Recruitment of mural cells, i.e. pericytes and smooth muscle cells (SMC), is essential to improve the maturation of newly formed vessels. One of the major factors involved in this process is the endothelial cell-secreted Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB (PDGF BB). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has also been suggested to promote the formation of larger and more muscularized vessels, but the underlying mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. We first identified Shh as a target of PDGF BB and found that SMC respond to Shh not only by upregulating the Gli1-dependent canonical pathway, but also by activating ERK1/2 and PI3K-dependent non-canonical pathways. Moreover, we found that PDGF BB-induced SMC migration, involves Shh-dependent PI3K, ERK1/2 and Gli1 activation. In the mouse model of corneal angiogenesis, PDGF BB and Shh were expressed by endothelial cells and mural cells of VEGF-induced newly formed blood vessels, respectively. PDGF BB inhibition reduced Shh expression, confirming that Shh is a target of PDGF BB, as demonstrated by in vitro experiments. Finally, we found that inhibition of either PDGF BB or Shh signaling reduced NG2+ mural cell recruitment into neovessels and subsequently reduced the neo-vessel lifespan. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Shh is a key mediator of PDGF BB-induced mural cell migration and recruitment into neo-vessels and elucidates the molecular signaling pathway involved in this process. / Recruitment of mural cells, i.e. pericytes and smooth muscle cells (SMC), is essential to improve the maturation of newly formed vessels. One of the major factors involved in this process is the endothelial cell-secreted Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB (PDGF BB). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has also been suggested to promote the formation of larger and more muscularized vessels, but the underlying mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. We first identified Shh as a target of PDGF BB and found that SMC respond to Shh not only by upregulating the Gli1-dependent canonical pathway, but also by activating ERK1/2 and PI3K-dependent non-canonical pathways. Moreover, we found that PDGF BB-induced SMC migration, involves Shh-dependent PI3K, ERK1/2 and Gli1 activation. In the mouse model of corneal angiogenesis, PDGF BB and Shh were expressed by endothelial cells and mural cells of VEGF-induced newly formed blood vessels, respectively. PDGF BB inhibition reduced Shh expression, confirming that Shh is a target of PDGF BB, as demonstrated by in vitro experiments. Finally, we found that inhibition of either PDGF BB or Shh signaling reduced NG2+ mural cell recruitment into neovessels and subsequently reduced the neo-vessel lifespan. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Shh is a key mediator of PDGF BB-induced mural cell migration and recruitment into neo-vessels and elucidates the molecular signaling pathway involved in this process.

Le diabète est une maladie grave et très fréquente. Elle est responsable de complications macrovasculaires dont l’artérite des membres inférieurs et microvasculaires dont les neuropathies périphériques. Desert hedgehog (Dhh) est l’un des trois membres de la famille hedgehog (Hh); cette protéine est notamment exprimée par les nerfs périphériques dont elle permet l’organisation structurale. Les membres de la famille Hh sont en outre impliqués dans la régulation de la physiologie des vaisseaux sanguins. Du fait de la diminution de l’expression de Dhh dans des conditions pathologiques comme le diabète, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre le rôle de cette protéine dans la physiopathologie des complications vasculaires associées au diabète. Nous avons montré d’une part que le défaut de Dhh altère la survie des nerfs en condition ischémique et ainsi entraîne un défaut de production par le nerf des facteurs pro-angiogéniques nécessaire à la réparation musculaire. D’autre part nous avons mis en évidence que le défaut d’expression de Dhh dans le nerf diabétique est responsable de la perte de l’intégrité de la barrière nerf-vaisseau et en conséquence de la neuropathie diabétique. Dhh apparait donc comme un nouvel acteur important du cross-talk nerf-vaisseau. La compréhension de sa fonction et de sa signalisation en font un candidat intéressant pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques (thérapie génique Dhh, agonistes de la voie Hh) dans le traitement des complications du diabète. / Diabetes is a serious and frequent illness. It is responsible for macrovascular complications such as peripheral arterial disease and microvascular complications such as peripheral neuropathy. Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) is one of the three hedgehog (Hh) family members; this protein is expressed by Schwann cells of peripheral nerves and is necessary to orchestrate the organisation of nerve sheaths (i.e. Epi-, Peri-, and Endoneurium) by signaling to perineurial cells. Moreover, the Hh family members are also known to regulate blood vessel physiology. Because we found that Dhh is downregulated in pathological conditions such as diabetes, the purpose of this PhD thesis is to understand the contribution of Dhh in diabetes-associated vascular complications. We have shown that Dhh deficiency impairs peripheral nerve survival in the ischemic muscle and, by doing so, decreases the pool of nerve-derived proangiogenic factors. Then we have found that Dhh knockdown in peripheral nerves is responsible for blood nerve barrier breakdown and consequently diabetic neuropathy. Dhh appears as a new actor that plays a crucial role in nerve-vessel cross-talk. The understanding of Dhh function and signaling makes it an interesting candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies (gene therapy, Hh agonists) in the setting of diabetic complications.

