Based on the linear relationship between concentration of H2O2 and the decrease of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity in a Ru(bpy)32+/TPA system, procedures for the indirect determination of glucose with a flow injection analysis were developed. By passing solutions of glucose through a FIA system containing a glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized sol-gel column and an ECL system of Ru(bpy)32+ and TPA, glucose can be determined optimally with a detection limit of 1.0 £gM in a linear dynamic range of 1.0 ¡V 200.0 £gM. A repetitive injection of glucose (100 £gM) and human serum solutions gave satisfactory reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 1.3 (N=31) and 3.9 % (N=42) respectively. Interference due to the presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid or other reducible agents in solution can be corrected by passing sample solutions through another sol-gel column that contained no GOx. From the agreement between the contents of glucose in human serum and soft drink analyzed by the developed method and those obtained by the spectroscopy method based glucose assay kit and satisfactory recovery of glucose from interferent containing solutions, the feasibility of the developed method for real sample analysis was confirmed. One of the major purposes of this study was to develop new immobilization approaches and flow cell designs for the fabrication of regenerable ECL-based sensors with improved sensitivity, convenience and long-term stability. Silica particulates were used as immobilization support in ECL sensors for TPA and NAD(P)H and in biosensors for glucose and glucose-6-phosphate¡]G6P¡^. The first ECL flow cell was fabricated from a glass tube, and a platinum wire was used as working electrode held at +1.3 V. The volume of the flow cell was about 50 £gL. An Ag/AgCl electrode and a piece of Pt wire were used as the reference and counter electrode respectively and placed downstream of the working electrode. Ru(bpy)32+ immobilized silica particulates with 1/3 silica sol content showed the best performance for TPA determination, and the sensitivity of TPA determination was dependent upon the amount of Ru(bpy)32+ immobilized in silica particulates. The lowest level of analyte detected for TPA was 0.02£gM, and linear range was from 0.02£gM to 5£gM. Up to a certain concentration level, it was found that Ru(bpy)32+ was tightly held in silica particulates and did not leach out into aqueous solutions, even with continuous flow for up to ten hours. Ru(bpy)32+ immobilized silica particulates were characterized of well activity and high stability; that stored at 0¢J exhibited its original activity for up to one year. The second ECL flow cell was fabricated from a piece of epoxy block supported Pt electrode (1 ¡Ñ 2 cm) as counter electrode, a piece glass window and a polyethylene spacer with 78 £gL cell volume, two 2.0-cm length of 0.6-mm diameter platinum wires were used as working electrodes held at +1.1 V, and an Ag/AgCl electrode as reference electrode. All three electrodes were incorporated within the main body of the cell. One of the biosensor design packed Ru(bpy)32+ incorporated silica particulates in the ECL flow cell, and a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) immobilized silica sol-gel column is placed between the sample injection valve and the flow cell. The ECL response to samples containing glucose and cofactor (NADP) results from the Ru(bpy)33+ ECL reaction with NADPH produced by glucose dehydrogenase. This ECL biosensor was shown applicable for both NAD+- and NADP+- dependent enzymes, where NADH detection ranged from 0.50£gM ¡V 5.0 mM NADH and NADPH detection ranged from 1.0£gM - 3.0 mM NADPH. Glucose can be determined in a linear dynamic range of 5.0 - 500 £gM. Another biosensor design immobilized glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase¡]G6PDH¡^onto the Ru(bpy)32+ -doped silica particulates through silica chemistry and then packed these particulates into the ECL flow cell. By passing samples containing G6P and cofactor (NAD) through the ECL flow cell, G6P can be determined in a linear dynamic range of 10.0 £gM-1.0 mM. The regenerable ECL biosensor was characterized of good reproducibility and well stability for flow injection analysis. A repetitive injection of NADH (100 £gM) and G6P¡]500£gM¡^gave satisfactory reproducibility with relative standard deviations of 2.8 %¡]N=105¡^and 2.8 % (N=40) respectively.

