцы, а также вертикализации для профилактики осложнений, обусловленных ограничениями двигательной активности у детей с гидроцефалией. / Hydrocephaly is a syndrome or symptom of impaired liquorodynamics caused by a variety of diseases. Congenital hydrocephalus is associated with movement disorders in young children. The aim of the work was to assess the impact of the developed program of physical rehabilitation on the severity of motor disorders in children from 6 months to 2 years old with hydrocephaly. The study involved 38 children with hydrocephaly after surgical correction. As methods for studying the severity of motor disorders, the GMFCS scale for assessing motor functions, the scale for assessing muscle strength, the modified Ashworth scale, and the orthostatic stability of hemodynamic parameters were assessed during verticalization. According to the results obtained, the proposed program of physical rehabilitation allowed to reduce the severity of movement disorders, improve muscle tone, and increase motor activity in children with hydrocephalus. Either, the results of approbation of the program made it possible to confirm the importance of restoring the mobility of small joints and muscles, as well as verticalization for the prevention of complications caused by restrictions on motor activity.

Κύριος σκοπός τη παρούσης μελέτης ήταν η εκτίμηση της επίδρασης της οξείας και χρόνιας εντατικής άσκησης και του χρόνιου αρνητικού ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου στα επίπεδα αντιπονεκτίνης, ρεζιστίνης και βισφατίνης. Επιπλέον, μελετήθηκε η συσχέτιση των επιπέδων των ανωτέρω λιποκινών με τα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης και ινσουλίνης, καθώς και με τις παραμέτρους έντασης της άσκησης. Ως μοντέλο ενεργειακής και μεταβολικής ομοιοστασίας χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αθλήτριες Ρυθμικής Γυμναστικής (RGs) υψηλού επιπέδου πρωταθλητισμού, Οι RGs υποβάλλονται σε χρόνια έντονη ψυχολογική και σωματική καταπόνηση, ενώ, στην προσπάθεια για επίτευξη και διατήρηση λεπτού σωματότυπου, υιοθετούν αυστηρές διαιτητικές συνήθειες και χρόνιο αρνητικό ενεργειακό ισοζύγιο. Υλικό και Μέθοδοι Η αδυναμία συλλογής δειγμάτων αίματος από αθλητές κορυφαίου επιπέδου πρωταθλητισμού επέβαλε τη συλλογή και επεξεργασία σιέλου για την πραγματοποίηση των ορμονικών προσδιορισμών. Ως εκ τούτου, προτού ξεκινήσει η υλοποίηση του πρωτοκόλλου της μελέτης (διαμόρφωση πληθυσμού και συλλογή δειγμάτων), σχεδιάστηκε και εκπονήθηκε μια μελέτη με σκοπό την ανίχνευση και τη μέτρηση των συγκεντρώσεών των λιποκινών αντιπονεκτίνη, βισφατίνη και ρεζιστίνη στο σίελο και τη συσχέτιση των συγκεντρώσεων τους στο σίελο με τις αντίστοιχες συγκεντρώσεις στο αίμα. Προσδιορισμός των συγκεντρώσεων λιποκινών στο σίελο Τα επίπεδα των λιποκινών αντιπονεκτίνη, ρεζιστίνη και βισφατίνη προσδιορίσθηκαν στο σάλιο και τον ορρό 50 υγιών άτομα (33 γυναίκες και 17 άνδρες), με ταυτόχρονη μέτρηση των ανθρωπομετρικών χαρακτηριστικών (ύψος και βάρος σώματος, υπολογισμός ΒΜΙ, ποσοστό λιπώδους μάζας) . Η επίδραση της άσκησης και του αρνητικού ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου στην ορμονική ομοιοστασία του λιπώδους ιστού Στη μελέτη συμπεριελήφθησαν 51 RGs υψηλού επιπέδου από 8 Ευρωπαϊκές χώρες, οι οποίες συμμετείχαν στη διοργάνωση «Κύπελλο Καλαμάτας 2010» τον Απρίλιο του 2010 στην Καλαμάτα. Επίσης, η μελέτη συμπεριέλαβε 27 υγιείς γυναίκες, μη αθλήτριες και χωρίς σημαντική διαφορά ως προς την ηλικία σε σύγκριση με τον πληθυσμό των αθλητριών (matched for age) ως πληθυσμό ελέγχου (μάρτυρες). Το πρωτόκολλο της μελέτης περιελάμβανε μη επεμβατικές κλινικές και εργαστηριακές εξετάσεις, καθώς και τη συμπλήρωση ενός ερωτηματολογίου. Ειδικότερα, προσδιορίσθηκαν τα ανθρωπομετρικά χαρακτηριστικά αθλητριών και πληθυσμού ελέγχου, οι αθλήτριες συμπλήρωσαν