La Fibrose Pulmonaire Idiopathique (FPI) est une maladie dévastatrice, d’étiologie inconnue, qui reste pour le moment incurable. Cette maladie est caractérisée par l’accumulation de fibroblastes et de protéines de la matrice extracellulaire dans les espaces aériens distaux aboutissant à une destruction alvéolaire et à une altération des propriétés mécaniques du poumon. La physiopathologie de la FPI est mal connue mais de nombreuses études suggèrent que la réactivation des voies impliquées dans le développement contribue à l’accumulation de la matrice extra-cellulaire et au comportement anormal des cellules épithéliales et des fibroblastes.La voie Hedgehog (HH) joue un rôle crucial dans le développement embryonnaire. Dans le développement pulmonaire fœtal, la voie HH est impliquée dans les interactions épithélium-fibroblaste et contrôle la prolifération et la différenciation du mésenchyme. La voie HH a été impliquée dans la fibrogénèse, notamment dans le foie et le rein.L’objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser la voie HH dans la fibrose pulmonaire chez l’homme et dans un modèle de fibrose induite par la bléomycine chez la souris.Nous avons démontré que la voie HH est réactivée dans les tissus pulmonaires de patients atteints de FPI et dans le modèle de fibrose pulmonaire chez la souris. Nous avons montré que le TGF-β1 activait la voie HH dans les fibroblastes pulmonaires humains et que l’inhibition pharmacologique de la voie HH au niveau des facteurs GLI inhibait l’effet du TGF-β1 in vitro. Par contre, ces inhibiteurs ne protégent pas les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse induite par le TGF-β1. In vivo, chez la souris, nous avons montré que le traitement par des inhibiteurs de Smoothened ne protégeait pas du développement de la fibrose tandis que le GANT61, un inhibiteur de l’interaction des GLI avec l’ADN, inhibait la fibrose.En conclusion, nos résultats démontrent l’implication de la voie HH dans la fibrose pulmonaire et ouvrent des perspectives thérapeutiques nouvelles. / Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF ) is a devastating disease of unknown etiology, which no efficient treatment. This disease is characterized by the accumulation of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix proteins in the distal airways resulting to the destruction of alveoli and alteration of mechanical properties of the lung. The pathogenesis of IPF is not well known but many studies suggest that reactivation of pathways involved in the development, contributes to the accumulation of extracellular matrix and the abnormal behavior of epithelial cells and fibroblasts.The Hedgehog pathway (HH) plays a crucial role in embryonic development. In the fetal lung development, the HH pathway is involved in the epithelial-fibroblast interactions and controls the proliferation and differentiation of the mesenchyme. The HH pathway has been implicated in the fibrogenesis, particularly in the liver and kidney.The aim of this thesis was to characterize the HH pathway in pulmonary fibrosis in humans and in a model of bleomycin-induced fibrosis in mice.We demonstrated that the HH pathway is reactivated in lung tissue of IPF patients and in the model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We have shown that TGF-β1 activated the HH pathway in human lung fibroblasts and that the pharmacological inhibition of the HH pathway at the level of GLI transcription factors, inhibited the effect of TGF-β1 in vitro. By contrast, these inhibitors did not protect alveolar epithelial cells from TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vivo, we have shown that treatment with Smoothened inhibitors did not protect mice from the development of fibrosis while GANT61, an inhibitor of the GLI interaction with DNA, inhibited fibrosis .In conclusion, our results demonstrate the involvement of the HH pathway in pulmonary fibrosis and open new therapeutic perspectives.