<p>The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this has been attributed to a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. New research has shown that another vitamin D metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells as well, more specifically, cells of the line LNCaP. It is not clear exactly how 24,25(OH)2D3 exerts this cancer growth inhibition but it has been shown that it is to some extent regulated via G protein coupled signalling pathways. Catalase is a haem-containing redox enzyme found in the majority of animal cells, plant cells and aerobic microorganisms. This enzyme is very important because it prevents excessive accumulation of the strongly oxidizing agent H2O2 which otherwise can do damage to the cells. Because of this preventive effect of catalase, important cellular processes which generate H2O2 as by-product can proceed safely. Biochemical analysis of catalase has shown that it binds endogenously to 24,25(OH)2D3. The fact that 24,25(OH)2D3 has anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cells combined with the fact that it binds to catalase generates the hypothesis that this binding interferes with the essential task of catalase to keep the cell free from accumulation of destructive H2O2, and by means of this interference induces apoptosis. Finding out about the cancer growth inhibiting mechanism behind each vitamin D metabolite is important and may be a lead in the search for a new, better treatment of prostate cancer. The specific aim of this project was to study if and in what way 24,25(OH)2D3 affects the enzymatic activity of catalase in LNCaP cells and to do this with dose and time responses in focus. In this experiment LNCaP cells were incubated for 48 hours together with 24,25(OH)2D3 in five different concentrations, then a catalase assay was performed on the cells including fluorescence-mediated measuring of catalase activity in both treated and untreated cells. The analysis of the result values showed that regardless of dose or time, 24,25(OH)2D3 has no statistically significant effect on catalase activity in cells of the line LNCaP.</p>

<p>The vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 has long been known to inhibit growth of prostate cancer cells and this has been attributed to a VDR-mediated pathway controlling target gene expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and differentiation. New research has shown that another vitamin D metabolite, 24,25(OH)2D3, inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells as well, more specifically, cells of the line LNCaP. It is not clear exactly how 24,25(OH)2D3 exerts this cancer growth inhibition but it has been shown that it is to some extent regulated via G protein coupled signalling pathways. Catalase is a haem-containing redox enzyme found in the majority of animal cells, plant cells and aerobic microorganisms. This enzyme is very important because it prevents excessive accumulation of the strongly oxidizing agent H2O2 which otherwise can do damage to the cells. Because of this preventive effect of catalase, important cellular processes which generate H2O2 as by-product can proceed safely. Biochemical analysis of catalase has shown that it binds endogenously to 24,25(OH)2D3. The fact that 24,25(OH)2D3 has anti-proliferative effects on prostate cancer cells combined with the fact that it binds to catalase generates the hypothesis that this binding interferes with the essential task of catalase to keep the cell free from accumulation of destructive H2O2, and by means of this interference induces apoptosis. Finding out about the cancer growth inhibiting mechanism behind each vitamin D metabolite is important and may be a lead in the search for a new, better treatment of prostate cancer. This is a follow-up to an earlier study, and the specific aim of this project was to find out if and in what way 24,25(OH)2D3 affects the enzymatic activity of catalase in LNCaP cells during long-term treatment (up to 48 hours). In this experiment LNCaP cells were incubated for 48 hours together with 24,25(OH)2D3 of the concentration 10-8 M, then a catalase assay was performed on the cells including fluorescence-mediated measuring of catalase activity in both treated and untreated cells. The analysis of the result values showed that despite of the rather high dose used, 24,25(OH)2D3 has no statistically significant effect on catalase activity in cells of the line LNCaP, regardless of time.</p>

