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Many historians have acknowledged the temptation to portray people as they see themselves and wish to be seen, blending history and ideology. The result is "mythistory." Twentieth century Texas writers and historians, remarking upon the exceptional durability of the Texas mythistory that emerged from the nineteenth century, have questioned its resistance to revision throughout the twentieth century. By placing the writing of Texas history within the context of American and European intellectual climates and history writing generally, from the close of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth, it is possible to identify a pattern that provides some insight into the popularity and persistence of Texas mythistory.

This project examines the modern perception of ancient women, specifically through the creative (and often anachronistic) lens of film. All three women examined, Cleopatra VII, Livia Augusta, and Servilia Caepionis, all exemplify the modern influence on interpreting historical sources, resulting in all three becoming agents of feminism in their own times. Each woman did not culminate the probable influence they had in Roman society, but they are instead reflective of the patriarchal paradigms understood by 20th and 21st century audiences. The burgeoning feminist ideologies of the 20th century would influence the depictions of each character in an anachronistic fashion, distorting the actual control such figures had in history. While Elizabeth Taylor’s Cleopatra capitalized on youth and sexuality as tools of powers, Siân Phillips’ Livia emphasized age and experience to advance in patriarchal Rome. Servilia, however, was an older matron who had both the experience and the sexuality to control those around her. Whileeach figure approached it in very distinct methods, their common goal of changing Roman politics was reflective of the continued (and relatively unchanged) perception of ancient Roman women: as intelligent, yet dangerous, figures that served to derail patriarchal Roman politics. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Esta dissertação investiga a dita cientificidade do período dos estudos lingüísticos brasileiros na Questão da colocação pronominal a partir de aparatos teóricos do campo de pesquisa da Historiografia Lingüística. Constituíram o corpus principal de análise os textos gramaticais dos agentes: Mário Barreto (1879-1931), Alfredo Augusto Gomes (1859-1924), Maximino de Araújo Maciel (1865- 1923), Manuel Pacheco Silva Junior (1842-1899) & Lameira de Andrade (-), Eduardo Carlos Pereira (1855-1923), Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro 1839-1920, João Ribeiro (1860-1934), Júlio César Ribeiro (1845-1890) e Manuel Said Ali (1861-1953). As análises indicam que a recepção positiva às orientações entendidas como científicas: histórica e naturalista, para o tratamento da língua, localizava-se mais na retórica dessa geração do que propriamente no modo como o problema da colocação pronominal foi tratado lingüisticamente, pois observou-se nos textos um tratamento predominantemente pedagógico. A co-ocorrência de abordagens encontrada no modo como a Questão foi tratada por essa geração sugere a não presença absoluta de uma descrição de língua promovida pela nova corrente, por isso conclui-se que não seria adequado afirmar que a gramática realizada com a Questão, no período 1880-1920, foi científica. / This thesis studies the so-called scientificity of the period of Brazilian linguistic studies in the Issue of the use of pronouns from theoretical apparatuses of the Linguistic Historiography research area. Grammatical texts by the following have comprised the main corpus of the analysis: Mário Barreto (1879-1931), Alfredo Augusto Gomes (1859-1924), Maximino de Araújo Maciel (1865-1923), Manuel Pacheco Silva Junior (1842-1899) & Lameira de Andrade (-), Eduardo Carlos Pereira (1855-1923), Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro 1839-1920, João Ribeiro (1860-1934), Júlio César Ribeiro (1845-1890) and Manuel Said Ali (1861-1953). The analyses show that the positive welcome to guidelines seen as scientific: historical and naturalist, for treating the language, was mainly grounded in the rhetoric of that generation rather than in the manner the problem of the use of pronouns was linguistically treated, as a predominantly \'pedagogical\' treatment was seen in the texts. The co-occurrence of approaches found in the manner the Issue was dealt with by that generation suggests the absolute non-presence of a language description promoted by the new generation, therefore it is concluded that it would not be appropriate to state that the grammar carried out with the Issue, within the period from 1880 to 1920, was scientific.

Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo apresentar ao público brasileiro alguns aspectos principais da obra e da trajetória intelectual de Henri Hauser. Apesar de ser uma figura consideravelmente obscura nos circuitos acadêmicos nos dias de hoje, tanto no Brasil como na França, H. Hauser foi uma figura intelectual muito importante em seu tempo. Ele foi um autor de obra imensa e variada, de prestígio acadêmico e institucional, bastante engajado nas questões de seu tempo, homem de realizações. Este trabalho busca, portanto, descrever a trajetória intelectual de Hauser destacando a relação íntima entre seus engajamentos, sua obra e a realidade social, política, econômica e institucional de sua época. Para tanto, discutiu-se: as relações do autor com os preceitos da escola metódica francesa; a obra pioneira de história social e econômica de Hauser; as relações do autor com a geografia alemã e francesa; os engajamentos pessoais de Hauser, sobretudo aqueles que dizem respeito à resistência ao antissemitismo francês e a política cultural da França no Brasil; e a atuação de Hauser no Brasil, durante a vinda da missão francesa para a Universidade do Distrito Federal em 1936, salientando os textos em que o autor buscou explicar o Brasil para os franceses e o papel que Hauser teve na formação intelectual de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. Por fim, esboça-se uma explicação para o eclipse de Henri Hauser na história da historiografia francesa, a partir de uma revisão do discurso que os Annales fizeram de si próprios. / próprios. ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis aims to present the Brazilian public the main aspects of Henri Hausers scholarly work and intellectual path. Although H. Hauser is presently an obscure figure both in Brazil and in France, he was a prominent and well-known scholar in his time. Hauser authored significant and varied work recognized for its academic excellence. He was also deeply engaged in the issues of his time: a man of great achievements. Therefore, this study has the purpose of describing Hausers intellectual trajectory by highlighting the profound relationship amid his beliefs, his work, and the social, political, economic, and institutional matters relevant to his time. Hence, the following aspects have been discussed: the connections between the author and precepts of the French Historical Method; his pioneering work on social and economic history; Hausers engagement in German and French geography; his personal convictions, mainly the ones regarding the resistance to French antisemitism and the cultural policy of France in Brazil. In addition, this study seeks to investigate Hausers accomplishments during his visit to the University of the Federal District in 1936, emphasizing the essays in which the author attempts to explain Brazil to the French, as well as his influence in Sérgio Buarque de Holandas intellectual development. To conclude, an explanation to Henri Hausers eclipse in the history of French historiography is outlined from the discourse review the Annales made on themselves.

Esta dissertação investiga a dita cientificidade do período dos estudos lingüísticos brasileiros na Questão da colocação pronominal a partir de aparatos teóricos do campo de pesquisa da Historiografia Lingüística. Constituíram o corpus principal de análise os textos gramaticais dos agentes: Mário Barreto (1879-1931), Alfredo Augusto Gomes (1859-1924), Maximino de Araújo Maciel (1865- 1923), Manuel Pacheco Silva Junior (1842-1899) & Lameira de Andrade (-), Eduardo Carlos Pereira (1855-1923), Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro 1839-1920, João Ribeiro (1860-1934), Júlio César Ribeiro (1845-1890) e Manuel Said Ali (1861-1953). As análises indicam que a recepção positiva às orientações entendidas como científicas: histórica e naturalista, para o tratamento da língua, localizava-se mais na retórica dessa geração do que propriamente no modo como o problema da colocação pronominal foi tratado lingüisticamente, pois observou-se nos textos um tratamento predominantemente pedagógico. A co-ocorrência de abordagens encontrada no modo como a Questão foi tratada por essa geração sugere a não presença absoluta de uma descrição de língua promovida pela nova corrente, por isso conclui-se que não seria adequado afirmar que a gramática realizada com a Questão, no período 1880-1920, foi científica. / This thesis studies the so-called scientificity of the period of Brazilian linguistic studies in the Issue of the use of pronouns from theoretical apparatuses of the Linguistic Historiography research area. Grammatical texts by the following have comprised the main corpus of the analysis: Mário Barreto (1879-1931), Alfredo Augusto Gomes (1859-1924), Maximino de Araújo Maciel (1865-1923), Manuel Pacheco Silva Junior (1842-1899) & Lameira de Andrade (-), Eduardo Carlos Pereira (1855-1923), Ernesto Carneiro Ribeiro 1839-1920, João Ribeiro (1860-1934), Júlio César Ribeiro (1845-1890) and Manuel Said Ali (1861-1953). The analyses show that the positive welcome to guidelines seen as scientific: historical and naturalist, for treating the language, was mainly grounded in the rhetoric of that generation rather than in the manner the problem of the use of pronouns was linguistically treated, as a predominantly \'pedagogical\' treatment was seen in the texts. The co-occurrence of approaches found in the manner the Issue was dealt with by that generation suggests the absolute non-presence of a language description promoted by the new generation, therefore it is concluded that it would not be appropriate to state that the grammar carried out with the Issue, within the period from 1880 to 1920, was scientific.

