Around 3-8% of all women in reproductive age suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) which disenables them to live an ordinary life during the luteal phase (premenstrual phase) of the menstrual cycle. Throughout the premenstrual phase these women experience emotional, cognitive and physiological changes. Hitherto, the etiology of this disorder is unknown. Some consider the source of this state as non-biological, claiming that PMDD is a social construction imbedded in gender roles, that suggests that women should not show aggressive behavior or depressive mood unless it is during the premenstrual stage. Contradictory, research made in cognitive neuroscience claim that the origin is biological. It is assumed that the increased symptoms in women with PMDD is a result from dysfunctional sensitivity for the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone that has a receptor in the GABAA system, hence, producing an anxious effect from high levels of allopregnanolone instead of the expected sedative, soothing effects. Research suggest that structural and functional changes occur in brain areas such as the hippocampus, parahippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum as well as in brainderived neurotrophic factor which is important for brain plasticity, growth and survival of neurons. Cognitive behaviors such as anticipation for negative stimuli, working memory and lack of cognitive control also seem to be affected by PMDD. Nonetheless, the evidence is inconsistent, the area of research face multiple issues in regards to study designs, hence making generalization at this point difficult. In sum, this essay reviews recent studies conducted in neuroscience of cognitive changes in women with PMDD, with focus on functional, structural and behavioral changes between the phases of the cycle.

Submitted by ANGELA CRISTINA DE NICOLA null (angela_bio2006@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-07T18:16:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Angela.pdf: 2735259 bytes, checksum: bcfc7217ff01dee64fa4ca1839e45c76 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Rimoli de Oliveira null (anapaula@foa.unesp.br) on 2018-02-09T17:42:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nicola_ml_dr_araca_int.pdf: 2735259 bytes, checksum: bcfc7217ff01dee64fa4ca1839e45c76 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T17:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nicola_ml_dr_araca_int.pdf: 2735259 bytes, checksum: bcfc7217ff01dee64fa4ca1839e45c76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O envelhecimento é considerado processo multidimensional no qual fatores ambientais podem proteger ou, inversamente, agravar seus sinais, de maneira não linear, nos processos fisiológicos e neurocomportamentais. Durante este processo, os ritmos circadianos são interrompidos ou fragmentados com dissociação consequente dos ritmos circadianos do indivíduo e disfunções relacionadas ao relógio circadiano contribuem para o envelhecimento e para patologias a ele relacionadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi averiguar possível alteração temporal do sistema CLOCK no eixo HPG e a relação com às alterações hormonais que caracterizam a periestropausa. Foram utilizadas fêmeas adultas com ciclo estral regular (CD) na fase do diestro e fêmeas senis com ciclo estral irregular e persistência da fase do diestro (IDP). Para análises de expressão gênica dos clock genes Per2, Rev-erbα e Bmal1 no eixo HPG, foram utilizados punchs das regiões do NSQ, onde também foi analisado RNAm de AVP, APO e HMB destes animais, além da adenohipófise e ovários dos quais se extraiu o RNA para confecção do cDNA e realização de qPCR. A determinação da atividade neuronal vasopressinérgica no NSQ foi realizada por imunoistoquíca com dupla marcação para cFos e AVP em tecido previamente fixado com paraformaldeído. A concentração plasmática de gonadotrofinas foi determinada por radioimunoensaio. De modo geral, os animais IDP revelaram alterações no perfil de expressão gênica durante o fotoperíodo, com redução de amplitude, deslocamento/desalinhamento de fase e ausência de antifase. O NSQ de animais IDP apresentou menor expressão de Rev-erbα e maior expressão de RNAm para AVP em relação ao grupo CD. A quantificação relativa de Bmal1 foi semelhante em ambos os grupos e não houve diferenças entre grupos na expressão de Per2. Na APO, animais IDP apresentaram maior expressão de Per2 e menor quantidade de RNAm para Rev-erbα. No HMB observou-se menor expressão para Per2 e Rev-erbα e maior expressão de Bmal1 nas fêmeas IDP. Per2 e Bmal1 na adenohipófise tiveram menor expressão que o gene Rev-erbα no grupo senil e o ovário destes animais revelou maior expressão para Per2 e Rev-erbα, em comparação com os animais CD. As concentrações plasmáticas de FSH foram maiores nas fêmeas com ciclo irregular (2,05 ± 0,44 ng/mL), principalmente durante a fase clara, assim como o LH (0,24 ± 0,07 ng/mL), cujos maiores valores foram encontrados durante a fase escura e com perfil semelhante ao RNAm de AVP. As imunomarcações revelaram alta atividade vasopressinérgica na porção dorsomedial do NSQ das fêmeas IDP. Juntos estes dados permitem concluir que há desarranjo na expressão temporal dos genes Per2, Rev-erbα, Bmal1 que compõem a maquinaria molecular do relógio circadiano, bem como de RNAm para AVP no NSQ, de fêmeas Wistar na periestropausa. Além disso, a maior atividade neuronal vasopressinérgica e a ausência de oscilação de Rev-erbα e Bmal1 no NSQ destes animais, comprometem a correta comunicação do relógio central do NSQ com o eixo HPG, inviabilizando a manutenção da fertilidade feminina e contribuindo para a senescência reprodutiva. / Aging is considered a multidimensional process in which environmental factors can protect or, conversely, aggravate its signals, non-linearly, in physiological and neurobehavioral processes. During this process, circadian rhythms are disrupted or fragmented with consequent dissociation of the individual's circadian rhythms and circadian clock-related dysfunctions contribute to aging and related pathologies. The objective of this study was to investigate possible temporal alteration of the CLOCK system in the HPG axis and the relation with the hormonal changes that characterize periestropause. Adult females with regular estrus cycle in the diestrous phase (RD) and old females with irregular estrous cycle and persistent diestrous phase (IPD). For analyzes of the gene expression of the genes Per2, Rev-erbα and Bmal1 in the HPG axis, punchs from the NSQ regions were used, where AVP, POA and MBH RNAm from these animals were also analyzed, as well as the adenohypophysis and ovaries from which they were extracted the RNA for cDNA production and qPCR performance. The determination of the vasopressinergic neuronal activity in the NSQ was performed by immunohistochemical with double labeling for cFos/AVP in tissue previously fixed with paraformaldehyde. The plasma concentration of gonadotrophins was determined by radioimmunoassay. In general, the IPD animals show alterations in the gene expression profile during the period analyzed, with amplitude reduction, phase shift / misalignment and absence of antiphase. The NSQ of IPD animals presented lower expression of Rev-erbα and higher RNAm expression for AVP than RD group. The relative quantification of Bmal1 was similar in both groups and there were no differences between groups in the expression of Per2. In PAO, IPD animals showed higher expression of Per2 and less amount of RNAm for Rev-erbα. MBH showed lower expression for Per2 and Rev-erbα and higher Bmal1 expression in IPD females. Per2 and Bmal1 in the adenohypophysis had lower expression than the Rev-erbα gene in the old group and the ovary of these animals showed higher expression for Per2 and Rev-erbα, in related to to the RD animals. Plasma concentrations of FSH were higher in females with irregular cycle (2.05 ± 0.44 ng / mL), mainly during the light phase, as well as LH (0.24 ± 0.07 ng / mL) whose values were found during the dark phase and with a profile similar to AVP RNAm. Immunolabeling demonstrated high vasopressinergic activity in the dorsomedial portion of the NSQ of the IPD females. Together these data allow us to conclude that there is a breakdown in the temporal expression of the Per2, Rev-erbα, Bmal1 genes that make up the molecular machinery of the circadian clock, as well as RNAm for AVP in NSQ of Wistar females in peri-masterpause. In addition, the increased vasopressinergic neuronal activity and the absence of Rev-erbα and Bmal1 oscillation in the NSQ of these animals compromise the correct communication of the central clock of the NSQ with the HPG axis, making it impossible to maintain female fertility and contributing to reproductive senescence.

