The objective of this research is double: 1) to study the factors associated with the problems of quality with drinking water on the physicochemical and biological level in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Benin ; 2)to study its relationships with public health. The goal is to bring on one hand, the tools of improvement to the quality of water and public health in this commune. In addition, to contribute to the reduction of the rate of morbidity and mortality generated by the diseases related to drinking water contamination in this locality Methods: For the purpase of this study, we made a preliminary investigation in the municipality (households 55898 and almost all the households have the traditional wells). In the same way the information provided by the National Society of Water in Benin gave the indications on the level koverage of drinkable water conveyance of the commune. This study carried out within a general logical framework of the durable development based on an DPSIR analysis in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi of the Atlantic district in Benin made it possible to provide information on the main sources of contamination of the drinking water. We also carried out a random sampling of 110 wells and 110 households by taking account into the geographical distribution of the households in the commune. We selected 60 taps and 60 households by random sampling for those using water drink distributed by the national Society of Water in Benin. In each zone or district, three households consuming either well water or tap water were drawn randomly. A retrospective study on the number of cases of the hydrous diseases and other symptoms of hydrous diseases was carried out by consultation of medical registers of the commune from 2007 to 2009. Cases of diarrhoeas used as basic variable of health were compared with the other cases of hydrous diseases available in the files. Results: The results show that: the most al the well water taken in the households has temperatures beyond the recommendation of the World Health Organization (25 °C) and 98.2 % have a pH below the normal which is 6.5 to 8.5. We note a strong mercury and cadmium, complete iron, aluminum, nitrate nitrite pollution of the sampled wells (n=110) which is respectively 32.73%, 11.82%,10%, 43.64%, 6.36% and 14.55%. The results of the bacteriological analysis of water revealed that the totality of the wells is contaminated. The germs identified during the analysis of the well water are: Escherichia coli, fecal streptococcus species, bacterial salmonella ,Shigella , Clostridium perfringens, staphylococcus species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Most frequent among these germs are: Escherichia coli (100%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (97.27%), bacterial salmonella and Shigella (96,36%) with regard to the coliformes and enterobacteries. As for the cocci with Gram (+) they are staphylococcus species (97.27%) and the fecal streptococcus (88.18%). It is useful to stress that all the wells are strongly contaminated by Clostridium perfringens (95.45%). The differences between the respective prevalence of parasitic coprology, uroculture, diarrhoeas, pains abdominal and saddles bloody for exposed (45.4%, 71.8%, 76.4% and 59.1%) : those who consume the water of wells not exposed (8.3%, 1.7%,13.3%, 16.7): those who consume tap water, are statistically significant (p<0.001). For diarrhoeas according to the characteristics of the people reached of hydrous diseases and other symptoms of hydrous diseases we have: • in 2007: - 18.9 %, 20%, 35,1% and 33.9 % of the patients respectively between 0 at 3 year, more 3 at 5 year more 5 at 55 year and more 55 at 85 years had presented diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05); - 45.2% of those which made an ascariasis had presented the diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference; - 87.7 % of those which presented a salmonellose made the diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference; - 52.2% those which presented gastro-enteritis had presented diarrhoea with a statistically significant difference; - and finally other infections found not being correlated with the variable diarrhoea, just as the profession, educational level and sex. • in 2008: - 40.5% of those which make the diarrhoeas present an ascariasis