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία γίνεται χρήση τριών διαφορετικών ειδών λεπτών υμενίων διοξειδίου του τιτανίου (TiO2) ως στερεό υπόστρωμα για την ακινητοποίηση πρωτεϊνών με σκοπό την ανάπτυξη και σύγκριση αμπερομετρικών βιοαισθητήρων με ευαισθησία στο υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου (H2O2). Το πρώτο είδος των λεπτών υμενίων TiO2 είναι από την εμπορική πάστα της Dyesol η οποία παρασκευάζεται με τη μέθοδο sol-gel, το δεύτερο είδος είναι από μία πάστα δικής μας παραγωγής με τη μέθοδο sol-gel και το τρίτο είδος είναι από μία πάστα που παρασκευάσαμε χρησιμοποιώντας την έτοιμη νανοδομημένη σκόνη TiO2, Degussa P – 25. Τα υμένια TiO2 που έχουν παρασκευαστεί από την εμπορική πάστα της Dyesol χρησιμοποιήθηκαν και για τη δημιουργία υβριδικού υποστρώματος με νανοσωματίδια Αργύρου το οποίο μπορεί να βρει εφαρμογή τόσο στη φωτοκατάλυση όσο και στην ανάπτυξη πιο ευαίσθητων αμπερομετρικών βιοαισθητήρων. Αρχικά περιγράφεται η λειτουργία των βιοαισθητήρων καθώς και οι σημαντικότεροι τύποι βιοαισθητήρων που έχουν κατασκευαστεί μέχρι σήμερα. Σημαντικό ρόλο στην επιτυχή κατασκευή ενός βιοαισθητήρα παίζει η επιλογή του υλικού που θα χρησιμοποιηθεί ως υπόστρωμα / ηλεκτρόδιο (στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση, υμένια TiO2) καθώς και ο τρόπος που ακινητοποιείται το βιομόριο πάνω σε αυτό, γι’ αυτό και έχει δοθεί έμφαση στην ανάλυση των παραπάνω πληροφοριών. Στη συνέχεια περιγράφεται η δομή και η φυσική λειτουργία της πρωτεΐνης, (κυτόχρωμα c), που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως το βιομόριο επιλογής για την ανάπτυξη του βιοαισθητήρα. Αναλύονται οι κρυσταλλικές δομές του διοξειδίου του τιτανίου και οι βασικές φυσικοχημικές τους ιδιότητες. Επίσης γίνεται περιγραφή του φαινομένου της φωτοκατάλυσης, ενώ αναφέρονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και τα μειονεκτήματα του TiO2 για την εφαρμογή αυτή. Στο τέλος του πρώτου κεφαλαίου γίνεται αναφορά και στα νανοσωματίδια αργύρου καθώς και στους λόγους που βοηθούν στην αύξηση της φωτοκαταλυτικής απόδοσης του TiO2. Στη συνέχεια περιγράφονται οι πειραματικές διατάξεις που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τόσο για τον χαρακτηρισμό των υμενίων TiO2 όσο και για την αναλυτική μελέτη της ακινητοποίησης του κυτοχρώματος c και των νανοσωματιδίων αργύρου πάνω σε αυτά. Περιγράφεται επίσης, η ηλεκτροχημική κυψελίδα 3 ηλεκτροδίων και οι τεχνικές της κυκλικής βολταμμετρίας και της φασματοηλεκτροχημείας που επιλέχθηκαν για τη μελέτη των ηλεκτροχημικών ιδιοτήτων των υμενίων TiO2 με ή χωρίς ακινητοποιημένη πρωτεΐνη, των υμενίων TiO2 με ακινητοποιημένα νανοσωματίδια αργύρου καθώς και για την ανάπτυξη των αμπερομετρικών βιοαισθητήρων με ευαισθησία στο H2O2. Τέλος, περιγράφεται η σύνθεση των τριών διαφορετικών παστών TiO2, η πειραματική διαδικασία εναπόθεσης των υμενίων του TiO2 σε υποστρώματα αγώγιμου υάλου και κατόπιν, ακολουθεί η ανάλυση των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων. / In this report 3 different types of TiO2 films were used as solid substrates for the immobilization of proteins in order to be used for the development and evaluation of amperometric biosensors for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The first type of thin TiO2 films were made using a Dyesol sol gel commercial TiO2 paste, the second type was produced from a TiO2 paste produced in our lab following a standard sol-gel procedure and the third type of films were produced from a paste prepared using Degusa P25 TiO2 powder. In addition, the thin TiO2 films produced from the Dyesol paste were modified with Ag nanoparticles in order to examine their electrochemical behavior which could lead to enhanced photcatalytic and/or biosensing performance. In the first chapter, a general decription of the different types of biosensors developed so far is presented and emphasis is given to their function and applications. In order to develop a successful biosensor, the choice of the material to be used as the solid substrate is very important as well as the type of the biomolecule used as the recognition element. The sensitivity and response of the biosensor is greatly enhanced by the method used to immobilize the biomolecule on the solid support in a stable and functional way. Therefore in this work both the material, TiO2 films, and