This thesis challenges one of the fundamental assumptions about Rome's political upheaval in the third century CE. This period is conventionally defined by the growing political influence of the army at the expense of the Senate, after the Severan emperors made it clear that their hold on power rested on military support. The soldiers would grow bolder in asserting their position, eventually coming to overthrow emperors at will. I present a broad reassessment of the evidence for a historical model which derives from the narratives of two contemporary witnesses, Cassius Dio and Herodian. Dio is the subject of my first discussion. I address two problems. Firstly, Dio's contemporary history survives only through Byzantine epitomes and excerpts. Its irreparable alteration means that Dio's later books cannot be treated in their own terms, but have to be contextualised against the wider thematic framework of his thousand-year account. Secondly, I turn to Dio himself. Within that framework, Dio presents himself as the ideal senatorial historian. In doing so, he is able to define a uniform senatorial experience, which excludes everything else as deriving from military corruption. An analysis of Herodian follows, also in two parts. The first analyses Herodian's construction of Roman society into three constituent parts, Senate, army and people. I show how these simplistically homogenous social units allow Herodian to explore imperial character, even as they cause inconsistencies in his political narrative. I then address Herodian's account of Maximinus Thrax. This narrative has been presented as the historical culmination of the army taking over politically. I argue instead that it represents the climax of Herodian's rhetorical scheme. Overall, the model of political conflict is built on two contemporary accounts which have specific reasons to simplify matters in their presentation of political activity. In order to understand the nature of political change in this period, I argue that it is necessary to move beyond them.

Esta tese de doutorado tem como objetivo apresentar ao público brasileiro alguns aspectos principais da obra e da trajetória intelectual de Henri Hauser. Apesar de ser uma figura consideravelmente obscura nos circuitos acadêmicos nos dias de hoje, tanto no Brasil como na França, H. Hauser foi uma figura intelectual muito importante em seu tempo. Ele foi um autor de obra imensa e variada, de prestígio acadêmico e institucional, bastante engajado nas questões de seu tempo, homem de realizações. Este trabalho busca, portanto, descrever a trajetória intelectual de Hauser destacando a relação íntima entre seus engajamentos, sua obra e a realidade social, política, econômica e institucional de sua época. Para tanto, discutiu-se: as relações do autor com os preceitos da escola metódica francesa; a obra pioneira de história social e econômica de Hauser; as relações do autor com a geografia alemã e francesa; os engajamentos pessoais de Hauser, sobretudo aqueles que dizem respeito à resistência ao antissemitismo francês e a política cultural da França no Brasil; e a atuação de Hauser no Brasil, durante a vinda da missão francesa para a Universidade do Distrito Federal em 1936, salientando os textos em que o autor buscou explicar o Brasil para os franceses e o papel que Hauser teve na formação intelectual de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. Por fim, esboça-se uma explicação para o eclipse de Henri Hauser na história da historiografia francesa, a partir de uma revisão do discurso que os Annales fizeram de si próprios. / próprios. ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis aims to present the Brazilian public the main aspects of Henri Hausers scholarly work and intellectual path. Although H. Hauser is presently an obscure figure both in Brazil and in France, he was a prominent and well-known scholar in his time. Hauser authored significant and varied work recognized for its academic excellence. He was also deeply engaged in the issues of his time: a man of great achievements. Therefore, this study has the purpose of describing Hausers intellectual trajectory by highlighting the profound relationship amid his beliefs, his work, and the social, political, economic, and institutional matters relevant to his time. Hence, the following aspects have been discussed: the connections between the author and precepts of the French Historical Method; his pioneering work on social and economic history; Hausers engagement in German and French geography; his personal convictions, mainly the ones regarding the resistance to French antisemitism and the cultural policy of France in Brazil. In addition, this study seeks to investigate Hausers accomplishments during his visit to the University of the Federal District in 1936, emphasizing the essays in which the author attempts to explain Brazil to the French, as well as his influence in Sérgio Buarque de Holandas intellectual development. To conclude, an explanation to Henri Hausers eclipse in the history of French historiography is outlined from the discourse review the Annales made on themselves.

