In all energy systems, the parameters necessary to calculate power are the same in functionality: an effort or force needed to create a movement in an object and a flow or rate at which the object moves. Therefore, the power equation can generalized as a function of these two parameters: effort and flow, P = effort * flow. Analyzing various power transfer media this is true for at least three regimes: electrical, mechanical and hydraulic but not for magnetic. This implies that the conventional magnetic system model (the reluctance model) requires modifications in order to be consistent with other energy system models. Even further, performing a comprehensive comparison among the systems, each system's model includes an effort quantity, a flow quantity and three passive elements used to establish the amount of energy that is stored or dissipated as heat. After evaluating each one of them, it was clear that the conventional magnetic model did not follow the same pattern: the reluctance, as analogous to the electric resistance, should be a dissipative element instead it is an energy storage element. Furthermore, the two other elements are not defined. This difference has initiated a reevaluation of the conventional magnetic model. In this dissertation the fundamentals on electromagnetism and magnetic materials that supports the modifications proposed to the magnetic model are presented. Conceptual tests to a case study system were performed in order to figure out the network configuration that better represents its real behavior. Furthermore, analytical and numerical techniques were developed in MATLAB and Simulink in order to validate our model. Finally, the feasibility of a novel concept denominated magnetic transmission line was developed. This concept was introduced as an alternative to transmit power. In this case, the media of transport was a magnetic material. The richness of the power-invariant magnetic model and its similarities with the electric model enlighten us to apply concepts and calculation techniques new to the magnetic regime but common to the electric one, such as, net power, power factor, and efficiency, in order to evaluate the power transmission capabilities of a magnetic system. The fundamental contribution of this research is that it presents an alternative to model magnetic systems using a simpler, more physical approach. As the model is standard to other systems' models it allows the engineer or researcher to perform analogies among systems in order to gather insights and a clearer understanding of magnetic systems which up to now has been very complex and theoretical.

<p> The realization of inductorless filters by means of RC-gyrator structures has been investigated, and the sensitivity of their response characteristics with respect to supply voltage variations has been measured. A critical appraisal is made of the various multiparameter sensitivity functions which have already been proposed in the literature, and the methods by which these sensitivity criteria may be computed are surveyed. A new index of performance, by which the multiparameter sensitivity of a linear, time-invariant network may be evaluated, is proposed. Furthermore, a new method of computing sensitivity indices is described and is shown to be highly efficient from a computational point of view. The index has been used to investigate the sensitivity performance of a wide range of passive and active filter structures. It has also been used to generate a so called "optimum tolerance set" for the elements of such filters and the effect of employing these optimum tolerance sets has been investigated.</p> <p> The index of perfonnance and the concept of the optimum tolerance set is extended to the case of RC active filters. A "two-level" optimization procedure is proposed, whereby an optimum nominal element value set may be combined with the corresponding optimum tolerance set to obtain a marked improvement in the sensitivity performance of the network. Finally, the synthesis of a highly selective RC-active filter is considered, and it is shown how an optimal structure and tolerance set can be obtained for such a network.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p> This thesis presents the results of an investigation of an integrated direct coupled grounded gyrator. A complete analysis is presented for the gyrator using components available in integrated circuit form. Integrated circuit layout and fabrication procedures are discussed. </p> <p> Close agreement between theoretical and experimental results is shown. The Q factor of a simulated inductor shows good stability over a wide range of frequency, temperature, and voltage supply. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

Le sujet de recherche prévoit l'amélioration des performances des inductances actives de type TOSI (transistor only simulated inductor), réalisées en technologie CMOS pour des applications de filtrage RF. Ces structures montrent de bien meilleures performances que les filtres classiques Gm–C par le petit nombre de transistors, la consommation d'énergie, la bande de fréquence et la surface du circuit intégré. En outre, les architectures TOSI peuvent être utilisées pour d'autres applications potentielles, comme les amplificateurs LNA et oscillateurs (VCO ou CCO). Dans le contexte du trend multi-standard suivi par les circuits de télécommunications (notamment sans fil), les filtres RF basés sur le concept TOSI offrent la possibilité de mise en œuvre des dispositifs accordables. pour répondre aux exigences des normes de télécommunications, la mise en œuvre des filtres d'ordre élevé est indispensable. Dans ce cas, l'utilisation de cellules de deuxième ordre est une question cruciale. Nos contributions les plus importantes présentées dans cette thèse consistent en un nouveau principe de réglage presque indépendamment de la fréquence de résonance et son facteur de qualité mais aussi sont proposées deux architectures de l'inductance TOSI avec une réponse améliorée en fréquence. D'autres résultats sont en cours de validation expérimentale. Nos travaux ont donné lieu à 12 articles publiés dans des revues prestigieuses ou présentés lors de conférences et workshops internationaux. En plus de ces aspects innovateurs, nous présentons dans ce mémoire un large descriptif des architectures des émetteurs-récepteurs sans fil utilisés pratique et un état de l'art des technologies et performances d'inductances TOSI proposées en technologie CMOS. / The scope of this thesis is to propose solutions to improve the performances of the CMOS transistor only simulated inductors (TOSI) aiming RF filtering applications. We are interested in TOSI architectures because they prove better performances than the classical gm–C filters, being superior with respect to the number of transistors, power consumption, frequency capability and chip area. Furthermore, TOSI architectures have many potential applications in RF design. In the general context of the multi–standard trend followed by wireless transceivers, TOSI based RF filters may offer the possibility of implementing reconfigurable devices. However, satisfying the telecommunications requirements is not an easy task therefore high order TOSI based filters should be implemented. Consequently, using good second order TOSI cells is a matter of the utmost importance and we propose a novel quality factor tuning principle which offers an almost independent tuning of self resonant frequency and quality factor for simulated inductors. An improved TOSI architecture with increased frequency capability is also reported.