the biomolecule of choice, Cytochrome-c, are presented in detail and in particular their physicochemical properties, their functions and applications. Moreover the different methods that have been used for the successful immobilization of biomolecules on solid surfaces are well documented. Furthermore, the photocatalytic properties of the TiO2 films are discussed and how they are enhanced by the deposition of silver nanoparticles on their surfaces that could also lead to the development of more sensitive and accurate amperometric biosensors. In the second chapter, the experimental techniques and procedures used for the characterization of the resulting TiO2 films and for the adsorption process of protein and/or silver nanoparticles on their surfaces are well presented. Furthermore, details are given of the electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry) used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the resulting films with or without protein or silver nanoparticles. A detailed description of the 3 electrode electrochemical used to perform these experiments is also presented. Finally emphasis is given to the procedures used for the development of the electrochemical biosensors for H2O2. Finally, a description of the procedures used for the synthesis of the 3 different TiO2 pastes and of the method used for the production of thin TiO2 films on conducting glass is given followed by the presentation, analysis and discussion of the data collected.

ABSTRACT EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE SYSTEMS OF SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT CULTIVARS OF LENTIL Cicerali, Iin Nur M.Sc., Department of Biotechnology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Meral Y&uuml / cel Co-supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. F&uuml / sun (nci) Eyidoan June 2004, 90 pages In this study, two lentil cultivars (Lens culinaris, Medik.) (ILL5582-salt tolerant and ILL590) were characterized and compared due to their NaCl susceptibility and antioxidant mechanism was examined under laboratory conditions. Physiological parameters such as wet-dry weight, root-shoot lengths, cell membrane stability, lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, proline contents were determined. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT: EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX: EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR: EC 1.6.4.2) were examined and analyzed in 14 days old plant seedlings after 9 days of normal growth and 5 days of 100mM and 200mM NaCl stress conditions. Shoot-root length and wet-dry weight percent decrease were more in ILL590. Especially shoot tissues were affected more from the stress conditions when compared to root tissues. ii According to malondialdehyde (MDA) content and membrane stability results, lipid peoxidation was higher in ILL590 and significant increases were observed in shoot tissues. Proline concentration showed a remarkable increase in salt concentration dependent manner. Higher concentrations of proline in ILL5582 might be the reason of higher salt tolerance when compared to ILL590. Among the antioxidant enzymes SOD was the one which showed highest activity increase. At organ level roots showed highest activity when compared to leaves. In the organelle higher activity percent contribution was achieved by cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD isozyme. Higher percent increase of this isozyme was observed in ILL5582. This might be one of the tolerance mechanisms that get activated against NaCl stress. APX activity showed similar alterations in both cultivars. In leaf tissues significant increase was observed but in root tissues ascorbate peroxidase activity did not change significantly. Glutathione Reductase activity increase was significant in both cultivars leaf tissues but although ILL5582 showed a stress concentration dependent increase, ILL590 did not. The activity of CAT enzyme in leaf and root tissues of both cultivars did not significantly change under increasing salt stress conditions. The results suggested that the leaves were more susceptible to salt stress. Also when two cultivars were compared ILL5582 was found to be more tolerant against salt stress than ILL590 under laboratory conditions and SOD enzyme seemed to be the most active component of the salt tolerant mechanism.

