No description available.

Resistin is an adipocytokine derived from adipose tissue. Studies showed that resistin is not only related to insulin resistance, but also possibly an important factor related to activating of inflammation and atherosclerosis. It influences the endothelial cells and the function of vessel. To investigate whether or not resistin play a role in the metabolic syndrome and ischemic stroke. we examined the plasma resistin concentrations as well as the 3¡¦ untranslated region +62 G/A polymorphism of resistin gene in a Taiwan population. In the first part of this study, 112 patients with ischemic cerebral vascular disease and 110 healthy subjects were included and analyses of demographic and biochemical parameter, high sensitive C-reactive protein and plasma resistin concentration measurements were performed. In the second part, 594 patients with ischemic cerebral vascular disease and 799 healthy control were examined for resistin 3¡¦ untranslated region +62 G/A polymorphism. Resistin concentration was analyzed by EIA method, and resistin 3¡¦ untranslated region +62 G/A polymorphism was done by PCR and RFLP. The mean plasma resistin concentration of 112 patients with ischemic cerebral vascular disease was significantly lower than that of the 110 controls (32 ¡Ó 59.7 ng/ml and 55.7 ¡Ó 82.5 ng/ml, p < 0.001).When the concentration of resistin was divided into 4 groups and analyzed as continuous variable, it was found that decreased plasma resistin concentration is associated with increased risk of ischemic cerebral vascular disease. After the multiple adjustment by logistic analysis, the adds ratio for the first, second and third quadrate were 7.8, 5.0 and 0.1, respectively). The genotype analysis of 594 patients with ischemic cerebral vascular disease and 799 healthy controls show that the resistin genotype was related statistically to the risk of ischemic stroke. In multiple regression analysis, resistin 3¡¦ untranslated region +62 G/A polymorphism was significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (GA + AA : GG = 142.2 ¡Ó 19.2 : 139.3 ¡Ó 20.7 mmHg, p = 0.044) and fasting plasma sugar (GA + AA : GG : 83.4 ¡Ó 13.1 : 81.1 ¡Ó 13.1 mg/dl , p = 0.005). Our results indicated that resistin may be related to metabolic syndrome and ischemic cerebral vascular disease and possibly play a role in the development of atherosclerosis.

Resistin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, is thought to represent a link between obesity and insulin-resistant diabetes. The potential role of resistin as a cardioprotective agent has not been explored. Our hypothesis is that resistin has a cardioprotective effect that is mediated by the resistin receptor-coupled activation of PI3K/Akt/PKC/KATP dependent pathways. Our studies demonstrated that pretreatment of mouse hearts with 10 nM resistin for 5 min protected the heart against I/R injury in a mouse heart perfusion model. When mouse hearts were subjected to 60 min of LAD ligation followed by 4 h of reperfusion, resistin pretreatment (33 μg/kg) for 30 min or 24 h before ligation was able to significantly reduce the infarct size/risk area. The protective effect of resistin was abolished by wortmannin, as well as by an Akt inhibitor, triciribine. Resistin's protective effect was absent in Akt kinase-deficient mutant mice. The protective effect was also blocked by chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, and εV1-2, a PKCε inhibitor. Finally, the protective effect was blocked by 5-hydroxydecanoate, which blocks the opening of mitoKATP channels. Resistin-induced Akt phosphorylation in HL-1 cells was inhibited by wortmannin and triciribine. Resistin also induced PKCε phosphorylation, which was blocked by triciribine. These studies demonstrate that resistin's cardioprotective effect is mediated by PI3K/Akt/PKC dependent pathways. In addition to cardiomyocytes, resistin also induced Akt phosphorylation in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, suggesting that resistin receptors are present in these cells. The effect of resistin on apoptosis was assessed in hearts subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. There were significantly fewer in situ oligo ligation-positive myocyte nuclei in mice treated with resistin. Our results show that resistin can dramatically reduce apoptosis and infarct size, thus protecting the heart against I/R injury.

No description available.

No description available.