Impedance measurement as a function of frequency is being increasingly used for the detection of organic molecules. The main building block required for this is a sinusoidal oscillator whose frequency can be varied in the range of a few KHz to tens of MHz. The thesis describes the design of Integrated CMOS Oscillator Circuits. There are 2 designs presented in the thesis, one of which is based on the Wien Bridge and the other, on an LC architecture. They provide both in-phase and quadrature outputs needed for the determination of the real and imaginary parts of complex impedances. The inductor in the LC tank is realized by gyration of a capacitor. This needs two variable transconductance elements. Linear transconductance elements with decoupled transconductance gm and output conductance go is presented. A novel circuit for detecting and controlling the amplitude of oscillation is described. A current mode technique to scale the capacitance is also discussed. Since this oscillator is used in an inexpensive hand-held instrument, both power consumption and chip area must be minimized. A comparison between the Wien Bridge and the LC tank based oscillator is presented. Simulation results pertaining to the design of the different blocks of the circuit are made available. / text

This work presented is DC-DC isolated ZVS Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) single phase converter, based three-state switching cell is presented. The proposal is to apply it in photovoltaic systems with battery bank into smart networks. Basically the drive control is the duty cycle (D) of the switches and the Phase Shift (&#966;) of the fundamental tensions between the bridges. The gyrator modeling of the converter is presented, highlighting its natural operating characteristic as gyrator. Shows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the converter, realizing the full study of the stages of operation of the topology and checking all sixteen regions of operation. To obtain the regions of soft-switching, the fundamental model is applied. The design procedure of the converter is presented, and the results of simulations. A 2kW prototype was developed, aimed at obtaining experimental results validate the theoretical analysis / Neste trabalho à apresentado o conversor CC-CC ZVS isolado bidirecional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) monofÃsico, baseado na cÃlula de comutaÃÃo de trÃs estados. A proposta à aplicÃ-lo em sistemas fotovoltaicos com banco de baterias em redes inteligentes. Basicamente o controle do conversor consiste na razÃo cÃclica (D) dos interruptores e o Phase Shift (&#966;) entre as componentes fundamentais das tensÃes entre as pontes. A modelagem por gyrator do conversor à apresentada, destacando-se sua caracterÃstica natural de funcionamento como gyrator. Mostra-se a anÃlise qualitativa e quantitativa do conversor, realizando o estudo completo das etapas de operaÃÃo da topologia e verificando todas as dezesseis regiÃes de operaÃÃo. Para obtenÃÃo das regiÃes de comutaÃÃo suave, à aplicado o modelo fundamental. O procedimento de projeto do conversor à apresentado, alÃm dos resultados de simulaÃÃes. Um protÃtipo de 2 kW foi desenvolvido, visando a obtenÃÃo dos resultados experimentais e validando a anÃlise teÃrica.

With the increase in demand for compact and high data rate communication systems, there is a need for high efficiency with modulated signals (PAPR 5-10 dB) for base-station power amplifiers. One of the famous architectures used to achieve this is Doherty architecture. The architecture has recently been extended to the Load Modulated Balanced Amplifier (LMBA) concept, where a separate integrated amplifier generates the control signal for load modulation. Almost all published studies are concerned with discrete "PCB-based" solutions for LMBA. In a recent study [1], the potential of designing an integrated LMBA in 0.18 μm CMOS has been evaluated. The main limitation concerning losses and area comes from the quadrature couplers, consisting of either two or four inductors. Using active inductors in the coupler design may be possible to obtain a more cost-effective solution. However, several aspects must be taken into consideration. One is that the power consumption of the active inductor should not exceed the power loss of the passive inductor. Another one is the ability to handle high power signals (high voltage swing), corresponding to 10-15 dBm at the input of the amplifier. The main objective of this thesis is to implement a hybrid coupler using an active inductor based on the theory of gyrators. The circuits were implemented using TSMC 0.18 μm process. The coupler and the active inductor are designed to operate at 2 GHz centre frequency. The active inductor implemented is considerably linear up to 12 dBm. The coupler has an input reflection coefficient (S11) of -26 dB, the transmission coefficient (S21) of -4.4 dB, and a coupling coefficient (S31) of -2.4 dB. The coupler shows good coupling and isolation characteristics. The phase difference between the through-port and the coupled-port of the coupler is 92°. As a result, when used as a power divider at the input of the power amplifiers, a PAE (Power Added Efficiency) of 63% and output power of 23 dBm is obtained at an input power of 12 dBm.

This work deals with using modern active functional blocks in electronic circuits. These blocks have better features than classical operational amplifiers and are characterized especially by working in current mode. Therefore these blocks can be used in higher frequencies. Using those blocks it is possible to design e.g. electronically variable-frequency filters of types low-pass filter, high-pass filter, band-pass filter, etc. Then it is also possible to easily realize electronically variable-frequency oscillators. This work is focused on some of these blocks, their basic characteristics and principles. Also three oscillators with current conveyors of second generation are designed. Its made simulation, sensitivity and tolerance analysis and magnitude stabilization. Everything is performed in OrCAD PSpice program. These made oscillators are electronic tunable in the band frequency ones of MHz.