<p>This study utilised secondary data from a larger study that looked at individuals that are already infected by HIV which is entitled Implicative personal dilemmas and cognitive conflicts in health decision making in HIV positive adults and adults with AIDS. The primary aim of the larger study was to examine the cognitive construction of the individual and how they utilised their individual resources to construct who they are and how they perceived the difficulties and challenges that they face and the decisions they make regarding their health. HIV and AIDS is a debilitating disease and it affects millions worldwide. South Africa, presently, has the largest burden of this disease with those between the ages of 15 &ndash / 49 years of age being most affected. As previously&nbsp / mentioned the decisions that individuals make can impact on their health. Decisions to take necessary precautions such as protected sex during sexual intercourse can decrease the&nbsp / progression of the disease. Decisions made regarding abstinence of risky behaviour as well as being committed to taking medication could also positively impact health. People living with HIV and AIDS find it&nbsp / difficult to adjust to the challenges that this disease presents. Depression is often experienced due to the changes in self image and perception. Studies show that&nbsp / females are twice more likely to experience depression than men. There has however been no conclusive evidence showing the reason for this, however, the perception of stress based on&nbsp / gender could shed some light on this matter and how these perceptions can increase the likelihood of women being more vulnerable to depression. Due to the limitation of this study, it will&nbsp / only look at depression as it relates to HIV and AIDS. Psychological problems such as depression can hamper the adjustment process and the effect of depression is evident in that it can lower the CD 4 + cells. Not only are those&nbsp / living with HIV and AIDS affected by depression, but they also have a lifetime prevalence to depression. It is important to have an effective screening tool for depression so that the detection of this&nbsp / disease can be made and effective treatment can be implemented to enhance health. The sample consisted of 113 adult participants that have already been diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. The&nbsp / primary aim of this study was to compare the Beck&rsquo / s Depression Inventory II (BDI II) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale &ndash / (the Depression component) (HADS-D) as a screening tool&nbsp / &nbsp / for depression. Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a 5 factor structure which accounted for 60.14 % of the total variance. The HADS yielded one factor accounting for 14.33% of total variance. The BDI II has proven to be more a reliable measure of depression with 0.89 according to the Cronbach&rsquo / s Alpha co efficient opposed to 0.375 as per the HADS-D. The secondary aim was to establish&nbsp / the sociodemographic and disease profiles of the participants under study. </p>

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

<p>This study utilised secondary data from a larger study that looked at individuals that are already infected by HIV which is entitled Implicative personal dilemmas and cognitive conflicts in health decision making in HIV positive adults and adults with AIDS. The primary aim of the larger study was to examine the cognitive construction of the individual and how they utilised their individual resources to construct who they are and how they perceived the difficulties and challenges that they face and the decisions they make regarding their health. HIV and AIDS is a debilitating disease and it affects millions worldwide. South Africa, presently, has the largest burden of this disease with those between the ages of 15 &ndash / 49 years of age being most affected. As previously&nbsp / mentioned the decisions that individuals make can impact on their health. Decisions to take necessary precautions such as protected sex during sexual intercourse can decrease the&nbsp / progression of the disease. Decisions made regarding abstinence of risky behaviour as well as being committed to taking medication could also positively impact health. People living with HIV and AIDS find it&nbsp / difficult to adjust to the challenges that this disease presents. Depression is often experienced due to the changes in self image and perception. Studies show that&nbsp / females are twice more likely to experience depression than men. There has however been no conclusive evidence showing the reason for this, however, the perception of stress based on&nbsp / gender could shed some light on this matter and how these perceptions can increase the likelihood of women being more vulnerable to depression. Due to the limitation of this study, it will&nbsp / only look at depression as it relates to HIV and AIDS. Psychological problems such as depression can hamper the adjustment process and the effect of depression is evident in that it can lower the CD 4 + cells. Not only are those&nbsp / living with HIV and AIDS affected by depression, but they also have a lifetime prevalence to depression. It is important to have an effective screening tool for depression so that the detection of this&nbsp / disease can be made and effective treatment can be implemented to enhance health. The sample consisted of 113 adult participants that have already been diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. The&nbsp / primary aim of this study was to compare the Beck&rsquo / s Depression Inventory II (BDI II) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale &ndash / (the Depression component) (HADS-D) as a screening tool&nbsp / &nbsp / for depression. Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a 5 factor structure which accounted for 60.14 % of the total variance. The HADS yielded one factor accounting for 14.33% of total variance. The BDI II has proven to be more a reliable measure of depression with 0.89 according to the Cronbach&rsquo / s Alpha co efficient opposed to 0.375 as per the HADS-D. The secondary aim was to establish&nbsp / the sociodemographic and disease profiles of the participants under study. </p>

