Abstract Not Provided. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what relation house prices have with regional migration in Sweden, with the interest of the study being to investigate how regional migration is affected by differentials in house prices and to see how it has affected migration choices for labor, and, to see if this relationship differed in 2007 and 2017. Theories surrounding regional house prices, regional migration, regional labor mobility, commuting, and accessibility are used to lay the foundation and support the empirical method. The regressions are run using cross-sectional data for the years 2007 and 2017. Whilst the literature review suggests that average house prices should have a negative relation towards in-migration, the conducted regression showcases a positive relation towards in-migration. Furthermore, the study concludes that there are many different variables that can affect regional migration. The results show that the effect of house prices has become weaker in the year 2017 compared to 2007, which could showcase that individuals have changed how they approach migration decision.

The thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines the effects of interregional migration on gross earnings in married and cohabiting couples. In particular, we examine the link between education level and income gains. We find that pre-migration education level is a key determinant of migration and economic outcomes and is also a determinant of the effect of migration on income distribution within the household. The positive average effect on household earnings is largely explained by income gains among highly-educated males. Females generally experience no significant income gain from migration in absolute terms. Paper [II] analyzes the effect of the spouse’s education on individual earnings. In this study, we control for time-invariant heterogeneity that may be correlated with the spouse’s education level and use a rich data set that includes observations of individuals when they are single and when they are married. The results support the hypothesis of cross-productivity for both males and females. Furthermore, couples with education within the same field experience even larger effects. In Paper [III] we aim to study how the spouse’s productivity in the labor market affects one’s own individual earnings when married. Using longitudinal data on individuals as both single and married allows us to estimate the spouses’ productivity as single persons and thereby avoid problems of endogeneity between the two spouses’ labor market performances. Productivity is approximated with residuals from estimates of pre-marriage earnings equations. Results indicate that there are negative effects of the spouse’s productivity on individual earnings for both males and females, and that this effect appears to be enhanced by the duration of the marriage. Paper [IV] studies spousal matching on earnings for females in secondorder marriages. We aim to follow women who marry, divorce, and subsequently remarry compared with females who marry and stay married over the course of the study interval. Overall, we find significant positive correlations for all three of the marital partitions. The correlation tends to be smaller for the first of a sequence of marriages for women who divorce than for women who marry and stay so. For the second of the successive marriages, however, the correlation of the residuals is larger than that for women who marry but once.

South Africa has been seriously affected by the HIV and Aids pandemic, with the agricultural sector being no exception (Zvomuya, 2005: 33). The Department of Health (DOH, 2007: 4) identified that inadequate health care capacity particularly in rural areas is one of the factors contributing to the disproportionate provision of good quality care and targeted development. Therefore, in South Africa, the farming community is one of the sectors with disproportionate provision of health care especially in HIV management. Among the farming communities in general, awareness, treatment and prevention has been utilized as components of a strategy intended to empower the farm employers and employees (Zvomuya, 2005: 33). The objective of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of the farming community on HIV and Aids. A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research design was followed to explore and describe the perceptions of the farming community on HIV and Aids in the Limpopo Province. The study the population consisted of the farm owner, farm managers and farm employees both males and females above the age of eighteen (18) years in the Limpopo Province. A purposive sampling method and a convenient sampling were used in this study. The researcher used in- depth one on one interviews to collect data so as to explore and describe the perceptions of the farming community on HIV and Aids and field notes were taken. Data was analysed according to Tesch’s analysis method. Categories, sub categories and themes were identified and verified by means of literature control. The following seven categories were identified and described: Emotions linked to HIV and Aids, individual characteristics and experiences, behavior cognition and affect, human resource issues, lack of recreational facilities, health care needs, and support as a health promotion strategy. The researcher recommended that educational programmes such as effective risk reducing programmes and awareness, as well as support structures, should be made available to all farming community. Due to the scarcity of information on HIV and Aids in the farming community, a variety of methods like audio visual media in a form of radio and television and printed media in a form of posters, charts, pamphlets and booklets can be used to disseminate the knowledge. However, this knowledge is not limited to hosting educational sessions, training workshops, community meetings, focus groups, and wellness programs by peer educators and community leaders. Based on the above recommendations, further research in other areas to explore the perceptions of the farming community on HIV and Aids in depth is relevant. In conclusion, regular training on HIV and Aids is therefore crucial given that the findings of this study showed that, despite the HIV awareness campaigns going on in South Africa, some segments of the population do not get the message, specifically the farming community. The universal access of health care services which most of us take for granted are not accessible in the farming community due to their long working hours and the fact that the mobile clinics which use to provide basic PHC (primary health care) services were no longer coming. / Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Nursing Science / unrestricted