ένα ερωτηματολόγιο που αφορούσε σε στοιχεία γυναικολογικού και αθλητικού ιστορικού, ενώ συλλέχθηκαν δείγματα σιέλου από τις αθλήτριες και τις μάρτυρες. Οι ορμονικοί προσδιορισμοί στο σίελο αφορούσαν σε μετρήσεις επιπέδων ρεζιστίνης, βισφατίνης, αντιπονεκτίνης, κορτιζόλης και ινσουλίνης σε κατάσταση ηρεμίας και μετά από άσκηση. Αποτελέσματα Προσδιορισμός των συγκεντρώσεων λιποκινών στο σίελο Οι λιποκίνες ρεζιστίνη και αντιπονεκτίνη ανιχνεύονται στο σίελο του ανθρώπου και τα επίπεδά τους συσχετίζονται με τα αντίστοιχα επίπεδα στον ορρό (r=0.441, p=0.003 και r=0.347, p=0.019 αντίστοιχα). Αντίθετα, η λιποκίνη βισφατίνη ανιχνεύεται στο σίελο του ανθρώπου, όμως τα επίπεδά της δε συσχετίζονται με τα αντίστοιχα επίπεδα στον ορρό (r=-0.128, p=0.4431). Η επίδραση της άσκησης και του αρνητικού ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου στην ορμονική ομοιοστασία του λιπώδους ιστού Παρατηρήθηκαν μειωμένα επίπεδα αντιπονεκτίνης (p<0.001) και αυξημένα επίπεδα βισφατίνης (p<0.05) στο σάλιο RGs, ενώ δεν παρατηρήθηκαν διαφορές στα επίπεδα ινσουλίνης, κορτιζόλης και ρεζιστίνης στο σάλιο μεταξύ αθλητριών και πληθυσμού ελέγχου. Στις RGs κορυφαίου επιπέδου η επίδραση της μικρής διάρκειας, έντονης αναερόβιας άσκησης του επίσημου αγώνα οδήγησε σε αύξηση των επιπέδων ινσουλίνης (p<0.001), μείωση των επιπέδων αντιπονεκτίνης και βισφατίνης (p<0.001και p<0.05 αντίστοιχα) και καμιά μεταβολή στα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης και ρεζιστίνης στο σάλιο. Επίσης, καταγράφηκε απουσία διημερήσιας διακύμανσης της κορτιζόλης. Τέλος, τα επίπεδα αντιπονεκτίνης ηρεμίας παρουσίασαν σημαντική συσχέτιση με τις παραμέτρους έντασης της άσκησης. Συμπεράσματα Προσδιορισμός των συγκεντρώσεων λιποκινών στο σίελο Οι λιποκίνες ρεζιστίνη, αντιπονεκτίνη και βισφατίνη ανιχνεύονται στο σίελο του ανθρώπου. Όμως, τα ορμονικά επίπεδα στο σίελο συσχετίζονται με τα αντίστοιχα επίπεδα στον ορρό μόνο για τη ρεζιστίνη και την αντιπονεκτίνη. Η επίδραση της άσκησης και του αρνητικού ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου στην ορμονική ομοιοστασία του λιπώδους ιστού Σε RGs κορυφαίου επιπέδου η χρόνια εντατική άσκηση και το χρόνιο αρνητικό ενεργειακό ισοζύγιο αυξάνουν τα επίπεδα αντιπονεκτίνης και μειώνουν τα επίπεδα βισφατίνης στο σάλιο, ενώ η μικρής διάρκειας, έντονη αναερόβια άσκηση καταστέλλει τα επίπεδα τόσο της αντιπονεκτίνης, όσο και της βισφατίνης στο σάλιο. Επιπλέον, τα επίπεδα αντιπονεκτίνης στο σίελο συσχετίζονται με τη συνήθη ένταση της άσκησης, αντανακλώντας, μάλλον, την επιδείνωση του ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου παρά την κλιμάκωση της έντασης της άσκησης καθαυτής, υποδεικνύοντας έναν πιθανός ρόλο των συγκεντρώσεων αντιπονεκτίνης στο σάλιο στην εκτίμηση της επιδείνωσης του ενεργειακού ισοζυγίου, με ενδεχόμενη χρησιμότητα στην κλινική έρευνα και την ιατρική της άσκησης. / Exercise represents a physical stress challenging homeostasis, disturbing the energy balance and leading to adaptive changes in central and peripheral regulatory mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of negative energy balance, acute and chronic exercise on adiponectin, resistin and visfatin levels, their interaction with salivary cortisol and insulin levels and the relationship of the specific adipokines with training frequency and intensity. Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts (RGs) were used as a model of energy homeostasis and metabolism. Elite RGs begin exercise at an early age, undergo physical and psychological stress and adopt negative energy balance to retain a lean physique. The main problem in studying hormonal responses in elite athletes on the field of competition lies on the difficulty in obtaining blood samples. The determination of salivary hormone levels provides a convenient, non-invasive and stress-free alternative to blood analysis. As part of the study design, we invested interest in introducing the methodology for detecting and measuring adipokine levels in saliva and evaluating their association with relative serum levels. Materials and Methods Detection and measurement of adipokine levels in human saliva Resistin, visfatin and adiponectin levels were measured in serum and saliva of 50 healthy adult volunteers (17 male and 33 female) using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits for plasma with minor modifications. The influence of acute and chronic intensive physical training and negative energy balance on salivary adipokine levels in elite RGs The study included 51(fifty one) elite female athletes of RG from 8 European countries, participating in the top level tournament of “Kalamata 2010 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup” in Kalamata, Greece on April 2010. 24 (twenty four) healthy pubertal girls not engaged in strenuous sports activities were used as controls. The study protocol included noninvasive clinical and laboratory investigations as well as the completion of a questionnaire. The athletes completed a questionnaire including personal data (age of training onset, usual weekly training intensity and number of participations in international championships per year). Baseline and post exercise salivary cortisol, insulin, adiponectin, resistin and visfatin levels were measured. Results Detection and measurement of adipokine levels in human saliva The present study documented the determination of resistin and adiponectin levels in saliva and the significant correlation of salivary with their respective serum levels (r=0.441, p<0.01 and r=0.347, p<0.05, respectively). Moreover, the identification of visfatin in saliva was achieved, but no significant correlation with serum visfatin levels was observed. The influence of acute and chronic intensive physical training and negative energy balance on salivary adipokine levels in elite RGs At baseline, a significant inverse correlation was documented between salivary insulin and adiponectin levels (r=-0.316, p<0.05), after controlling for the effect of age and BMI. Salivary adiponectin levels were higher (p<0.001) and visfatin lower (p<0.05) in RG’s compared with controls, while no significant changes were observed regarding salivary cortisol, insulin and resistin levels. In elite RG’s short term intensive anaerobic exercise led to increased salivary insulin levels (p<0.001), reduced salivary adiponectin (p<0.001) and visfatin levels (p<0.05) and no changes in salivary resistin levels. Moreover, diurnal variation of salivary cortisol was lost. In addition, salivary adiponectin levels are associated with the intensity of training. Conclusions Detection and measurement of adipokine levels in human saliva The adipokines resistin, visfatin and adiponectin can be detected in human saliva. However, significant correlation between salivary and their relative serum levels are documented only for resistin and visfatin, but not for visfatin. The influence of acute and chronic intensive physical training and negative energy balance on salivary adipokine levels in elite RGs. Chronic intensive physical training and negative energy balance up-regulate salivary adiponectin and down-regulate salivary visfatin levels, while acute glucoregulatory response to short term intensive anaerobic exercise down-regulates salivary adiponectin and visfatin levels. Moreover, salivary adiponectin levels are associated with the intensity of training, reflecting the deterioration of energy balance rather than the training stress. Thus, salivary adiponectin could be introduced as a possible marker of significant energy deprivation, with potential usefulness in clinical and sports medicine.