Adipose tissue secreted proteins (adipokines) have been proposed to form a link between obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Resistin and visfatin are two adipokines which have been previously suggested as having roles in the pancreatic islet. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the regulatory role of the adipokines resistin and visfatin in the pancreatic beta-cell. In order to do this, pancreatic β-cell lines from rat (BRIN-BD11) and mouse (βTC-6) were used to study the effect of exogenous incubation with physiological and pathological concentrations of resistin and visfatin on diverse elements of beta-cell biology including cell viability, gene expression and insulin secretion. In addition to this the expression levels of these two adipokines was also measured in the beta-cell. PCR array analysis showed that resistin and visfatin treatment resulted in significant changes in the expression of key beta-cell specific genes. Interestingly, both resistin and visfatin are highly expressed in the beta-cells. This suggests that the roles of these adipokines are not confined to adipose tissue but also in other endocrine organs. Resistin treatment significantly increased viability of the beta-cells at physiological concentrations however there was no increase with the elevated pathological concentrations. Resistin at elevated concentrations decreased insulin receptor expression in the beta-cells however there was no significant effect at lower concentrations. Both physiological and elevated resistin concentrations did not have any effect on glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Incubation of visfatin induced phosphorylation of insulin receptor and the intracellular signalling MAPK, ERK1/2. Visfatin treatment at 200ng/ml also significantly increased insulin secretion. These effects were replicated by incubation of beta-cells with the product of visfatin’s enzymatic action, nicotinamide mononucleotide and were reversed by visfatin inhibitor FK866. Visfatin treatment at low concentrations did not have any effect on cell viability however the elevated concentrations resulted in a decline. These data indicate that both resistin and visfatin potentially play important roles in beta-cell function and viability and that they form a significant link between adipose tissue and the pancreatic islet in type 2 diabetes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O tecido adiposo é um grande reservatório de mediadores biologicamente ativos, tais como as adipocinas.As principaissãoa leptina, a resistina e a adiponectina,que estão presentes em processos inflamatórios e podem estar diretamente ligadas à doença periodontal. Os ácidos graxos teriam um papel regulador sobre essas adipocinas. O objetivo do trabalho foicomparar as concentrações de leptina, resistina e adiponectina e de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), ácido docosapentaenoico(DPA), ácido eicosapentaenoico(EPA) e ácido araquidônico (AA),no sangue dos pacientes com periodontite crônica generalizada e com gengivite. Como objetivo secundário, avaliar a razão entreessas substâncias no soro desses pacientes.Participaram do estudo 15 pacientes sistemicamente saudáveis com periodontite crônica generalizada (grupo teste, idade média: 45.7 9.4 anos) e 15 com gengivite (grupo controle, idade média 32.1 7.8 anos). Foram registrados os parâmetros médicos e periodontais e amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas. As concentraçõesno soro de ácidos graxos foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa e as adipocinas foram analisadas pelo método multiensaio multiplex. Ascomparações entre as variáveis foram analisadas pelo teste Mann-Whitneye as correlações pelo teste de Spearman. Não houve diferença significante entre os níveis de adipocinas entre os grupos. Quanto aos níveis de DHA, DPA, EPA e AA, houve diferença significativamente maior para o grupo de pacientes com periodontite comparado ao grupo com gengivite.As razões entre res/DHA, res/AA, adipon/DHA, adipon/AA e adipon/DPA foram significantemente menores para o grupo periodontite. Não houve correlação entre as adipocinas e os parâmetros clínicos analisados e entre os níveis de adipocinas e ácidos graxos. Concluímos que aperiodontite crônica generalizada apresenta diferenças significativamente maiores nos níveis dos ácidos graxos quando comparada à gengivite.As adipocinas, resistina e adiponectina,apresentaram uma tendência a valores menores no grupo periodontite. Os resultados das razões sugerem uma menor proporção de resistina e adiponectina em relação aos ácidos graxos na periodontite. / Adipose tissue is a large reservoir of biologically active mediators, such as adipokines. The main ones are leptin, resistin and adiponectin, which are present in inflammatory processes and can be directly linked to periodontal disease. Fatty acids might have a regulatory role on these adipokines. The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of leptin, resistin and adiponectin and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA), in the blood of patients with generalized chronic periodontitis and gingivitis. Secondary objective was to evaluate the ratio of these substances in the serum of these patients. Participants were 15 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis (test group, mean age: 45.7 9.4 years) and 15 with gingivitis (control group, mean age 