Patients with classical vitiligo lose partially their protecting inherited pigment. The cause of the disease is still unknown. Despite massive epidermal oxidative / nitrative stress and signs for DNA-damage in the skin and in the plasma, these patients have no higher prevalence for sun induced non-melanoma skin cancer and increased photo-damage. Protection and DNA-repair have been attributed to a functioning up-regulated wild type p53 / p21 cascade in association with up-regulated p76 MDM2. As some patients with cutaneous melanoma develop depigmentations away from their primary tumour site post surgical excision, it became of our interest, whether this melanoma associated leucoderma (MAL) is the same as classical vitiligo. The purpose of this thesis was two-fold. In part I, we wanted to further substantiate the reasons behind the constantly up-regulated wild-type functioning p53 / p21 cascade in classical vitiligo utilising a panel of proteins with direct and / or indirect action on p53 regulation, including p21, p76MDM2, MDM4/MDM4phospho, SPARC, VEGF-A and TGF-β1. In part II, we wanted to characterize MAL and compare this peculiar leucoderma with classical vitiligo using the same protein panel and methodologies. To achieve our goals, we used in vivo FT-Raman spectroscopy, in vitro cell cultures, in vitro and in situ immuno-fluorescence labelling, Western blot, dot blot and computer modelling techniques. Our data showed distinct differences between classical vitiligo and MAL. Our results in MAL exhibited a concentration dependent protein expression gradient between the basal / suprabasl layers and the upper layers of the epidermal compartment using catalase, ONOO-, p53, p21, MDM4, p76MDM2, TGF-β1 and VEGF-A expression gradient. Moreover, we document for the first time the presence of a nitrated non-fuctional SPARC protein in classical vitiligo which is absent in MAL. Although we show in vivo considerable ROS / RNS- mediated stress in MAL and classical vitiligo documented by FT-Raman spectroscopy, Western blot and in situ immuno-fluorescence, our results prove that MAL and classical vitiligo are two distinct entities.

Les voies métaboliques les plus importantes dans le contrôle du stress oxydant chez la plante restent à élucider. Celles liées au glutathion jouent un rôle important. Cependant, les réactions responsables de l'oxydation du glutathion (du GSH en GSSG) n'ont pas encore été clairement identifiées. L’analyse des données biochimiques, transcriptomiques et génétiques soulèvent des questions pour mieux comprendre comment la régulation redox liée au stress pourrait influer sur la signalisation hormonale chez les plantes. Par une approche de génétique inverse utilisant, notamment, le mutant photorespiratoire conditionnel cat2, nous avons étudié la réponse et l'importance fonctionnelle de trois voies potentielles, médiées par les glutathion S-transférases, les peroxirédoxines dépendant de la glutarédoxine et les déhydroascorbate réductases (DHARs) chez Arabidopsis. Ainsi, l'interaction entre les DHARs semble être nécessaire pour coupler les pools d'ascorbate et de glutathion lors d’un stress oxydant. En complément à l'approche expérimentale, une modélisation mécaniste a permis d'étudier la production de H2O2 et son métabolisme, en lien avec l'activité catalase et la voie ascorbate-glutathion. Le modèle révèle que la catalase et l'ascorbate peroxydase prennent en charge de concert le traitement de H2O2, y compris dans les conditions optimales de croissance. Nos simulations suggèrent que la disponibilité en NADPH peut déterminer l'oxydation du glutathion via la monodéshydroascorbate réductase. Nos résultats expérimentaux et le modèle cinétique valident que la sensibilité du statut du glutathion au stress oxydant constitue un senseur approprié des augmentations du H2O2. / The most important metabolic pathways in the control of oxidative stress remain to be elucidated in plants. Those linked to glutathione play an important role. However, the reactions responsible for its oxidation have not been clearly identified. Here, analysis based on available biochemical, transcriptomic and genetic data emphasized likely important questions to be elucidated for a full understanding of how stress-related redox regulation might impinge on phytohormone-related signaling pathways. Using a reverse genetics approach and the photorespiratory conditional cat2 mutant, we studied the response and functional importance of three potential routes for glutathione oxidation pathways mediated by glutathione S-transferases, glutaredoxin dependent peroxiredoxins, and dehydroascorbate reductases (DHAR) in Arabidopsis during oxidative stress. Hence, interplay between different DHARs appears to be necessary to couple ascorbate and glutathione pools and to allow glutathione-related signaling during enhanced H2O2 metabolism. In addition to experimental work, modelling is another way to investigate H2O2 production and its metabolism related to catalase activity and ascorbate glutathione pathway. This approach led to major conclusions, that catalase and ascorbate peroxidase can share the load in H2O2 processing even in optimal growth conditions. Furthermore, simulations propose that NADPH availability may determine glutathione oxidation through its influence on monodehydroascorbate reduction. Taken together, experimental results and our kinetic model strengthen that the sensitivity of glutathione status to oxidative stress acts as a suitable sensor of increased H2O2.