Leiomioma (LMU) e leiomiossarcoma (LMSU) são tumores mesenquimais que se desenvolvem no útero e apresentam comportamento clínico variável. Ambos são neoplasias do miométrio (MM), com mesmo padrão de diferenciação celular, porém com progressão clínica completamente diferente. Até o momento, existe grande controvérsia quanto aos fatores relacionados ao surgimento dessas neoplasias e uma possível malignização de um leiomioma pré-existente. Foi demonstrado que a ativação da via de sinalização do Sonic hedgehog (SHH) está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de diversos tipos de tumor, uma vez que a mesma desempenha importante papel na proliferação e diferenciação celular. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o padrão de expressão transcricional e protéica de moléculas envolvidas na via do SHH em LMU e LMSU. Foram avaliados a expressão de 106 genes, por PCR em tempo real, e de sete proteínas (SHH, PTCH 1, SMO, SUFU GLI 1-3 e HHIP 1), por imunoistoquímica, em 176 amostras (20 MM, 103 LMU - incluindo 16 leiomiomas não convencionais/LMA e 37 LMSU). Os resultados mostraram que a expressão gênica e protéica foram similares nas amostras de LMAU e LMSU. A expressão de AXIN 2, FZD 2, CCND 1, FZD 6, ESR 1 e IFT 52 foi associada com a sobrevida livre de doença; FZD3, FZD 8 e WISP1 com sobrevida cancer específica nas pacientes com LMSU. As proteínas SMO, SUFU, GLI 1 e GLI 3 não foram expressas nas amostras de MM. SHH e SUFU mostraram correlação com sobrevida livre de doença nas pacientes com LMSU. De modogeral, o perfil de expressão das proteínas (exceto HHIP 1 e GLI 2), foi crescente entre as amostras de MM, LMU, LMAU e LMSU. Esse dado corrobora a hipótese de malignização dos leiomiomas. Adicionalmente, algumas das proteínas avaliadas têm sido alvos terapêuticos em pacientes com câncer. Assim, no futuro, novos tratamentos podem ser propostos para as mulheres com esse tipo de neoplasias / Leiomyoma (LMU) and leiomyosarcoma (LMSU) are uterine mesenchymal tumors with variable clinical behavior. Both are myometrial (MM) neoplasms that show the same pattern of cell differentiation, but with completely different clinical progression. To date, there are controversies about these neoplasias devolopement-related factors and a possible malignant transformation of a pre-existing leiomyoma. It was demonstrated that activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is related to the development of several tumors, due to its activity in the cell proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transcriptional and protein expression profile of the SHH pathway molecules in LMU and LMSU. It was evaluated 106 genes, by quantitative real time PCR, and seven proteins (SHH, PTCH 1, SMO, SUFU, GLI 1-3 and HHIP 1), by immunohistochemistry, in 176 samples (20 MM, 103 LMU - including 16 unconventional leiomyoma /LMAU and 37 LMSU). The results show that the gene and protein expression were similar for LMAU and LMSU samples. The gene expression of AXIN 2, FZD 2, CCND 1, FZD 6, ESR 1 and IFT 52 was associated with disease free survival; and FZD3, FZD 8 and WISP1 with cancer specific survival in patient with LMSU. No SMO, SUFU, GLI 1 and GLI 3 protein expression was observed in the MM samples. SHH and SUFU proteins were correlated with disease-free survival in patients with LMS. LMU, LMAU and LMSU samples displayed increased expression of all SHH proteins (except HHIP 1 and GLI 2). These data corroborate with the leiomyoma malignant transformation hypothesis. Moreover, some proteins evaluated have been used as therapeutic target for cancer patients. In the near future, new treatment strategies might be proposed for women with these neoplasias

Leiomioma (LMU) e leiomiossarcoma (LMSU) são tumores mesenquimais que se desenvolvem no útero e apresentam comportamento clínico variável. Ambos são neoplasias do miométrio (MM), com mesmo padrão de diferenciação celular, porém com progressão clínica completamente diferente. Até o momento, existe grande controvérsia quanto aos fatores relacionados ao surgimento dessas neoplasias e uma possível malignização de um leiomioma pré-existente. Foi demonstrado que a ativação da via de sinalização do Sonic hedgehog (SHH) está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de diversos tipos de tumor, uma vez que a mesma desempenha importante papel na proliferação e diferenciação celular. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o padrão de expressão transcricional e protéica de moléculas envolvidas na via do SHH em LMU e LMSU. Foram avaliados a expressão de 106 genes, por PCR em tempo real, e de sete proteínas (SHH, PTCH 1, SMO, SUFU GLI 1-3 e HHIP 1), por imunoistoquímica, em 176 amostras (20 MM, 103 LMU - incluindo 16 leiomiomas não convencionais/LMA e 37 LMSU). Os resultados mostraram que a expressão gênica e protéica foram similares nas amostras de LMAU e LMSU. A expressão de AXIN 2, FZD 2, CCND 1, FZD 6, ESR 1 e IFT 52 foi associada com a sobrevida livre de doença; FZD3, FZD 8 e WISP1 com sobrevida cancer específica nas pacientes com LMSU. As proteínas SMO, SUFU, GLI 1 e GLI 3 não foram expressas nas amostras de MM. SHH e SUFU mostraram correlação com sobrevida livre de doença nas pacientes com LMSU. De modogeral, o perfil de expressão das proteínas (exceto HHIP 1 e GLI 2), foi crescente entre as amostras de MM, LMU, LMAU e LMSU. Esse dado corrobora a hipótese de malignização dos leiomiomas. Adicionalmente, algumas das proteínas avaliadas têm sido alvos terapêuticos em pacientes com câncer. Assim, no futuro, novos tratamentos podem ser propostos para as mulheres com esse tipo de neoplasias / Leiomyoma (LMU) and leiomyosarcoma (LMSU) are uterine mesenchymal tumors with variable clinical behavior. Both are myometrial (MM) neoplasms that show the same pattern of cell differentiation, but with completely different clinical progression. To date, there are controversies about these neoplasias devolopement-related factors and a possible malignant transformation of a pre-existing leiomyoma. It was demonstrated that activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway is related to the development of several tumors, due to its activity in the cell proliferation and differentiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transcriptional and protein expression profile of the SHH pathway molecules in LMU and LMSU. It was evaluated 106 genes, by quantitative real time PCR, and seven proteins (SHH, PTCH 1, SMO, SUFU, GLI 1-3 and HHIP 1), by immunohistochemistry, in 176 samples (20 MM, 103 LMU - including 16 unconventional leiomyoma /LMAU and 37 LMSU). The results show that the gene and protein expression were similar for LMAU and LMSU samples. The gene expression of AXIN 2, FZD 2, CCND 1, FZD 6, ESR 1 and IFT 52 was associated with disease free survival; and FZD3, FZD 8 and WISP1 with cancer specific survival in patient with LMSU. No SMO, SUFU, GLI 1 and GLI 3 protein expression was observed in the MM samples. SHH and SUFU proteins were correlated with disease-free survival in patients with LMS. LMU, LMAU and LMSU samples displayed increased expression of all SHH proteins (except HHIP 1 and GLI 2). These data corroborate with the leiomyoma malignant transformation hypothesis. Moreover, some proteins evaluated have been used as therapeutic target for cancer patients. In the near future, new treatment strategies might be proposed for women with these neoplasias

O Tumor Odontogênico Queratocístico (TOQC) é considerado uma entidade com alta taxa de recidiva e agressividade local, apresentando também frequente associação com a Síndrome do Carcinoma Basocelular Neviode (SCBCN), por isso a patogêneses de este tumor tem sido intensamente estudada. A transformação e proliferação de células neoplásicas normalmente envolvem a desregulação de vias de sinalização que participam do desenvolvimento embrionário normal, principalmente a via Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). A expressão de certas proteínas presentes nesta via foi detectada em vários tumores odontogênicos, sugerindo que desempenha um papel importante nas interações epiteliais e na proliferação de células tumorais. Embora o papel da via de sinalização Shh não esteja bem estabelecida no desenvolvimento de TOQCs, sugere-se que sua ativação pode ser correlacionada com o comportamento clínico agressivo destas lesões. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão imunoistoquímica das proteínas da via de sinalização Shh em TOQCs esporádicos e associados a SCBCN, além de comparar a sua expressão entre lesões recorrentes e não recorrentes. Para isso foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo onde as características clinicopatológicas de 62 pacientes foram avaliadas, a expressão imunoistoquímica das proteínas Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 e Gli3 foi analisada em todas as amostras, comparando TOQCs sindrômicos (29 lesões) e TOQCs esporádicos (57 lesões), assim como sua respectiva recorrência. Com este estudo foi possível observar que as proteínas Shh, Smo e Gli1 revelaram aumento da expressão em TOQCs associados a SCBCN, em comparação com tumores esporádicos. Shh mostrou expressão citoplasmática intermédia dentro da camada basal em tumores sindrômicos, Smo por sua vez revelou forte expressão nuclear e citoplasmática nas camada basal e suprabasal de tumores sindrômicos, enquanto que a expressão de Gli1 foi mais elevada apenas no citoplasma de TOQCs associados a síndrome em comparação com tumores esporádicos. No que diz respeito a sua recorrência, as proteínas Ptch1 e Gli2 mostraram maior expressão em TOQCs esporádicos e recorrentes, enquanto que a expressão Gli1 foi mais relevante nos tumores recorrentes e associados a SCBCN. Os nossos resultados sugerem que a maior expressão das proteínas