Orientador: Paulo Sergio Patto dos Santos / Banca: Valéria Nobre Leal de Souza Oliva / Banca: Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão / Resumo: Foram analisados os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e as variações do índice biespectral após a administração da infusão contínua de lidocaína em bezerros anestesiados com isofluorano sob ventilação controlada. Oito bezerros receberam infusão contínua de lidocaína (GL) ou salina 0,9% (GC). Após MPA com xilazina 0,05 mg/kg/IV e indução anestésica com quetamina 2mg/kg associada com midazolam o,1mg/kg, com os bezerros em decúbito lateral procedeu-se a intubação e administrou-se isofluorano 1,3%. Subsequentemente institui-se a VPPI com PPI de 15 cmH2O e fR de 6mpm. Decorridos 40 minutos sob anestesia com isofluorano com ventilação mecânica, aplicou-se lidocaína 2mg/kg e iniciou-se infusão contínua na taxa de 100 µg/kg/minuto (GL). Anotaram-se as variações da FC, PA, fR, SpO2, BIS e TR antes da MPA (MB) e 15 minutos após a MBA (MX) antes da administração da lidocaína (M0) e em intervalos de 20 minutos após o início da infusão dos fármacos (M20, M40, M60 e M80). As demais variáveis foram mensuradas a partir de M0. Após o final da infusão e desconexão, foram avaliados o período de tempo para a adoção de decúbito esternal e posição quadrupedal. Também foi mensurada a concentração sérica da lidocaína. A infusão continua de lidocaína não alterou as variáveis ventilométricas, hemogasométricas, índice biespectral e recuperação, porém diminuiu FC e IC. Conclui-se que apesar de ter causado redução da atividade cardíaca, a infusão contínua de lidocaína pode ser empregada como técnica anestésica em bezerros / Abstract: Cardiorespiratory effects and bispectral index were analised after continuous rate infusion of lidocaine in calves isoflurane-anesthetized under controlled ventilation. Eight calves received continuous rate infusion of lidocaine (LG) or saline 0.9% (CG). After premedication with xylazine 0.05 mg kg -1 IV and induction of anesthesia with ketamine 2 mg kg -1 associated with the midazolam, 1 mg kg -1 , with the calves in lateral recumbence preceded the intubation and was administered isoflurane 1.3%. IPPV was instituted with PIP of 15 cmH2O and RR of 6 beats min -1 . After 40 minutes with isoflurane anesthesia and mechanical ventilation was applied lidocaine 2 mg kg -1 and continuous rate infusion was started at a rate of 100 mg kg -1 min -1 (LG). Were recorded variations in HR, AP, fR, SPO2, BIS and RT before administration of premedication (MB) and 15 minutes after administration (MX) before administering lidocaine (M0) and every twenty minutes after the start of the infusion of drugs (M20, M40 M60 and M80).The other variables were measured from M0. After the end of infusion and disconnection, were evaluated the time to adopt sternal recumbency and standing position. Also measured the serum concentration of lidocaine. Continuous rate infusion of lidocaine did not change the ventilometry, blood gas, bispectral index and recovery, but decreased HR and CI. We conclude that although there was a reduction in cardiac activity, the continuous infusion of lidocaine may be used as anesthesia in calves / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-04-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000753346.pdf: 2831684 bytes, checksum: bbde898a2b47ef35ca4a44b595c5f7ea (MD5) / O útero, por ser o local de desenvolvimento do concepto, necessita de um exame criterioso, principalmente na avaliação e seleção de receptoras de embrião. A ultrassonografia Doppler permite uma avaliação não invasiva e em tempo real da hemodinâmica uterina. Em éguas, assim como em outras espécies, o útero sofre alterações fisiológicas ao longo do ciclo estral, reguladas pelos hormônios esteroidais, estrógeno (E2) e progesterona (P4), e por complexas interações entre fatores de crescimento locais secretados pelo útero. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a hemodinâmica uterina de éguas não gestantes, ao longo do ciclo estral, por meio da avaliação ultrassonográfica Doppler de vasos de pequeno calibre, presentes no endométrio, miométrio e mesométrio e correlacioná-la às concentrações plasmáticas dos hormônios esteroidais. Para tanto, 12 éguas não gestantes foram acompanhadas diariamente, durante o intervalo interovulatório, para avaliação do edema e da perfusão vascular uterina. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas diariamente para análise de E2 e P4, por radioimunoensaio. A hemodinâmica uterina apresentou um padrão ondular durante o ciclo estral, com uma diminuição da irrigação no dia da ovulação e no final do diestro, e um aumento no início do diestro e no estro. As concentrações plasmáticas de P4 e de E2 apresentaram correlação negativa e positiva, respectivamente, com a perfusão vascular uterina apenas durante o estro. É muito provável que os hormônios esteroidais estejam envolvidos na regulação da perfusão vascular uterina durante o ciclo estral. No entanto, há diversos fatores mediadores envolvidos neste processo, como a expressão de seus receptores e interações hormonais, que ainda precisam ser explorados / The uterus as the site of the conceptus development needs judicious examination, mainly for evaluation and selection of recipient mares. The Doppler ultrasound enables noninvasive evaluation in real-time of uterine hemodynamics. In mares, and also in other species, the uterus suffers physiological alterations during the estrous cycle, regulated by estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) hormones, and by complex interactions among local growth factors secreted by the uterus. The aim of this study was to characterize uterine hemodynamics of nonpregnant mares during the estrous cycle using Doppler ultrasonographic analysis in small vessels of the endometrium, myometrium and mesometrium, and correlate it to plasma concentrations of steroid hormones. For that purpose, 12 nonpregnant mares were daily followed, during interovulatory interval for evaluation of uterine edema and vascular perfusion. Blood samples were daily collected for analysis of plasma concentrations of steroid hormones using the radioimmunoassay technique. The uterine hemodynamics presented a wave shaped profile throughout the estrous cycle, with a decrease in the day of ovulation and last diestrous, and an increase in early diestrous and estrous. Negative and positive correlation between P4 and E2 plasma concentrations and uterine vascular perfusion, respectively, was found only during the estrous. The steroid hormones are probably involved in the uterine vascular perfusion regulation during the estrous cycle. However, there are also many mediated factors associated, such as expression of hormone receptors and hormonal interactions which still need to be investigated

Orientador: Heitor Moreno Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T16:25:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GazzotoFilho_Ademir_M.pdf: 876670 bytes, checksum: e7b954abb9a6ffd97c187bf6ceadaa8a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O óxido nítrico (NO) é um mediador biológico que atua como molécula chave em muitos processos fisiopatológicos, como a regulação do tônus vascular, neurotransmissão, aprendizado, memória, dentre outros. Por causa de sua importância e envolvimento nos mecanismos fisiológicos e patológicos, a sua regulação e síntese têm sido extensivamente estudadas. A inibição crônica do NO por administração via oral do inibidor inespecífico da NO-sintase, a nitro-L-arginina metil éster (L-NAME) resulta em cardiopatia hipertensiva em ratos. A hipertensão renovascular [dois rins e um clipe (2R1C)] e o diabetes melito (DM) associadas, induzem a anormalidades morfológicas semelhantes às descritas no modelo de cardiomiopatia induzida por L-NAME em ratos, mas seus efeitos hemodinâmicos ainda são controversos. O presente estudo avaliou a função cardíaca e vascular nestes dois modelos de cardiomiopatia após oito semanas de tratamento. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, divididos em 5 Grupos: Grupo Controle; Grupo L-NAME: 60mg/kg/dia de L-NAME; Grupo 2R1C: com estenose cirúrgica de artéria renal para indução de hipertensão arterial renovascular; Grupo DM: animais que receberam estreptozotocina (60 mg/kg intra-venoso), Grupo 2R1C+DM: animais submetidos à cirurgia para indução de hipertensão arterial renovascular e que receberam estreptozotocina. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: pressão arterial média (PAM), débito cardíaco (DC), resistência vascular periférica total (RVPT), dP/dt positivo e dP/dt negativo em coração isolado. Em todos os grupos foram encontrados aumento na PAM, RVPT e redução do DC depois de oito semanas em relação ao Grupo Controle. Os grupos L-NAME e 2R1C+DM apresentaram aumento na PAM (175,4±29,7 e 158,7±16,7 mmHg, respectivamente) e redução do DC após a oitava semana. A RVPT aumentou em ambos os grupos. Uma diminuição da dP/dt positiva foi observada no grupo 2R1C+DM (1895±98 mmHg/s, p<0,05) vs. Grupo Controle (2534±120 mmHg/s, p<0,05). A dP/dt negativa diminuiu nos grupos L-NAME e 2R1C+DM vs. Grupo Controle (1490±104 e 1460±94 mmHg/s, respectivamente vs. 2080±92 mmHg/s, p<0,05). O presente estudo demonstrou que, apesar das semelhanças morfológicas entre os grupos 2R1C+DM e L-NAME, este último não mimetiza as alterações hemodinâmicas dos modelos diabético-hipertenso renovascular associados em ratos. / Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a biological mediator that acts as a key molecule in many pathophysiological processes such as regulation of vascular tone, neurotransmission, learning, memory, and others. Because of its importance and involvement in physiological and pathological mechanisms, its regulation and synthesis have been extensively studied. Inhibition of NO by chronic oral administration of the nonspecific inhibitor of NO-synthase, the nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) results in hypertensive cardiomyopathy in rats. The renovascular hypertension [two kidneys and clip (2K1C)] and diabetes mellitus (DM) associated induce morphological abnormalities similar to those described in the model of cardiomyopathy induced by L-NAME in rats, but its hemodynamic effects are still controversial. This study evaluated the cardiac and vascular function in these two models of cardiomyopathy after eight weeks of treatment. We evaluate the following parameters: mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), total total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR), positive and negative dP/dt in isolated heart. In all groups were observed increased MAP, TPVR and reduced DC after eight weeks in the control group. Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: Control; L-NAME: 60mg/kg/day; 2K1C+DM: streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and one renal artery clipped. The following parameters were measured: mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR). Positive and negative dP/dt was also evaluated in an isolated heart. L-NAME and 2K1C+DM groups had increased MAP (175.4±29.7 and 158.7±16.7 mmHg, respectively) and reduced CO after the 8th week. TPVR was increased in both groups. A decrease in positive dP/dt was found in the 2K1C+DM (1895±98 mmHg/s, p<0.05) vs. Control group (2534±120 mmHg/s, p< 0.05). Negative dP/dt was decreased in the L-NAME and 2K1C+DM groups vs. Control group (1490±104 and 1460±94 mmHg/s, respectively vs. 2080±92 mmHg/s, p<0.05). Decrease in positive dP/dt 2R1C+DM group compared to Control. The negative dP/dt decreased in L-NAME and 2R1C+DM groups. This study demonstrated that despite the morphological similarities between 2K1C+DM and LNAME groups; the L-NAME group did not mimics the hemodynamic changes in hypertension n-diabetic- renovascular model associated in rats. / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia

Les hépatectomies majeures et la transplantation hépatique sont des procédures bien codifiées, qui induisent d'importantes modifications hémodynamiques au niveau du territoire splanchnique. Ces modifications surviennent pendant ainsi qu'après l'intervention, conséquence d'une augmentation importante du débit sanguin porte associé à une diminution du lit vasculaire du foie restant, aboutissant au syndrome small-for-size qui peut mettre en jeu le pronostic vital. Le but de ce travail était d'étudier les variations hémodynamiques splanchniques au cours des hépatectomies majeures et de la transplantation hépatique, à partir d'une étude clinique et expérimentale.Sur le plan expérimental, nous avons mis au point 2 modèles porcins d'hépatectomie étendue à 70% et 90% et 1 modèle de transplantation hépatique, ce qui nous a permis d'étudier les variations hémodynamiques splanchniques observées après ces procédures. Nous avons par la suite étudié et démontré les effets