Les espèces réactives de l’oxygène ont initialement été identifiées comme des produits délétères dérivés du métabolisme aérobie. Il est maintenant accepté que ces espèces sont produites de manière régulée par des enzymes et interviennent dans des fonctions cellulaires telles que la défense immunitaire, la signalisation intracellulaire, la biosynthèse des hormones et la modification de matrice extracellulaire. Les NADPH (Nicotinamide Adénine Dinucléotide Phosphate) oxydases (NOX) forment une famille d’enzymes transmembranaires capables de former de l’anion superoxyde (O2.-) par transfert d’électrons du NADPH à l’oxygène moléculaire (O2). DUOX1 et DUOX2 sont deux des sept membres composant cette famille qui génèrent directement de l’H2O2 comme produit de réduction de l’O2.<p>Initialement clonés à partir de la thyroïde dans notre laboratoire, les ADNc codant pour les protéines DUOX ont été identifiées dans d’autres tissus, comme par exemple la prostate ou l’épithélium respiratoire où DUOX1 est majoritaire. DUOX2 se retrouve également dans les glandes salivaires, dans la muqueuse rectale et tout le long du tractus digestif. D’autre part, un orthologue de DUOX, appelé Udx1, a été identifié en 2004 au niveau de la membrane ovocytaire chez l’oursin. Dans chacun de ces tissus, l’H2O2 produit par les protéines joue un rôle clef. <p>Le mécanisme d’activation de DUOX dans tous ces tissus n’a été identifié que récemment. En effet, pour être exprimé sous forme active à la surface cellulaire, les protéines DUOX nécessitent un facteur de maturation spécifique. Ces facteurs, appelés DUOXA1 et 2 pour « DUOX activator », suivent l’expression tissulaire de leur DUOX respectif. Nous avons montré que la région COOH-terminale de DUOXA1 est responsable de l’activité génératrice d’H2O2 de DUOX1. DUOX2 peut produire de l’H2O2 ou de l’O2.-. L’extrémité NH2-terminale de DUOXA2 est critique dans cette activité et détermine le type de dérivé oxygéné produit. Dans notre système, DUOXA2 n’est pas détecté à la surface cellulaire, sauf en cas de modification de son extrémité amino-terminale par l’addition d’un épitope. DUOXA1 peut être exprimé à la membrane plasmique mais sa présence n’est pas nécessaire au sein du complexe formé avec DUOX pour que ce dernier soit actif. Les facteurs de maturation jouent donc un rôle de protéine chaperonne, induisant la maturation et la translocation d’une protéine DUOX active à la surface cellulaire. <p>Dans la thyroïde, l’H2O2 produit par les protéines DUOX constitue le cofacteur de la thyroperoxydase catalysant l’oxydation de l’iode et le couplage de sa forme oxydée sur des résidus tyrosines de la thyroglobuline menant in fine à la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes T3 et T4 et leur relarguage dans la circulation sanguine. Plusieurs mutations dans le gène DUOX2 ont déjà été décrites chez des patients atteints de dyshormonogenèse transitoire ou permanente. Nous avons mis en évidence qu’une inactivation totale de la protéine DUOX2 était compatible avec un état hypothyroïdien peu sévère et transitoire, indiquant l’intervention probable de DUOX1 dans la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes. Le défaut génétique identifié est composé d’une délétion génomique partielle d’un allèle associée à une mutation faux-sens (G1518S) sur l’autre allèle du patient hypothyroïdien. Cette mutation, située dans le site catalytique de l’enzyme, mène à une abolition de l’activité de l’enzyme qui est néanmoins exprimée partiellement à la surface cellulaire. <p>Les messagers des DUOX ont été identifiés récemment dans les tractus digestif et respiratoire. Le rôle joué par l’H2O2 dans ces tissus semble avant tout être un rôle de défense contre les micro-organismes en mettant en jeu la lactoperoxydase oxydant le thiocyanate en composé bactéricide actif. Nous avons montré que l’H2O2 produit par DUOX exerce un effet répulsif sur les bactéries. En effet, l’invasion de cellules CHO exprimant de manière stable DUOX2 et DUOXA2 par Salmonella Typhimurium est diminuée lorsque la production d’H2O2 de ces cellules est stimulée. Cet effet répulsif constituerait un rôle primordial pour DUOX au niveau des muqueuses respiratoire et digestive.