Shh, Smo e Gli1 em TOQCs pode contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce de lesões associadas com a SCBCN. Da mesma forma, as proteínas Ptch1 e Gli2 pode predizer o risco de recorrência de TOQCs esporádicos, enquanto Gli1 sugere uma potencial associação de recorrência em tumores sindrômicos. / Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor (KCOT) is considered an entity of high recurrence rates and local aggressiveness, also often presenting association with Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), and the pathogenesis of this tumor has been therefore intensively studied. The transformation and proliferation of neoplastic cells usually involve deregulation of signaling pathways participating in normal embryonic development, mainly via Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). The expression of certain proteins of this pathway has been detected in several odontogenic tumors, suggesting that plays an important role in epithelial interactions and proliferation of tumor cells. Although the role of Shh signaling pathway is not well established in the development of KCOTs it has been suggested that its activation can be correlated to the aggressive clinical behavior of these lesions. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of proteins of Shh signaling pathway in sporadic KCOTs and associated with NBCCS and to compare their expression between recurring and non-recurring lesions.thus, a retrospective study was performed where the clinicopathological features of 62 patients were evaluated, the immunohistochemical expression of the Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3 protein, was analyzed in all samples, comparing syndromic KCOTs ( 29 lesions) and sporadic KCOTs (57 lesions), and also their respective recurrence. The results showed that the expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 proteins was increased in KCOTs associated with NBCCS compared to sporadic tumors. Shh showed intermediate cytoplasmic expression within the basal layer syndromic tumors, Smo in turn showed strong nuclear expression and cytoplasmic in basal and suprabasal layers of syndromic tumors, while Gli1 cytoplasm expression was higher only in KCOTs associated syndrome compared with sporadic tumors. Regarding recurrent tumors, Ptch1 and Gli2 proteins showed higher expression in sporadic and recurrent KCOTs, while Gli1 expression was more significant in recurrent tumors and associated NBCCS. Our results suggest that increased expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 proteins in KCOTs can contribute to early diagnosis of KCOTs associated with the NBCCS. Likewise, Ptch1 and Gli2 proteins can predict the risk of recurrence of sporadic KCOTs, while Gli1 suggest a potential association to recurrence into syndromic tumors.

O Tumor Odontogênico Queratocístico (TOQC) é considerado uma entidade com alta taxa de recidiva e agressividade local, apresentando também frequente associação com a Síndrome do Carcinoma Basocelular Neviode (SCBCN), por isso a patogêneses de este tumor tem sido intensamente estudada. A transformação e proliferação de células neoplásicas normalmente envolvem a desregulação de vias de sinalização que participam do desenvolvimento embrionário normal, principalmente a via Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). A expressão de certas proteínas presentes nesta via foi detectada em vários tumores odontogênicos, sugerindo que desempenha um papel importante nas interações epiteliais e na proliferação de células tumorais. Embora o papel da via de sinalização Shh não esteja bem estabelecida no desenvolvimento de TOQCs, sugere-se que sua ativação pode ser correlacionada com o comportamento clínico agressivo destas lesões. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão imunoistoquímica das proteínas da via de sinalização Shh em TOQCs esporádicos e associados a SCBCN, além de comparar a sua expressão entre lesões recorrentes e não recorrentes. Para isso foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo onde as características clinicopatológicas de 62 pacientes foram avaliadas, a expressão imunoistoquímica das proteínas Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 e Gli3 foi analisada em todas as amostras, comparando TOQCs sindrômicos (29 lesões) e TOQCs esporádicos (57 lesões), assim como sua respectiva recorrência. Com este estudo foi possível observar que as proteínas Shh, Smo e Gli1 revelaram aumento da expressão em TOQCs associados a SCBCN, em comparação com tumores esporádicos. Shh mostrou expressão citoplasmática intermédia dentro da camada basal em tumores sindrômicos, Smo por sua vez revelou forte expressão nuclear e citoplasmática nas camada basal e suprabasal de tumores sindrômicos, enquanto que a expressão de Gli1 foi mais elevada apenas no citoplasma de TOQCs associados a síndrome em comparação com