Title: Compensatory exercise for women artistic gymnasts Objectives: Aim of the thesis was to discover deviations from correct posture and to verify efficiency of suggested compensatory exercise for women artistic gymnasts. Used methods: Study involved 9 girls (average age: 12 ± 0,7 years) who have been training gymnastics for 6,22 years in average. Individual subjects were tested for correct posture, tight muscles and hypermobility. Afterwards, an exercise plan stretched into five months was applied (21 lessons common for all the subjects, 14 lessons under a trainer's supervision for each subject individually and 59 at-home lessons). After completing the exercise plan, second testing was run. Results: Majority of the tested group was detected with hypermobility. At the beginning of the study, all the subjects had mild muscle tightness at least on one of the tested muscles (most often hip flexors). Having applying the exercise plan, status of three subjects (33,33 % of the group) has been compensated. Five subjects (55,55 %) have improved the status of at least one tight muscle. Key words: Diagnosis, gymnastics, compensatory exercise, muscular system, posture, hypermobility, tight muscles.

In this diploma work there are compared performances and the difficulty of gymnasts' routines (exercies) at the World level. In rhythmic gymnastics (RG) by monitoring and observation I am going to find out the reason, why the national team members the places in the fifth top ten gymnasts (athlets). In this work I am going to observe one of the best European gymnast A. Maksymenko of Ukraine, who regularly participates in the European, World Championships and in the Olympic Games, and the best Czech gymnast M. Míčková, the competitor without participation in the Olympic Games. Further I am going to observe one of the oldest Austrian gymnast, which is also the Olympic participant, but one of the last advancing, level is more similar exercises Czech gymnastics. By observing videos of gymnasts all around (exercise with hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon) according to the international rules of the RG, I am going to compare complexly the change of the rules which are valid in the contemporary olympic cycle and were valid in the previous rules of the last Olympic cycle. In this analyzes I am going to focus on the routines as a whole, from the perspective of the technical elements (difficulties), dynamic rotating elements with rotations under the apparatus (DER, "risc"), mastery handling, innovative handling...

Title: The Problematics of musicality in aesthetic-coordination sports Objectives:. This thesis deals with the problematics of musicality in conjunction with aesthetic-coordination sports, particularly acrobatic rock and roll, Latin American dances and modern gymnastics. The aim is to determine the level of musicality in active individuals operating in these sports sectors and compare these results. Method: The research was made by using standardized test of musicality by Arnold Bentley. The research group consists of competitors of early school age in acrobatic rock and roll (10), Latin American dances (10) and modern gymnastics (10). The results are interpreted by using the tables of frequency and bar graphs through a functions in Excel. Results: The Ranking aesthetic-coordination sports by success in the test musicality by Arnold Bentley is folowing: 1) Acrobatic rock and roll (58,1%), 2) Latin American dances (56,5%), 3) modern gymnastics (55,5%). Keywords: acrobatic rock and roll, music-movement relationships, Latin American dances, early school age, modern gymnastics

Title: Formative influence of artistic gymnastics on girls' posture in age between 11 - 15 years old. This diploma thesis deals with posture problems of female gymnasts in age between 11 - 15 years old, the main task concerns with posture conditions and movement apparatus. We have chosen standartized tests that deal with quality of posture according to Klein and Thomas, Mathias' test and motion tests according to Janda, Kabelikova and Vavrova as the main sources of information. We can evaluate the influence and suitability of the exercise, means and methods in the training of artistic gymnastics. The thesis tries to show the significant influence of the training load on the level of posture and movement system. The data that have been obtained are placed in relevant forms. We used quantitative approach as the main resarch method. Other methods like observing and describing were used to elaborate the tests' results. To complete the task we have used opinion poll. All the results were interpreted by means of comparison in Microsoft Office Word. The aim of the work is to contribute to the discussion about problems of posture in artistic gymnastics in the age group that has been mentioned above. The results showed us that because of the specific training load in artistic gymnastics, the major load is...

The aim of this thesis was to capture the readiness of elementary school teachers in regards to aerobics. I came to a conclusion in my research that aerobic is not included into physical education classes enough, as teachers are not well prepared, and therefore they do not include it in their plans. This fact is rather disturbing because I am positive that the aerobics exercise would enrich students in area of aesthetics and physical skills and coordination.