32.1 7.8 years). We recorded medical and periodontal parameters and collected blood samples. Serum concentrations of fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography and adipokines were analyzed by multiplex bead immunoassay. Comparisons between variables were analyzed by Mann - Whitney test and correlations using the Spearman test. There was no significant difference between the levels of adipokines between groups. Considering the levels of DHA, DPA, EPA and AA, there was difference significantly higher for the group of patients with periodontitis compared to the group with gingivitis. The ratios res/DHA, res/AA, adipon/DHA, adipon/AA and adipon/DPA were significantly lower for the group periodontitis. There was no correlation between adipokines and clinical parameters analyzed and between levels of adipokines and fatty acids. We conclude that generalized chronic periodontitis differs significantly higher levels of fatty acids when compared to gingivitis. Adipokines, resistin and adiponectin, showed a tendency to lower values in periodontitis. Reasonss results suggest a smaller proportion of adiponectin and resistin in relation to the fatty acids in periodontitis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O tecido adiposo é um grande reservatório de mediadores biologicamente ativos, tais como as adipocinas.As principaissãoa leptina, a resistina e a adiponectina,que estão presentes em processos inflamatórios e podem estar diretamente ligadas à doença periodontal. Os ácidos graxos teriam um papel regulador sobre essas adipocinas. O objetivo do trabalho foicomparar as concentrações de leptina, resistina e adiponectina e de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), ácido docosapentaenoico(DPA), ácido eicosapentaenoico(EPA) e ácido araquidônico (AA),no sangue dos pacientes com periodontite crônica generalizada e com gengivite. Como objetivo secundário, avaliar a razão entreessas substâncias no soro desses pacientes.Participaram do estudo 15 pacientes sistemicamente saudáveis com periodontite crônica generalizada (grupo teste, idade média: 45.7 9.4 anos) e 15 com gengivite (grupo controle, idade média 32.1 7.8 anos). Foram registrados os parâmetros médicos e periodontais e amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas. As concentraçõesno soro de ácidos graxos foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa e as adipocinas foram analisadas pelo método multiensaio multiplex. Ascomparações entre as variáveis foram analisadas pelo teste Mann-Whitneye as correlações pelo teste de Spearman. Não houve diferença significante entre os níveis de adipocinas entre os grupos. Quanto aos níveis de DHA, DPA, EPA e AA, houve diferença significativamente maior para o grupo de pacientes com periodontite comparado ao grupo com gengivite.As razões entre res/DHA, res/AA, adipon/DHA, adipon/AA e adipon/DPA foram significantemente menores para o grupo periodontite. Não houve correlação entre as adipocinas e os parâmetros clínicos analisados e entre os níveis de adipocinas e ácidos graxos. Concluímos que aperiodontite crônica generalizada apresenta diferenças significativamente maiores nos níveis dos ácidos graxos quando comparada à gengivite.As adipocinas, resistina e adiponectina,apresentaram uma tendência a valores menores no grupo periodontite. Os resultados das razões sugerem uma menor proporção de resistina e adiponectina em relação aos ácidos graxos na periodontite. / Adipose tissue is a large reservoir of biologically active mediators, such as adipokines. The main ones are leptin, resistin and adiponectin, which are present in inflammatory processes and can be directly linked to periodontal disease. Fatty acids might have a regulatory role on these adipokines. The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of leptin, resistin and adiponectin and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA), in the blood of patients with generalized chronic periodontitis and gingivitis. Secondary objective was to evaluate the ratio of these substances in the serum of these patients. Participants were 15 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis (test group, mean age: 45.7 9.4 years) and 15 with gingivitis (control group, mean age 32.1 7.8 years). We recorded medical and periodontal parameters and collected blood samples. Serum concentrations of fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography and adipokines were analyzed by multiplex bead immunoassay. Comparisons between variables were analyzed by Mann - Whitney test and correlations using the Spearman test. There was no significant difference between the levels of adipokines between groups. Considering the levels of DHA, DPA, EPA and AA, there was difference significantly higher for the group of patients with periodontitis compared to the group with gingivitis. The ratios res/DHA, res/AA, adipon/DHA, adipon/AA and adipon/DPA were significantly lower for the group periodontitis. There was no correlation between adipokines and clinical parameters analyzed and between levels of adipokines and fatty acids. We conclude that generalized chronic periodontitis differs significantly higher levels of fatty acids when compared to gingivitis. Adipokines, resistin and adiponectin, showed a tendency to lower values in periodontitis. Reasonss results suggest a smaller proportion of adiponectin and resistin in relation to the fatty acids in periodontitis.