In the past studies covering 1965-90, it is observed that net migration was from villages and district centers towards province centers. Although the net migration trend throughout the period was almost constant for the villages and the province centers, the role of the district centers changed in later periods. Previously, the district centers were transient settlements in terms of net migration with resultant almost zero net migration. However, in later years, they began to have net out-migration in significantly increasing numbers, because net in-migration from the villages decreased and net out-migration to the province centers increased. The increase in the net migration from district centers to province centers and the gradual loss of the importance of the district centers (towns) occurred not only in Turkey but also in the other developing countries, especially in 1990&amp / #8217 / s. The aim of this thesis is to study the net migration trends and patterns of the three different settlement types namely, province centers, district centers and villages of Turkey during 1985-90. In this study, the descriptive analyses which were carried out on the net migration rates of the provinces and three settlement types clearly indicate the regional disparities between west-east and south-north of Turkey. For all of the three settlement types, the provinces having the highest net in-migration rates are located along the Western and Southern coastal zones whereas the provinces having the largest net out-migration rates are located in the East, North East and South East regions.

Starting in the everyday life of Söderhamn’s youth, this thesis presents the driving forces that affect youth as they make decisions to stay in or to leave their home region. The research has been done with an interactive approach in close collaboration with youth and adults, and a number of different methods have been used. Based on the interviews, essays, questionnaires, conversations and meetings that underlie this work, the ambition has been to participate and contribute to the formation of knowledge in dialog with the youth and the adults who surround them. The dissertation (thesis) shows that society’s basic structures have great influence on youth’s decision whether to stay or leave. Important factors are actual circumstances, such as the access that youth have to resources – economical, social, and cultural. Society’s gender order has a big impact on the question whether to move or stay. Likewise, the tension between center and periphery plays an essential role – where the power to define what is “right” and “natural” coincides with values on how youth “are” and “should be”. The dissertation (thesis) shows that the interplay between these factors appears different for different individuals and groups, and that the interplay has significance both for the move/stay –decision and for the youth’s desire and possibility to participate in and have influence over society’s development in the region. / Med utgångspunkt i Söderhamnsungdomarnas vardag visar denna avhandling vilka drivkrafter som påverkar ungdomar i de beslut de fattar om att stanna kvar i, eller flytta ifrån, hemregionen. Forskningen har skett utifrån en interaktiv ansats i nära samverkan med ungdomar och vuxna, och flera olika metoder har använts. Utifrån de intervjuer, uppsatser, enkäter, samtal och möten som ligger till grund för arbetet har ambitionen med avhandlings-arbetet varit att delta i och bidra till ett kunskapsbildande i dialog med ungdomarna och de vuxna i deras närhet. Avhandlingen visar att samhällets grundstrukturer har ett stort inflytande på ungdomarnas flytta/stanna-beslut. Viktiga faktorer är de faktiska förhållandena i samhället där unga har olika tillgång till resurser, såväl ekonomiskt, socialt som kulturellt. I flytta/stanna-frågan har den samhälleliga genusordningen har stor genomslagskraft. Likaså spelar spänningen mellan centrum och periferi en väsentlig roll – där makten att definiera vad som är ”rätt” och ”naturligt” sammanfaller med värderingar av hur ungdomar ”är” och ”ska vara”. Avhandlingen visar att samspelet mellan dessa faktorer ser olika ut för olika individer/grupper och att utfallet av samspelet spelar en väsentlig roll dels för de ungas flytta/stanna- beslut, men också för de ungas vilja och deras möjlighet att delta i och ha inflytande över samhällsutvecklingen i regionen.