with a statistically significant difference; - 40 % of those which make the diarrhoeas present an amoebiasis with a statistically significant difference; - 43.5% of the subjects which make the diarrhoeas present anaemias with a statistically significant difference. • in 2009 - 74.2%, 67.8%, 46.9%, 71.4% of those which make the diarrhoeas are respectively not provided education for, of primary education, secondary level and of higher level with a statistically significant difference; - 74.7%, 62.5%, 55.6%, 45.8% of those which make the diarrhoeas are respectively without profession, of the workmen, tradesmen and of the civils servant with a statistically significant difference; - 81.7 % of those which make the diarrhoeas present a salmonellose with a statistically significant difference; - 90% those which make the diarrhoeas present an amoebiasis with a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: This study had enabled us to demonstrate that well water with domestic use in the municipality of Abomey-Calavi in Benin is of public health concern insofar as most of the wells were contaminated with in particular an incidence of 17,4% diarrhoeas. It arose that the problem of the availability of drinking water continued to be a major concern for the population. It is urgent to implement suitable technical provisions in order to improve the access to drinkable water in this community. As the drinkable water supply is a public prerogative, the authority which they came within province of health, hydraulics, or political world should develop anet work of terminals fountains of drillings equipped with pumps with arm for the water supply of good quality,a regional planning to avoid pathologies of hydrous origin and to improve health and water quality for the inhabitant in this commune. /L’objectif de cette recherche est double : 1) étudier les facteurs associés à la problématique de la qualité de l’eau de boisson sur le plan physico-chimique et biologique dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi au Bénin ; 2) étudier ses liens avec la santé de la population. Le but est d’apporter d’une part, les outils d’amélioration à la qualité de l’eau et à la santé des populations dans cette commune. D’autre part, de contribuer à la réduction du taux de morbidité et de mortalité engendrée par les maladies liées à la contamination de l'eau de boisson dans cette commune. Méthodes: Pour la réalisation de cette étude, nous avons fait une enquête préliminaire dans la commune qui nous a permis d’avoir une idée sur le nombre de ménages (55898) et de constater que presque tous les ménages disposent des puits traditionnels. De même les renseignements fournis par la Société Nationale des Eaux du Bénin ont donné les indications sur le niveau de couverture d’adduction d’eau potable de la commune. Cette étude réalisée dans un cadre logique général du développement durable basé sur une analyse DPSIR dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi du département de l’Atlantique au Bénin, a permis de fournir des informations sur les principales sources d’eau de boisson. Nous avons également procédé à un tirage aléatoire de 110 puits et de 110 ménages en tenant compte de la répartition géographique des ménages de la commune. Nous avons sélectionné 60 robinets et 60 ménages par tirage aléatoire pour ceux qui sont alimentés par l’eau de boisson distribuée par la société nationale des eaux du Bénin. Dans chaque zone ou quartier, trois ménages consommant de l’eau de puits ont été tirés au hasard et ensuite un puits et robinet ont été tirés au sort parmi les puits et robinets de ces 3 ménages. L’étude rétrospective sur le nombre de cas des maladies hydriques et autres symptômes de maladies hydriques a été réalisée par consultation de registres sanitaires de la commune de 2007 à 2009. Les cas de diarrhées utilisés comme variables principales de santé ont été comparés aux autres cas de maladies hydriques dont les données étaient disponibles dans les dossiers. Résultats : Les résultats avaient montré que : la quasi-totalité des eaux de puits prélevées dans les ménages avaient des températures au-delà de la recommandation fixée par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé qui était de 25 °C et 98,2 % avait un pH en dessous de la normale qui était de 6,5 à 8,5. Sur les 110 puits prélevés, nous avions noté une forte pollution en