Abstract Resistin was discovered in the year 2000. In the mouse, it was reported to be produced by adipocytes and to be linked with insulin resistance and obesity. Human resistin has been shown to be produced by leucocytes but the literature contains contradictory results on its association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Aim of this study was to clarify the role of resistin in the human context especially in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. The first study examined the possible association of human resistin gene variants with type 2 diabetes. The studied three variants were not associated with type 2 diabetes though they were demonstrated in the second study to be associated with the plasma resistin concentration. However, two gene variants were associated with the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes. In the third work, the association of the plasma resistin level with the risk factors of atherosclerosis and early atherosclerosis measured with carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) were studied. Plasma resistin level was not associated with IMT independently from the known risk factors of atherosclerosis. However, resistin was associated with inflammatory markers highly sensitive CRP and the number of leucocytes whereas insulin resistance did not associate with resistin. In the fourth study, resistin expression in different leucocytes and its modulation, as well as the effect of resistin on monocyte adhesion to endothelium were evaluated. The novel discovery was that resistin is expressed in all the main leucocyte lineages, with monocytes and neutrophils exhibiting the highest relative mRNA and protein levels of resistin. Resistin expression was up-regulated by pro-inflammatory factors in the cells of both innate and adaptive immunity. The present results demonstrating that resistin increases adhesion and expression of some adhesion molecules support the hypothesis that resistin may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The above results indicate that resistin is widely produced by leucocytes and therefore may participate in inflammatory processes. Since it may be considered as an inflammatory cytokine, resistin may also influence the development of atherosclerosis. In the future, resistin could possibly be used as a marker of inflammation. / Tiivistelmä Vereen erittyvä uusi hormoni, resistiini, löydettiin vuonna 2000. Hiirellä resistiinin on havaittu erittyvän rasvasoluista ja sen on arveltu toimivan linkkinä lihavuuden ja insuliiniresistenssin välillä. Ihmisellä resistiinin tehtävä on toistaiseksi huomattavasti epäselvempi ja toisin kuin hiirellä ihmisen resistiinin korkein ilmentymistaso on valkosoluissa. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää ihmisen resistiinin toimintaa ja erityisesti sen liittymäkohtia tyypin 2 diabetekseen ja ateroskleroosiin. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä on selvitetty resistiini-geenin nukleotidimuuntelun yhteyttä tyypin 2 diabetekseen ja siihen liittyviin tekijöihin diabetespotilasaineistossa. Resistiinin geenimuuntelu ei tulosten perusteella ole yhteydessä tyypin 2 diabetekseen, vaikka sillä näyttääkin olevan vaikutusta plasman resistiini-pitoisuuteen, mikä havaittiin toisessa osatyössä. Geenimuuntelulla oli havaittavissa yhteyttä aivovaltimosairauteen. Kolmannessa osatyössä plasman resistiinipitoisuuden yhteyttä valtimonkovettumatautiin ja sen riskitekijöihin tutkittiin Pohjois-Pohjanmaalta kerätyssä aineistossa (n = 525). Plasman resistiinipitoisuudella ei havaittu itsenäistä yhteyttä kaulavaltimonseinämänpaksuuteen, joka kuvastaa alkuvaiheen valtimokovettumataudin tasoa. Tulehdukselliset merkit kuten veren valkosolujen määrä ja plasman CRP-pitoisuus liittyivät suurentuneeseen plasman resistiinipitoisuuteen mutta insuliiniresistenssimuuttujat eivät. Neljännessä osatyössä tutkittiin resistiinin ilmentymistä. Resistiinin havaittiin ilmentyvän kaikissa keskeisissä valkosolutyypeissä ja lisäksi tulehdustekijät lisäsivät