<p>Lors de la fertilisation, une explosion respiratoire a lieu et de l’H2O2 est produit. Cet H2O2 fourni à l’ovoperoxydase permettrait la formation d’une enveloppe rigide autour de l’ovocyte, bloquant ainsi l’entrée de spermatozoïdes surnuméraires. Ce phénomène a été largement étudié dans l’ovocyte d’oursin, dans lequel la NADPH oxydase responsable de la production d’H2O2 a été caractérisée: il s’agit de Udx1, l’orthologue de DUOX. Chez les mammifères, le phénomène existe mais le mécanisme est en grande partie inconnu. Nous avons montré que les ARNm des DUOX sont exprimés dans l’ovocyte humain ;ceci nous permet d’émettre l’hypothèse que l’inhibition de la polyspermie chez l’homme pourrait être similaire à celle de l’oursin. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

This dissertation outlines the research and development of ground-breaking nanometer sized openings (nanopores) integrated with an on-chip optofluidic platform. This platform represents a significant advancement for single nanoparticle sensing. In this work specifically, the integrated optofluidic platform has been used to electrically and optically filter and detect single nanoparticles using ionic current blockade and fluorescence experiments. The correlation of electrical and optical signal has provided the highest sensitivity single nanoparticle measurements ever taken with integrated optofluidic platforms. The particular optofluidic platform used for this work is an antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW). ARROW hollow and solid core waveguides are interference based waveguides that are designed to guide light in low index media such as liquids and gases. Because of this unique guiding property, ARROW hollow cores can be used to sense and analyze low concentrations of single particles. Additionally, because ARROW platforms are based upon standard silicon processing techniques and materials, they are miniature sized (~1 cm2), inexpensive, highly parallelizable, provide a high degree of design flexibility, and can be integrated with many different optical and electrical components and sources. Finally, because of the miniature, integrated nature of the ARROW platform, it has the potential to be incorporated into hand held devices that could provide quick, inexpensive, user-friendly diagnostics. The ARROW platform has been through many revisions in the past several years in an attempt to improve performance and functionality. Specifically, advanced fabrication techniques that have been used to decrease the production time, increase the yield, and improve the optical quality of ARROW platforms are discussed in the first part of this work. These advancements were all developed in order to facilitate the production of high quality integrated nanopores and ARROW platforms. The second part of this work then focuses on the actual integration of micrometer sized openings (micropores) and nanopores in the hollow waveguide section of ARROW platforms for filtering, detecting, and analyzing single nanoparticles. The successes and attempts at achieving these results are the basis of this dissertation of work.