This study utilised secondary data from a larger study that looked at individuals that are already infected by HIV which is entitled Implicative personal dilemmas and cognitive conflicts in health decision making in HIV positive adults and adults with AIDS. The primary aim of the larger study was to examine the cognitive construction of the individual and how they utilised their individual resources to construct who they are and how they perceived the difficulties and challenges that they face and the decisions they make regarding their health. HIV and AIDS is a debilitating disease and it affects millions worldwide. South Africa, presently, has the largest burden of this disease with those between the ages of 15 – 49 years of age being most affected. As previously mentioned the decisions that individuals make can impact on their health. Decisions to take necessary precautions such as protected sex during sexual intercourse can decrease the progression of the disease. Decisions made regarding abstinence of risky behaviour as well as being committed to taking medication could also positively impact health. People living with HIV and AIDS find it difficult to adjust to the challenges that this disease presents. Depression is often experienced due to the changes in self image and perception. Studies show that females are twice more likely to experience depression than men. There has however been no conclusive evidence showing the reason for this, however, the perception of stress based on gender could shed some light on this matter and how these perceptions can increase the likelihood of women being more vulnerable to depression. Due to the limitation of this study, it will only look at depression as it relates to HIV and AIDS. Psychological problems such as depression can hamper the adjustment process and the effect of depression is evident in that it can lower the CD 4 + cells. Not only are those living with HIV and AIDS affected by depression, but they also have a lifetime prevalence to depression. It is important to have an effective screening tool for depression so that the detection of this disease can be made and effective treatment can be implemented to enhance health. The sample consisted of 113 adult participants that have already been diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. The primary aim of this study was to compare the Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI II) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale –(the Depression component) (HADS-D) as a screening tool for depression.Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed a 5 factor structure which accounted for 60.14 % of the total variance. The HADS yielded one factor accounting for 14.33% of total variance. The BDI II has proven to be more a reliable measure of depression with 0.89 according to the Cronbach’s Alpha co efficient opposed to 0.375 as per the HADS-D. The secondary aim was to establish the sociodemographic and disease profiles of the participants under study. / Magister Psychologiae - MPsych

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / The burden of HIV disease is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa (SA) is particularly affected. Whilst there have been many studies conducted on the biomedical and socio-psychological aspects of HIV and AIDS, insufficient attention has been paid to the quality of life of those infected with the virus. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the predictors of quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction (Q-LES) of individuals living with HIV and or AIDS and those on anti-retroviral treatment or being prepared for it. Further, the study determined the relationship between psychological distress and Q-LES of HIV positive individuals because psychological distress is reported to contribute substantially to the burden of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa, including SA. This quantitative study used a battery of questionnaires administered to 121 participants in an out-patient clinic setting. The main hypothesis tested in this study is: psychological distress is a strong predictor of Q-LES. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to screen for psychological distress and the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) to assess the various components of QoL. A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit participants into the study. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS to test the hypothesis. Of the total sample (N=121), 74% were females. The study found that a large proportion (49.5%) of the sample within the age group 25-49 years old had significant presence of psychological distress. Those not on ART yet were significantly affected (66%). The relationship between Q-LES subscales and psychological distress was significant (p< 0.01). The results show that psychological distress was significantly prevalent among HIV positive individuals and it was the strongest predictor of Q-LES among the study participants. Modifying the current psychological intervention programmes, in the public health clinics, for individuals vi infected with the HI virus will assist in improving the current health outcomes and also help to achieve better Quality of Life outcomes.