tumores esporádicos. No que diz respeito a sua recorrência, as proteínas Ptch1 e Gli2 mostraram maior expressão em TOQCs esporádicos e recorrentes, enquanto que a expressão Gli1 foi mais relevante nos tumores recorrentes e associados a SCBCN. Os nossos resultados sugerem que a maior expressão das proteínas Shh, Smo e Gli1 em TOQCs pode contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce de lesões associadas com a SCBCN. Da mesma forma, as proteínas Ptch1 e Gli2 pode predizer o risco de recorrência de TOQCs esporádicos, enquanto Gli1 sugere uma potencial associação de recorrência em tumores sindrômicos. / Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor (KCOT) is considered an entity of high recurrence rates and local aggressiveness, also often presenting association with Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), and the pathogenesis of this tumor has been therefore intensively studied. The transformation and proliferation of neoplastic cells usually involve deregulation of signaling pathways participating in normal embryonic development, mainly via Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). The expression of certain proteins of this pathway has been detected in several odontogenic tumors, suggesting that plays an important role in epithelial interactions and proliferation of tumor cells. Although the role of Shh signaling pathway is not well established in the development of KCOTs it has been suggested that its activation can be correlated to the aggressive clinical behavior of these lesions. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of proteins of Shh signaling pathway in sporadic KCOTs and associated with NBCCS and to compare their expression between recurring and non-recurring lesions.thus, a retrospective study was performed where the clinicopathological features of 62 patients were evaluated, the immunohistochemical expression of the Shh, Ptch1, Ptch2, Smo, Gli1, Gli2 and Gli3 protein, was analyzed in all samples, comparing syndromic KCOTs ( 29 lesions) and sporadic KCOTs (57 lesions), and also their respective recurrence. The results showed that the expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 proteins was increased in KCOTs associated with NBCCS compared to sporadic tumors. Shh showed intermediate cytoplasmic expression within the basal layer syndromic tumors, Smo in turn showed strong nuclear expression and cytoplasmic in basal and suprabasal layers of syndromic tumors, while Gli1 cytoplasm expression was higher only in KCOTs associated syndrome compared with sporadic tumors. Regarding recurrent tumors, Ptch1 and Gli2 proteins showed higher expression in sporadic and recurrent KCOTs, while Gli1 expression was more significant in recurrent tumors and associated NBCCS. Our results suggest that increased expression of Shh, Smo and Gli1 proteins in KCOTs can contribute to early diagnosis of KCOTs associated with the NBCCS. Likewise, Ptch1 and Gli2 proteins can predict the risk of recurrence of sporadic KCOTs, while Gli1 suggest a potential association to recurrence into syndromic tumors.

Le syndrome de Gorlin est une maladie rare caractérisée par de nombreuses anomalies du développement. Ces manifestations cliniques, dues à des mutations d'un acteur essentiel de la voie de signalisation sonic hedgehog, incluent aussi une hyper-radiosensibilité et une forte prédisposition à développer des carcinomes basocellulaires. Etant donné l'implication de défaut de la réparation de l'ADN au niveau des affections liées à l'hyper-radiosensibilité, nous avons décidé d'étudier l'effet des mutations du gène PTCH1 sur la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires conduisant au phénotype Gorlin.Cette étude permet de mettre en évidence une défaillance globale des systèmes de réparation des dommages de l'ADN dans les fibroblastes issus de patients Gorlin par rapport à des fibroblastes normaux. Elle met notamment en exergue un écroulement de la réparation par excision de bases (BER) responsable de la réparation des dommages oxydatifs. / The Gorlin syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by several developmental abnormalities. Due to mutations in PTCH1, a key player of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, clinical manifestations also includes hyper-radiosensitivity and an increased predisposition to the development of basal cell carcinomas. Given the implication of DNA repair system defects in hyper-radiosensitivity pathologies, we decided to study the effect of PTCH1 mutations on the DNA damage response in order to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to Gorlin's phenotype.This study demonstrate a global failure of the DNA damage repair systems in Gorlin fibroblasts with respect to controls. It highlights in particular the collapse of the base excision repair pathway (BER) responsible for the repair of oxidative DNA damage.