sen tuottoa. Erityisesti neutrofiileissä ja monosyyteissä resistiinin ilmentymistasot olivat korkeita. Endoteelisoluilla selvitettiin resistiinin vaikutuksia ateroskleroosiin liittyviin muutoksiin. Resistiini lisäsi monosyyttien kiinnittymistä endoteelisoluihin, mikä on tyypillinen ilmiö varhaiselle ateroskleroosille. Tämän työn tulosten perusteella ihmisen resistiinillä ei ole merkittävää yhteyttä insuliiniresistenssiin ja tyypin 2 diabetekseen. Sen sijaan havainto resistiinin ilmentymisestä useammissa valkosolutyypeissä, kuin mitä aikaisemmin on raportoitu, ja yhteys tulehdustekijöihin osoittaa, että ihmisen resistiinin toiminta liittyy tulehdustiloihin. Resistiini aiheuttaa myös endoteelisoluissa samanlaisia ateroskleroosille altistavia muutoksia kuin muutkin tulehdustekijät. Tulevaisuudessa plasman resistiini-pitoisuutta voidaan mahdollisesti käyttää tulehdustilojen arvioinnissa.

La prévalence de l’obésité est en net progrès et constitue un problème majeur de santé publique. Cette pathologie est d’autant plus dangereuse qu’elle s’accompagne d’un cluster de désordres métaboliques dont l’inflammation chronique de bas grade et la résistance à l’insuline, principal facteur de risque du diabète de type 2. Les études montrent que la consommation d’un régime hyper lipidique (HFD) représente la cause majeure qui expose à l’obésité et aux pathologies qui lui sont associées. L’obésité induite par un régime HFD s’associe en effet à une inflammation hypothalamique ainsi qu’une altération des circuits neuronaux régissant le contrôle de la balance énergétique, ces altérations sont propices aux développements de résistances à l’insuline et à la leptine. De récentes études montrent que la consommation d’un régime HFD de quelques jours seulement s’accompagne d’une inflammation hypothalamique transitoire, antérieure à l’installation de l’obésité et à l’inflammation périphérique. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’inflammation hypothalamique précoce représente une étape critique dans le développement de l’obésité et de ses altérations. Les médiateurs et les voies de signalisations impliqués dans l’installation de l’inflammation hypothalamique ne sont pas totalement élucidées. Chez les rongeurs, la résistine est associée à l’inflammation et l’insulino-résistance au cours de l’obésité. Bien que majoritairement produite par le tissu adipeux, les études montrent que la résistine est également exprimée par l’hypothalamus ; toutefois, peu d’études renseignent sur son action au niveau central. Notre équipe a démontré chez le rat, qu’une perfusion centrale de résistine altère fortement la sensibilité à l’insuline via l’activation du récepteur TLR4 et l’induction des principales voies de l’inflammation. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette étude a été d’investiguer le rôle de la voie résistine/TLR4 dans l’installation de l’inflammation hypothalamique associée au régime HFD. Nous montrons pour la première fois que, chez la souris, la consommation d’un régime HFD provoque une augmentation de l’expression génique de la résistine dans l’hypothalamus dès 3 jours de régime HFD. L’expression de la résistine est diminuée jusqu’au niveau basal après 8 jours et est de nouveau fortement augmentée après 8 semaines de régime HFD. Nous montrons que l’augmentation de l’expression de la résistine est concomitante avec la gliose réactionnelle associée au régime HFD de court terme, connue pour précocement altérer l’équilibre de la balance énergétique. De façon intéressante, nous montrons quel’augmentation de l’expression de la résistine est observée dans les neurones anorexigènes POMC, critiques pour le maintien de l’homéostasie énergétique ainsi que dans les tanycytes dont les prolongements contactent les capillaires fenêtrés du sang porte hypothalamohypophysaire et dont l’importance pour l’équilibre de la balance énergétique a été démontrée. De façon intéressante, nous montrons que la résistine active l’inflammation dans les tanycytes via TLR4 suggérant que la résistine