nitrites en nitrates, en aluminium, en fer total, en cadmium et en mercure qui étaient respectivement de 32,73%, 11,82%,10%, 43,64%, 6,36% et 14,55% . Les résultats de l’analyse bactériologique des eaux avaient révélé que la totalité des puits prélevés étaient contaminés. Les germes indice de pollution bactériologique que nous avions identifiés au cours de l’analyse de l’eau de puits étaient : Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella Spp ,Shigella Spp ,Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Les plus fréquents parmi ces germes étaient : Escherichia coli (100%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (97,27%) , Salmonella Spp et Shigella Spp (96,36%) en ce qui concernait les coliformes et entérobactéries. Quant aux cocci à Gram(+) il s’agissait des Staphylococcus aureus (97,27%) et des streptococcus faecalis (88,18%). Il était utile de souligner que tous les puits étaient fortement contaminés par le Clostridium perfringens (95,45%). Les différences entre les prévalences respectives de coprologie parasitaire, uroculture, diarrhées, douleurs abdominales et selles sanguinolentes chez les exposés (45,4%, 71,8%, 76,4% et 59,1%) c’est-à-dire ceux qui consommaient l’eau de puits et chez les non exposés (8,3%, 1,7%, 13,3%, 16,7) c’est-à-dire ceux qui consommaient l’eau de robinet étaient statistiquement significatives (p<0,001). Pour le pourcentage de diarrhées en fonction des caractéristiques des personnes atteintes de maladies hydriques et autres symptômes de maladies hydriques nous avions : • en 2007 : - 18,9 % ; 20% ; 35,1% et 33,9 % des patients respectivement entre 0 à 3 ans, plus de 3 ans à 5 ans plus de 5 à 55 ans et plus de 55 à 85 ans avaient présenté de la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative (p<0,05); - 45,2% de ceux qui faisaient une ascaridiose avaient présenté la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 87,7 % de ceux qui présentaient une salmonellose avaient présenté de la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative ; -52,2% de ceux qui présentaient une gastro-entérite avaient présenté de la diarrhée avec une différence statistiquement significative ; - et enfin les autres infections trouvées n’étant pas corrélé avec la variable diarrhée, de même que le niveau d’instruction, la profession et le sexe. • en 2008 : - 40,5% de ceux qui présentaient une ascaridiose avaient présenté les diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 40 % de ceux qui présentaient une amibiase avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative ; - 43,5% des sujets qui présentaient des anémies avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative. • en 2009 : - 74,2% ; 67,8% ; 46,9% ; 71,4% de ceux qui étaient respectivement non scolarisé, de niveau primaire, secondaire et de niveau supérieur avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 74,7% ; 62,5% ; 55,6% ; 45,8% de ceux qui étaient respectivement sans profession, des ouvriers, commerçants et des fonctionnaires avaient présenté des diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative; - 81,7 % de ceux qui présentaient une salmonellose présentaient les diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative ; - 90% ceux qui présentaient une amibiase avient présenté les diarrhées avec une différence statistiquement significative. Conclusion : Cette étude nous a permis de noter à travers les résultats obtenus que la qualité des eaux de puits à usage domestique dans la commune d’Abomey-Calavi au Bénin pose un problème de santé publique dans la mesure où l’ensemble des puits sont contaminés avec une incidence notamment de diarrhées de 17,4%. Il ressort que le problème de la disponibilité de l’eau potable continue d’être une préoccupation majeure pour la population. Il est urgent de mettre en œuvre des dispositions techniques appropriées afin d’améliorer l’accès à l’eau potable dans cette communauté. Comme l’alimentation en eau potable est une prérogative publique, les autorités qu’elles soient du domaine de la santé, de l’hydraulique, ou du monde politique doivent développer l’installation de bornes fontaines, l’implantation de forages équipés de pompes à bras pour l’alimentation en eau de bonne qualité , l’aménagement du territoire dans cette commune pour éviter les pathologies d’origine hydrique et améliorer la santé et la qualité de l’eau pour les habitants.

The thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines the effects of interregional migration on gross earnings in married and cohabiting couples. In particular, we examine the link between education level and income gains. We find that pre-migration education level is a key determinant of migration and economic outcomes and is also a determinant of the effect of migration on income distribution within the household. The positive average effect on household earnings is largely explained by income gains among highly-educated males. Females generally experience no significant income gain from migration in absolute terms. Paper [II] analyzes the effect of the spouse’s education on individual earnings. In this study, we control for time-invariant heterogeneity that may be correlated with the spouse’s education level and use a rich data set that includes observations of individuals when they are single and when they are married. The results support the hypothesis of cross-productivity for both males and females. Furthermore, couples with education within the same field experience even larger effects. In Paper [III] we aim to study how the spouse’s productivity in the labor market affects one’s own individual earnings when married. Using longitudinal data on individuals as both single and married allows us to estimate the spouses’ productivity as single persons and thereby avoid problems of endogeneity between the two spouses’ labor market performances. Productivity is approximated with residuals from estimates of pre-marriage earnings equations. Results indicate that there are negative effects of the spouse’s productivity on individual earnings for both males and females, and that this effect appears to be enhanced by the duration of the marriage. Paper [IV] studies spousal matching on earnings for females in secondorder marriages. We aim to follow women who marry, divorce, and subsequently remarry compared with females who marry and stay married over the course of the study interval. Overall, we find significant positive correlations for all three of the marital partitions. The correlation tends to be smaller for the first of a sequence of marriages for women who divorce than for women who marry and stay so. For the second of the successive marriages, however, the correlation of the residuals is larger than that for women who marry but once.

Storage is an important part of the background in many archaeological studies of the origins of early complex societies. Yet, a problem with many of these studies of formation and change in complex societies is that the social significance of storage is assumed rather than demonstrated. In this dissertation, I examine the practice of storage in three regions of prehistoric Korea and its relationship with socio-political structural changes. I analyze the distribution of storage artifacts and features such as pits, large-capacity pottery, and raised-floor structures in the context of their spatial relationships with other archaeological features and elite precincts at the household and settlement levels. The archaeological features used for storage in the Mumun Pottery Period (3390-2290 calibrated years B.P.) changed in form diachronically and show that underground pit storage remained constant during the period of study and that clandestine storage was not completely replaced by above-ground visible storage. Elite actors seem to have had some influence on the nature of storage in at least two central settlements, Daepyeong I and II and Songguk-ri, but appear to have been unable to completely control stored agricultural surplus in the two settlements and had little control over the surrounding areas.

Storage is an important part of the background in many archaeological studies of the origins of early complex societies. Yet, a problem with many of these studies of formation and change in complex societies is that the social significance of storage is assumed rather than demonstrated. In this dissertation, I examine the practice of storage in three regions of prehistoric Korea and its relationship with socio-political structural changes. I analyze the distribution of storage artifacts and features such as pits, large-capacity pottery, and raised-floor structures in the context of their spatial relationships with other archaeological features and elite precincts at the household and settlement levels. The archaeological features used for storage in the Mumun Pottery Period (3390-2290 calibrated years B.P.) changed in form diachronically and show that underground pit storage remained constant during the period of study and that clandestine storage was not completely replaced by above-ground visible storage. Elite actors seem to have had some influence on the nature of storage in at least two central settlements, Daepyeong I and II and Songguk-ri, but appear to have been unable to completely control stored agricultural surplus in the two settlements and had little control over the surrounding areas.

Waste generation is an unavoidable product of man’s activities, however, sustainable management of such waste is a challenge faced in many countries today. Nigeria, a developing country in Africa, has been in a quandary of how to efficiently manage the municipal solid waste its population generates. Many states in the country lack adequate plans and infrastructure required for efficient and sustainable management of municipal solid waste. For Lagos, the most populous and popular state in Nigeria, the problem is further compounded by its rather large and still increasing population. In this research, Lagos is taken as a case study; the extant trend for solid waste handling in households, trends in the formal and informal sector as regards solid waste management from household collection to final disposal are focused upon. Many countries, particularly the developed ones, have employed options in the waste management hierarchy for sustainable management of their municipal solid waste and the blend of options employed is usually highly dependent on local factors. Following the waste management hierarchy, possible options for sustainable municipal solid waste management in Lagos are discussed. It is concluded that waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting are potential management options for the state. Landfilling will remain an important option for final disposal but reliance on this method could be significantly reduced if management options are exploited to the maximum in a sustainable solid waste management structure.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 134-157.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-173). University of Wisconsin, Madison login ID required. Also available on the Internet.

Diss. Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 2000. / Typescript. References cited: p. 227-254.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 2000. / Comprend des réf. bibliogr.