Period of the Independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1918–1940 is associated with the beginning of the process of institutionalization of national Lithuanian historical science. The object of this dissertation is the community of historians of the independent Lithuania during 1918–1940 and the beginning of its professionalization. The main problem analyzed in this dissertation is the group of people who composed the community of historians. The main aim is to reveal the composition of the community of historians of 1918−1940 Lithuania and the features of its professionalization. The author sets the following tasks to be explored: education of historians, conditions for the obtaining of qualification, social aspects of collective biography (territorial and social origin, ethnical and confessional dependence, factor of gender) and its influence on the professionalization of historians, age groups and the problems of intercourse between the generations of historians, ideological creeds and competition inside the historical field, professional structure – work, activity and membership of historians in the scientific organizations and means of their subsistence. According to the following criterions of selection − how many historians had lived and worked in 1918–1940 Lithuania, gained the education as historians and published their works on the subject of history, the community of historians consists of 52 persons.12 (23 %) of them had the lectureship in Vytautas Magnus... [to full text] / 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos Respublikos nepriklausomybės laikotarpis sietinas su nacionalinio Lietuvos istorijos mokslo institucionalizacijos proceso pradžia. Šios disertacijos tyrimo objektas − nepriklausomos Lietuvos istorikų bendrija ir istorijos mokslo profesionalizacijos pradžia. Pagrindinė nagrinėjama problema – žmonės sudarę aptariamojo laikotarpio istorikų bendriją, kurie modernios nacionalinės istoriografijos formavimosi pradžioje ėmėsi istorijos tyrimų. Keliamas klausimas kas juos siejo ar skyrė. Disertacijos tikslas - išanalizuoti 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos istorikų bendrijos sudėtį ir profesionalizacijos ypatybes. Keliami uždaviniai ištirti istorikų: specialybės išsilavinimą, kvalifikacijos kėlimo aplinkybes, atskleisti socialinių kolektyvinės biografijos aspektų (teritorinės ir socialinės kilmės, etninės ir konfesinės priklausomybės, lyties ir šeimos faktoriaus) poveikį istorikų profesionalizacijai, amžiaus grupes ir kartų santykių problemas, ideologines pažiūras ir konkurencinę kovą ,,istorikų lauke‘‘, profesinę struktūrą – darbą, veiklą ir narystę istorijos mokslo institucijose ir istorikų pragyvenimo šaltinius. Tyrime nepriklausomos Lietuvos istorikų bendriją sudaro 52 asmenys. Šio darbo naujumas ryškiausiai matosi mėginant pasirinkus atrankos kriterijų, nustatyti profesionalių nepriklausomos Lietuvos istorikų skaičių, socialinę bendrijos struktūrą išskiriant jų grupes bei apibrėžiant šios bendrijos ,,ribas“. Istorikų ,,bendrijų” studijos praplečia istoriografijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The Swedish photographer and artist Eva Klasson, based in Paris in the 1970s, gained attention for her series of black-and-white photography of her own naked body, which opened up for an international artistic career in the late 1970s. Despite a promising career she however abandoned photography and disappeared from the artistic sphere only a few years after her debut. There has been a renewed interest in Klasson’s work in Sweden the last decade where she has been exhibited at museums and galleries. Today she is represented at art museums and institutions including Moderna Museet, The Modern Museum of Art, in Stockholm. She is now presented as a pioneer and a forerunner to the later generation of Swedish women artists working with photo based art and staged photography in the 1990s. This historiographical study revisits Klasson’s work, career and reception in order to examine the prevalent understanding of the artist and her work. There is limited previous research on Klasson. This empirical study is therefore based on Klasson’s works that I have examined first hand at Moderna Museet and Borås konstmuseum. By tracing Klasson’s career and examining the contemporary reception in France and in Sweden one can see that Klasson not only enjoyed wider attention in France than in Sweden but also that she was received and understood differently in the two countries. Today’s prevalent reading of Klasson is to a large extent based on the contemporary reception, which disregards important aspects of her work. By discussing Klasson’s body of work in relation to photography of similar subject matter and aesthetics it become clear that one cannot only discuss her work in terms of photography. It is evident that Klasson’s work comprises of subtle elements that have largely been ignored so far. The prevalent understanding of Klasson also shows to be based on a narrow selection of her work. I argue that Klasson’s working method and artistic expression is formulaic. This becomes evident in the examination of her artist book, Le troisième angle (1976), which set off her artistic career. The artist’s book also forms a background against which this artistic project originally had been formulated and brings new light to Klasson and her work. Her two following series, Ombilic (1977) and Parasites (1978), are modeled on the artist’s book. Therefore these three series, following the same strategy, must be regarded in relation to one another. Furthermore I argue that one needs to pay attention to all parts of her artistic production that together comprise the works. In doing so, this essay, with its historiographical scope, suggests and opens up to new and alternative readings of Klasson’s work.