Ε1. Ποιότητα της ζωής, άγχος και κατάθλιψη σε ασθενείς με κακώσεις νωτιαίου μυελού: Αυτή η μελέτη έχει σκοπό να αξιολογήσει την ποιότητα ζωής, το άγχος και την κατάθλιψη αλλά και τη νευρολογική θέση, σε ένα σύνολο ασθενών που ζουν με κάκωση του νωτιαίου μυελού (SCI). Μία «διατομική» μελέτη χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε 92 ανθρώπους που ζουν με κάκωση νωτιαίου μυελού SCI. Ολοκλήρωσαν το ερωτηματολόγιο της νοσοκομειακής κλίμακας άγχους και κατάθλιψης HADS (ν=42 ), την κλίμακα ποιότητας ζωής SF-36 (ν=42), καθώς επίσης τυποποιήθηκαν οι νευρολογικές (κλίμακα Frankel, Asia motor score), και οι λειτουργικές κλίμακές τους(FIM, MBI). Οι αναλύσεις μελετήθηκαν για ολόκληρο το δείγμα, κατά φύλο, κατά την κλίμακα Frankel, το Asia motor score, την FIM, και το επίπεδο νευρολογικής βλάβης. Αυτή η μελέτη παρουσιάζει τα προκαταρκτικά συμπεράσματα, τα οποία υποστηρίζουν υψηλά αποτελέσματα άγχους και κατάθλιψης (HADS) σε αυτό τον πληθυσμό των ασθενών με SCI, καθώς επίσης και πολύ χαμηλή ποιότητα ζωής. Ε 2. Σεξουαλική λειτουργία σε γυναίκες με κακώσεις νωτιαίου μυελού: Ο στόχος αυτής της μελέτης ήταν να προσδιοριστεί η σεξουαλικότητα των γυναικών με βαριές κακώσεις νωτιαίου μυελού (SCI) χρησιμοποιώντας την κλίμακα γυναικείας σεξουαλικής λειτουργίας. Το ερωτηματολόγιο με 19 ερωτήματα εκφάνσεις της σεξουαλικότητας του FSFI αφορά τη σεξουαλική λειτουργία και την ικανοποίηση στη σεξουαλική ζωή των γυναικών. Σε αυτή τη μελέτη, χρησιμοποίησαμε ένα δείγμα 39 γυναικών ασθενών με σοβαρή κάκωση νωτιαίου μυελού SCI. Συγκρίναμε δε αυτές τις ασθενείς με ένα υγιές δείγμα γυναικών αντίστοιχο σε οικονομικό –εκπαιδευτικό –επίπεδο ηλικίας - και συζυγική θέση- του γενικού πληθυσμού. Η σεξουαλική δραστηριότητα ήταν χαμηλότερη μεταξύ των γυναικών με SCI, αλλά η επιθυμία, η συναισθηματική ποιότητα της ζωής φύλων και η γενική σεξουαλική ικανοποίηση δεν διέφεραν από τις «υγιείς» γυναίκες του γενικού πληθυσμού. Αυτά τα αποτελέσματα καταδεικνύουν ότι η σεξουαλική ζωή σε γυναίκες με κάκωση νωτιαίου μυελού παραμένει σχεδόν απρόσβλητη. E3. Ίλιγγος μετά από κάκωση ΑΜΣΣ δίκην μαστιγίου. Ο ίλιγγος συνοδεύει περιστασιακά μία κάκωση τύπου «whiplash». Η πιστοποίηση του συνδρόμου είναι ιδιαίτερης αξίας, αν αναλογιστούμε τις πολλές προσφυγές στα δικαστήρια και τις υψηλές δαπάνες που προκύπτουν μετά από τέτοιου τύπου κάκωση. Δώδεκα ασθενείς, που αναφέρθηκαν στα εξωτερικά ιατρεία της κλινικής μας, εξαιτίας μακράς διαρκείας υποκειμενικών ενοχλημάτων με κύριο σύμπτωμα τον ίλιγγο μετά από τον αυχενικό τραυματισμό τύπου “whiplash”, υποβλήθηκαν σε κλινικές, εργαστηριακές και ψυχομετρικές εξετάσεις. Κανένας από τους ασθενείς δεν είχε σημαντικά νευρολογικά συμπτώματα,ούτε ιδιαίτερη επίδραση στη ποιότητα ζωής του, και κανένα σημαντικό τραύμα της αυχενικής σπονδυλικής στήλης δεν προσδιορίστηκε με MRI. Τα στοιχεία μας δείχνουν ότι ο ίλιγγος τύπου “whiplash” είναι σημαντικά δυσκολότερο να το χειριστεί και να το αντιμετωπίσει ένας ιατρός συγκριτικά με τον ιδιοπαθή ίλιγγο. Η επαλήθευση του συνδρόμου αυτού απαιτεί ίσως αντικειμενικότερα κλινικά μέσα. Αυτή η έρευνα προτείνει ότι υπάρχει μια οργανική βάση του συνδρόμου αυτού, αλλά δεν δίνει λύση στην πλήρη κατανόηση των παθοφυσιολογικών μηχανισμών που το προκαλούν, δείχνει ότι το σύνδρομο αυτό δεν