La forme la plus agressive des gliomes, tumeurs cérébrales primitives, est l'astrocytome de grade IV appelé aussi glioblastome (GBM). Le pronostic des patients atteints d'un GBM est très sombre du fait de la nature infiltrante de ces cancers et de la présence de cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC) peu sensibles aux thérapies actuelles. Il est donc primordial d'étudier ces deux caractéristiques des GBM. Mes travaux de thèse ont porté sur ces deux aspects.La connaissance de l'implication de la voie de signalisation Hedgehog (Hh) dans le maintien du pool de CSC permet d'envisager de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques visant à les éliminer. La voie Hh joue un rôle important dans le développement embryonnaire. L'activation de cette voie a été mise en évidence dans de nombreux cancers dont les GBM. La cyclopamine est une substance alcaloïde inhibitrice de la voie Hh. L'inconvénient de l'utilisation de la cyclopamine pour une thérapie anticancéreuse est que cette voie est aussi active dans les cellules souches somatiques adultes. Pour cibler la tumeur, une prodrogue glucuronylée de la cyclopamine a été synthétisée. La partie glucuronide peut être hydrolysée par la β-glucuronidase, une enzyme présente dans la zone nécrotique des GBM, conduisant à la libération de la cyclopamine active de façon ciblée, dans le microenvironnement tumoral. Des tests de viabilité indiquent que cette prodrogue ne présente pas latoxicité de la cyclopamine envers les cellules C6 de GBM de rat, leur population de cellule souches (C6-GSC) ainsi que dans des coupes de cerveau de rat adulte. En revanche, l'hydrolyse par la β-glucuronidase de cette prodrogue permet de restaurer la toxicité de la cyclopamine sur les cellules de GBM. L'analyse par RT-qPCR de l'expression d'un gène cible de la voie Hh, le facteur de transcription GLI1, permet de vérifier l'inhibition spécifique de la voie Hh par la cyclopamine dans les cellules C6 et les C6-GSC. Ainsi, la prodrogue en libérant la cyclopamine dans l'environnement tumoral devrait permettre de limiter l'étendue des effets de la drogue sur les cellules saines du cerveau.La voie Hh joue un rôle dans la régulation de la migration et de l'invasion des cellules de GBM. Mon équipe d'accueil a montré que le vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) régule la migration et l'invasion de deux lignées cellulaires M059K et M059J. Dans ce travail de thèse, les effets du VIP et de son analogue le pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide(PACAP) sur la migration et l'invasion des cellules C6 de rat et U87 humaines ont été étudiés. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les agonistes VIP, PACAP-38 et l'antagoniste synthétique VIP10-28 des récepteurs de ces peptides contrôlent la migration et l'invasion dans les deux lignées de GBM. Le VIP et le PACAP-38 inhibent l'invasion ex vivodes cellules C6 dans des coupes de cerveau. De plus, le VIP10-28 augmente la migration et l'invasion de ces cellules de façon PKA-, Akt- et Hh-dépendante. L'étude des voies detransduction impliquées dans l'action des neuropeptides sur la migration et l'invasion des GBM a ensuite été approfondie. Les données obtenues indiquent que le VIP et le PACAP diminuent le taux de la forme active nucléaire de la protéine GLI1 dans les cellules C6 et U87 de façon PKA-dépendante. Inversement, le VIP10-28 augmente l'expression de GLI1 dans les cellules C6 de façon Akt-dépendante. Enfin, nous avons constaté que le PACAP diminue la phosphorylation d'Akt dans les cellules C6 etaugmente celle de la protéine PTEN, en accord avec le rôle de ces kinases dans la régulation de la migration cellulaire et de l'activité GLI1. L'ensemble de ces résultats indique que le système VIP-récepteurs régule la migration et l'invasion par des interactions entre les voies PKA, Hh et Akt/PTEN dans les cellules de GBM. / The most aggressive form of glioma, primary brain tumors, is grade IV astrocytoma also called glioblastoma (GBM)...