potentiellement bénéfiques de la perfusion de somatostatine au cours des hépatectomies étendues. Enfin, nous avons développé une nomenclature standardisée pour les modèles porcins de syndrome small-for-size.Sur le plan clinique, nous avons mis en évidence l'intérêt de l'évaluation peropératoire des variations hémodynamiques splanchniques par débitmétrie au cours de la transplantation hépatique pour la gestion des shunts splanchnico-systémiques. Nous avons développé un protocole de gestion des anomalies Doppler du flux artériel hépatique après transplantation hépatique, consistant en l'administration de vasodilatateurs systémiques chez les patients ayant une baisse des index de résistance hépatiques artériels dans les 6 mois après transplantation. Enfin, nous avons développé un protocole d'étude randomisée visant à évaluer l'intérêt de la somatostatine pour la prévention de la survenue d'ascite après hépatectomie pour carcinome hépatocellulaire / Major hepatectomies and liver transplantation represent well-established procedures, which induce dramatic hemodynamic changes at the splanchnic level. These changes occur during and after the procedure and are related to a major increase of portal blood flow combined with a decrease of downstream vascular bed, resulting in the small-for-size syndrome, which represents a life-threatening issue. The aim of the present work was to study the hemodynamic changes after major hepatectomy and liver transplantation from a clinical and experimental point of view. During our experimental study, we developed 2 porcine models of extended 70% and 90% hepatectomy and 1 model of liver transplant, which allowed us to study the hemodynamic changes that occurred after those procedures. We further studied and showed the potentially beneficial effects of somatostatin infusion after extended hepatectomy. Finally, we developed a standardized nomenclature for porcine models of small-for-size syndrome. During our clinical study, we raised the interest of an intraoperative assessment of splanchnic hemodynamic changes using flowmeter for the management of portosystemic shunts. We also developed a protocol for the management of hepatic arterial flow abnormalities following liver transplantation, consisting of the administration of systemic vasodilators in patients with decreased resistive index within 6 months after transplant. Finally, we developed a randomized trial protocol aiming to assess the interest of somatostatin for preventing postoperative ascites after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T14:35:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliaportelapereira.pdf: 1075188 bytes, checksum: b0fde288079dc06a3ccbf2930889c21f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T17:41:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliaportelapereira.pdf: 1075188 bytes, checksum: b0fde288079dc06a3ccbf2930889c21f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T17:41:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliaportelapereira.pdf: 1075188 bytes, checksum: b0fde288079dc06a3ccbf2930889c21f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes diagnosticados com hipertensão arterial resistente estão diretamente relacionados à pior prognóstico para mortalidade. Por outro lado, tem sido descrito que o treinamento físico é efetivo em diminuir os níveis pressóricos desses pacientes. Porém, os mecanismos norteadores desta redução pressórica provocada pela prática de exercícios físicos ainda não são conhecidos. Nesse sentido, os objetivos do presente estudo foram: 1) Verificar em pacientes hipertensos resistentes se a prática regular de atividades físicas e/ou exercícios físicos interferem nos valores de frequência cardíaca, volume sistólico ou resistência periférica total. 2) Testar a hipótese de que pacientes hipertensos resistentes fisicamente ativos apresentam menor resistência vascular periférica quando comparados a pacientes hipertensos resistentes sedentários. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados quatorze pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente fisicamente ativos (grupo Ativo; 66±7 anos) e quatorze pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente sedentários (grupo Sedentário; 57±8 anos), semelhantes quanto ao IMC (29,5±3,3 vs. 29,4±2,7 kg/m2, p=0,99), uso de medicamentos e comorbidades associadas. A pressão arterial (método auscultatório – Unitec®), frequência cardíaca (eletrocardiograma – DIXTAL® 2022), volume sistólico (batimento a batimento - Finometer Pró®) e fluxo sanguíneo do antebraço (pletismografia de oclusão venosa - Hokanson®) foram registrados por 5 minutos em repouso. A resistência vascular periférica foi calculada pela divisão da pressão arterial média pelo fluxo sanguíneo do antebraço. Foi considerado significativo valor de P menor ou igual a 0,05. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente fisicamente ativos apresentaram menores valores de pressão arterial sistólica (133 ±14 vs. 153 ± 19 mmHg, p<0,01) e pressão arterial diastólica (72 ± 6 vs. 83 ± 12 mmHg, p=0,01). Contemplando o primeiro objetivo, a redução significativa da frequência cardíaca no grupo ativo (64 ± 5 vs. 72 ± 12 bpm, p=0,03) foi o mecanismo responsável pela redução pressórica nesse grupo. Isso porque, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos Ativo e Sedentário para as medidas de volume sistólico (98 ± 26 vs. 108 ± 25 mL, respectivamente, p=0,32) e resistência periférica total (17 ± 6 vs. 16 ± 6 unidades, respectivamente, p=0,53). Com relação ao segundo objetivo, o fluxo sanguíneo do antebraço foi semelhante entre os grupos Ativo e Sedentário (2,9 ± 0,9 vs. 2,4 ± 0,9 ml/min/100ml, respectivamente, p=0,14). Porém, quando avaliada a resistência vascular periférica do antebraço, os hipertensos resistentes fisicamente ativos apresentaram valores significativamente menores quando comparados aos hipertensos resistentes sedentários (38 ± 14 vs. 52 ± 18 unidades, respectivamente, p=0,03). Além disso, pelo cálculo do d de Cohen, foi considerado tamanho do efeito elevado para as variáveis: pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, pelo método auscultatório; pressão arterial sistólica e média, pelo método oscilométrico; pressão arterial diastólica de 24 horas, pressão arterial diastólica no período da vigília e pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica no período do sono, pelo método ambulatorial; frequência cardíaca e resistência vascular periférica. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes diagnosticados com hipertensão arterial resistente quando fisicamente ativos possuem menor valor pressórico e frequência cardíaca quando comparados aos seus pares sedentários. Além disso, a função vascular periférica do antebraço é melhor nesses pacientes fisicamente ativos. / INTRODUCTION: Patients diagnosed with resistant hypertension are directly related to worse prognosis for mortality. On the other hand, it has been reported that physical training is effective in lowering the blood pressure in these patients. However, the guiding mechanisms of blood pressure reduction caused by physical exercise are not yet known. In this sense, the objectives of this study were: 1) Check in resistant hypertension patients to regular physical and / or exercise activities interfere in the values of heart rate, stroke volume, or total peripheral resistance. 2) To test the hypothesis that physically active resistant hypertensive patients have a lower peripheral vascular resistance when compared to sedentary resistant hypertensive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with hypertension physically active resistant (active group; 66 ± 7 years) and fourteen patients with hypertension resistant sedentary (Sedentary group; 57 ± 8 years), similar in BMI (29.5 ± 3.3 vs. 29.4 ± 2.7 kg / m2, p = 0.99), use of medications and comorbidities. Blood pressure (auscultation - Unitec®), heart rate (electrocardiogram - Dixtal® 2022), stroke volume (beat to beat - Finometer Pro®) and forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography - Hokanson®) were recorded for 5 minute at rest. Peripheral vascular resistance was calculated by dividing average blood pressure by forearm blood flow. It was considered significant P value less than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS: Patients with resistant hypertension physically active had lower systolic blood pressure (133 ± 14 vs. 153 ± 19 mmHg, p <0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (72 ± 6 vs. 83 ± 12 mmHg, p = 0.01). Contemplating the first goal, the significant reduction