έχει ιδιαίτερη βαρύτητα στον ελληνικό πληθυσμό και προτείνει αυτό το σύνδρομο να εξετάζεται ως τμήμα του χρόνιου συνδρόμου κάκωσης τύπου “whiplash”, του γενικού όρου δηλαδή στην διεθνή βιβλιογραφία : Chronic or Late Whiplash. / Ε1. Quality of life, anxiety and depression in adults with spinal cord injuries: This study aimed to evaluate Life Satisfaction, the Anxiety and Depression and neurologic status, in a community sample of adults living with a spinal cord injury (SCI). A cross-sectional design was used with 92 people living in the community with an SCI. They completed the HADS (42 pts) and SF-36 (42 pts), Life Satisfaction Questionnaire. Analyses were conducted for the whole sample, by gender, Frankel Scale, ASIA motor score, FIM, and level of injury. No correlation findings between motor neurologic scales and quality of life assessment. Additionally this study presents preliminary findings, which support the psychometric integrity of HADS and high HADS scores within an outpatient population with SCI. Items that included potential somatic components revealed a more complex factor loading profile. E2. Sexual function in females with severe spinal cord injuries: The objective of this study was to identify the sexual adjustment of females with severe cervical spinal cord injuries (SCI) using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). The 19-item questionnaire of the FSFI concerns sexual function and satisfaction in sex life. This study, conducted by the Orthopaedic and Psychiatry Departments of Patras University, used a sample of a series of 39 consecutive female patients with severe traumatic SCI. We compared these female patients with an age–economic–educational level- and marital status-matched control group of the general population. Sexual activity was lower among females with SCI, but the desire, the emotional quality of sex life and overall sexual satisfaction did not differ from the controls. These results demonstrate that sexual life in females with SCI remains almost unaffected. E3. Whiplash vertigo: Vertigo or dizziness occasionally accompanies a rear –end, neck injury or is provoked by a neck posture no matter what the orientation of the head is to gravity. Whiplash vertigo is matter of considerable concern because of the high litigation related costs of whiplash injuries. When Whiplash cervical vertigo is diagnosed, the usual symptoms are vertigo, dizziness associated with neck movement. Twelve patients, which were referred to our Outpatient Clinic because of long-lasting subjective vertigo complaints after cervical whiplash spine injury, underwent clinical, laboratorial and psychometric examinations. None of the patients had typical neurological symptoms, and no important lesions of the cervical spine were identified with MRI. Our data indicate that Whiplash Vertigo significantly is more difficult to treat than idiopathic Vertigo. The verification of Whiplash Vertigo Syndrome requires more objective clinical means. This investigation proposes that an organic base of the syndrome might be considered, but does not promote the comprehension of pathophysiologic mechanisms that induces it and of course this syndrome considered as part of the general term Chronic Whiplash Syndrome.