Le syndrome cutané radio-induit (SCR) est une lésion cutanée spécifique secondaire à une irradiation localisée de forte dose, qui se caractérise par des douleurs importantes, des vagues inflammatoires extensives, un défaut de revascularisation et de cicatrisation. De nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques peuvent être envisagées pour la prise en charge de cette pathologie avec l'émergence récente des cellules souches mésenchymateuses. Ces cellules multipotentes ont des propriétés de transdifférenciation et de sécrétion de facteurs favorisant la régénération tissulaire. L'association de la chirurgie d'exérèse, des greffes de peau autologue et des injections de cellules souches autologues isolées à partir de la moelle osseuse (Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells ou BM-MSC) a confirmé ces hypothèses mais leur utilisation reste limitée à des cas de patients isolés.L'objectif de ce travail était d'optimiser la prise en charge du SCR par thérapie cellulaire pour l'étendre aux cas d'accidents de masse ou d'irradiation hétérogène associée.Les cellules souches dérivées du tissu adipeux (ASC pour Adipose tissue derived Stem Cells), plus abondantes que les BM-MSC et présentant des propriétés pro-angiogéniques, anti-apoptotiques et immunomodulatrices équivalentes voire supérieures, ont été choisies pour développer cet outil de thérapie cellulaire. La faisabilité de différentes stratégies thérapeutiques a été évaluée dans ce travail : la constitution de banques cellulaires autologues et allogéniques, une potentialisation des effets des ASC par thérapie génique transitoire et l'utilisation du sécrétome des ASC.La constitution de banques autologues ou allogéniques de cellules souches permet de pallier le délai d'obtention de greffons de taille suffisante en termes de quantité de cellules souches. Cette stratégie évaluée sur un modèle in vivo de miniporc a démontré la pertinence des banques d'ASC autologues mais a également mis en évidence les difficultés liées aux injections d'ASC allogéniques en particulier de type immunologique.La stratégie d'optimisation des ASC par manipulation ex vivo a pour but de potentialiser leurs effets par la sécrétion d'une protéine ad hoc impliquée dans les processus de réparation tissulaire et ainsi, de diminuer la quantité de cellules injectées et donc le temps de culture. La protéine sélectionnée dans ce travail est la protéine Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) décrite comme présentant des propriétés pro-angiogéniques et anti-apoptotiques. L'évaluation d'un protocole de thérapie génique transitoire utilisant des ASC transfectées par une construction plasmidique codant pour Shh (ASC-Shh) a montré la faisabilité de cette stratégie sur un modèle in vivo de miniporc.Les effets pro-angiogéniques de même que les effets du sécrétome des ASC et ASC-Shh sur des fibroblastes irradiés ont confirmé le rôle des facteurs paracrines des ASC dans la survie cellulaire et mis en évidence la potentialisation de leurs effets pro-angiogéniques par Shh. Ainsi l'utilisation du sécrétome des ASC ou ASC-Shh apparaît également comme une stratégie pertinente permettant de s'affranchir de la compatibilité donneur-receveur lors des greffes de cellules souches.Ces différentes techniques basées sur les cellules souches dérivées du tissu adipocytaire représentent donc des stratégies prometteuses pour la prise en charge du syndrome cutané radio-induit. / Cutaneous radiation syndrome (CRS) is a specific skin lesion caused by high dose local irradiation. It is characterized by severe pain, extensive inflammatory waves, incomplete revascularization and wound healing. For the last few years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have become a promising cell source for cell therapy. MSC are multipotent cells which can transdifferentiate and secrete many paracrine factors involved in tissue regeneration, and they may be considered as a new therapeutic strategy for the management of this pathology. This was confirmed by the results of works associating surgical resection, autologous skin graft and autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) injections, although the use of the latter remains limited to isolated cases of patients.The aim of this work was to optimize the management of CRS using stem cell therapy in order to extend it to mass casualties or associated heterogeneous irradiation.Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASC) were chosen to develop cell therapy as they are more abundant than BM-MSC and exhibit higher pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulation properties.The feasibility of different therapeutic strategies has been evaluated in this work: the establishment of autologous and allogeneic cell banks, potentiation of ASC effects by transient gene therapy and the use of ASC secretome.The constitution of autologous or allogeneic stem cell banks overcomes the cell expansion delay required to obtain stem cells of clinical quantity. This strategy was evaluated in an in vivo minipig model of CRS and the relevance of autologous ASC banks was shown but this study highlighted difficulties associated with allogeneic injections especially immunological ones.Here is also reported an ASC optimization by ex vivo manipulation that aims to decrease the amount of injected cells and culture time through the secretion of an ad hoc protein involved in tissue repair processes and thus to, decrease the amount of injected cells and therefore the culture time. The protein chosen was Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), known to be involved in pro-angiogenic and anti-apoptotic processes. The evaluation of a transient gene therapy protocol using ASC transfected with a plasmid construct encoding Shh (ASC-Shh) confirmed the feasibility of this strategy in the same minipig model of CRS.The pro-angiogenic effects as well as other effects of ASC and ASC-Shh secretome on irradiated fibroblasts have confirmed the role of ASC paracrine factors in cell survival and demonstrated potentiation of their pro-angiogenic effects by Shh. Thus the use of ASC or ASC-Shh secretome also appears as a relevant strategy to overcome the donor-recipient compatibility during stem cell transplants.These techniques based on adipose tissue derived stem cells represent promising strategies for the management of cutaneous radiation syndrome.