pourrait promouvoir l’inflammation au sein des tanycytes en réponse au régime HFD, et ce même à court terme. De plus, nous montrons qu’une ICV de 3 jours de résistine chez la souris provoque une inflammation hypothalamique ainsi qu’une gliose réactionnelle au sein de l’ARC qui rappellent les effets du régime HFD. De façon intéressante, nos résultats montrent que l’invalidation du récepteur TLR4 aboli l’inflammation et la gliose réactionnelle hypothalamiques induites par l’ICV de résistine. L’ensemble nos données démontrent que la voie résistine/TLR4 pourrait jouer un rôle critique dansl’inflammation hypothalamique associée au régime HFD de court et long terme, quiprédispose à l’obésité. / Obesity is closely linked to a cluster of metabolic disorders including chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, which constitutes a principal risk factor for type 2 diabetes. In rodents, cumulative evidence support that the consumption of high fat diet (HFD) is among the most important nutritional factors predisposing to obesity associated insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation. Indeed, HFD induces hypothalamic inflammation and deregulates energy homeostasis control through the alteration of hypothalamic insulin and leptin responsiveness, considered as the main anorexigenic hormones. In addition, it has been shown that unlike peripheral inflammation, which occurs as a consequence of obesity, hypothalamic inflammation develops selectively in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) within the first days of HFD exposure. These data suggest that hypothalamic inflammation is a critical step in the early onset of the deregulation of energy homeostasis by HFD. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation are still not fully characterized. In rodents, resistin is described as a causal factor in obesitymediated insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Resistin is mainly secreted by adipose tissue in rodents but an endogenous expression of resistin was also reported in the hypothalamus. However, its action at the central level is not fully understood. Our group recently demonstrated that central resistin, via hypothalamic TLR4, promotes overall insulin resistance through the promotion of inflammatory pathway. In this context, we aimed to investigate the role of resistin/TLR4 pathway in HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation and insulin resistance. In the present study we report for the first time that both short and long term HFD are associated with a significant increase of resistin expression throughout the MBH. Our results revealed a transient increase in resistin mRNA expression in the ARC after 3 days of HFD, followed by a decline to baseline at day 8 and an expression that increases again after 8 weeks of HFD. We showed that the increase of resistin expression is concomitant with short term HFD-induced ARC reactive gliosis, known to early disrupt energy balance and to predispose to obesity. Interestingly, our results revealed that resistin is expressed by POMC neurons which are critical for energy balance and tanycytes that have the specificity to contact both cerebro-spinal fluid and fenestrated capillary in the mediane eminence. Interestingly, we show that resistin induces tanycytes inflammation through TLR4 suggesting that resistin could promote inflammation in tanycytes in response to short term HFD. Additionally, we show that ICV resistin markedly increases inflammatory markers in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in association with reactive gliosis involving recruitment of both microglia and astrocytes. Interestingly, we report that the knockdown of TLR4 almost completely abolished resistin-dependent both hypothalamic inflammation and reactive gliosis. Our data demonstrate that restitin/TLR4 pathway could play a critical role in HFD-diet induced hypothalamic inflammation in response to short and long term HFD which predispose to obesity, a hallmark of metabolic syndrome.