in heart rate in the active group (64 ± 5 vs 72 ± 12 bpm, p = 0.03) was the mechanism responsible for reducing blood pressure in this group. That's because there was no significant difference between the active and Sedentary groups for systolic volume measures (98 ± 26 vs. 108 ± 25 ml, respectively, p = 0.32) and total peripheral resistance (17 ± 6 vs. 16 ± 6 units, respectively, p = 0.53). Regarding the second objective, the forearm blood flow was similar between the active groups and Sedentary (2.9 ± 0.9 vs. 2.4 ± 0.9 ml / min / 100 ml, respectively, p = 0.14) . However, when evaluated peripheral vascular resistance forearm, physically resistant hypertension showed significantly lower asset values compared to sedentary resistant hypertension (38 ± 14 vs. 52 ± 18 units, respectively, p = 0.03). In addition, by calculating the Cohen d, it was considered high effect size for the variables: systolic blood pressure, diastolic and mean, by auscultation; systolic blood pressure and average at oscillometry; diastolic blood pressure 24 hours, diastolic blood pressure during the wakefulness period and systolic and diastolic blood pressure during sleep, the outpatient method; heart rate and peripheral vascular resistance. CONCLUSION: Patients diagnosed with resistant hypertension in physically active have lower blood pressure value and heart rate when compared to their sedentary peers. Furthermore, peripheral vascular function in these forearm is best physically active patients.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20980号 / 医博第4326号 / 新制||医||1026(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 原田 浩, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 横出 正之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Rate of readmission among hospitalized heart failure (HF) patients is used as an indicator of quality and efficiency of healthcare. A low sodium diet is a component of the accepted treatment for HF. Instruction by dietitians may help reduce dietary sodium without negatively affecting quality of life. The effect of low sodium diet education on hospital readmission within 30 and 45 days of discharge for HF patients (N=52) was conducted. Chi-square analysis determined education did not significantly affect remittance within 30 (P=.143) or 45 days (P=.474). Patients readmitted within 30 days were older (P=.005). Men were more likely to be readmitted than women within 30 (P=.021) and 45 days (P=.019). Higher NT-proBNP levels were observed in individuals readmitted within 30 (P=.011) and 45 days (P=.010). Low sodium diet education did not affect readmission but older age, male sex, and higher NT-proBNP values increased the rate of readmission.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23573号 / 医博第4787号 / 新制||医||1054(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 中本 裕士, 教授 花川 隆, 教授 湊谷 謙司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate increased cardiac output (Q) on oxygen kinetics at exercise intensities above and below the lactate threshold (LT). We hypothesized the increase in Q using head-out water immersion (HOI) while treadmill running would reduce the rate constant of the fast component and reduce the amplitude of the slow component of oxygen kinetics compared with land treadmill running. Subjects (n=10) performed two 6 min exercise bouts at a 15% below and above the LT on a land and underwater treadmill following rest. A single exponential equation [VO2(t) = VO2(b) + A1•(1-e-t/TC1] was used to evaluate VO2. The slow component at the end of exercise was estimated by subtracting (VO2(b) + A1) from the plateau. The mean LT for HOI running 1.80 ± .09 L • min-1 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than 2.15 ± 1.03 L • min-1 while running on the land. The Q during HOI exercise below and above the LT (16.5 ± 0.6 L • min-1, 18.0 ± 1.2 L • min-1) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the Q during exercise below and above the LT on land (11.5 ± 0.8 L • min-1, 13.0 ± 0.7 L • min-1). During HOI exercise below LT time to reach steady-state was delayed (8 ± 2 s). Exercise above LT showed similar phase one time constants for all exercise trials. The amplitude of the slow component was not influenced by HOI. As such, the increase in during HOI exercise did not hastening uptake kinetics.