No description available.

Le récepteur nucléaire orphelin facteur stéroïdogénique 1 (SF-1 ou NR5A1) est un modulateur indispensable du développement surrénal et gonadique et qui joue un rôle dans la détermination du sexe, le développent hypothalamique, la fonction hypophysaire et la stéroïdogénèse. Toutefois, les études sur SF-1 dans le milieu de la biologie de la reproduction portent majoritairement sur des modèles embryonnaires ou de mammifères immatures. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était de déterminer le rôle de SF-1 dans les évènements clés de la fonction reproductrice chez les mâles et femelles matures. Ce facteur de transcription est exprimé dans différents organes, principalement ceux de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-gonadique, et dans divers types cellulaires des gonades. Nous avons donc généré 4 modèles de souris knockout conditionnels (cKO) en utilisant les allèles Cre-recombinase et flox de SF-1 (SF-1f/f) afin d’identifier son rôle dans les différentes populations cellulaires des testicules et ovaires de souris matures. Dans la première étude, nous avons présenté une analyse des souris femelles du modèle cKO du récepteur de la progestérone (PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f), où la suppression de SF-1 est spécifique aux cellules gonadotropes de l’hypophyse et aux cellules ovariennes de type granulosa suite au déclenchement du signal ovulatoire ainsi que les cellules lutéales du corps jaune. Cette étude a révélé de nouveaux rôles in vivo de SF-1 durant l’ovulation et la lutéinisation, tout en suggérant que SF-1 est un médiateur de la synthèse et sécrétion des gonadotrophines. Les femelles PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f cKO étaient infertiles principalement en raison de l’importante réduction de FSH et LH sécrété dans la circulation, causé par le phénotype hypophysaire. Afin de contourner cette dysfonction hypophysaire, des traitements de gonadotrophines exogènes ainsi que des transplantations d’ovaires nous ont permis de démontrer que SF-1 régule la transcription de gènes impliqués dans l’expansion du cumulus ainsi que la rupture de follicules pour induire l’ovulation. De plus, nous avons montré que l’absence de SF-1 dans les ovaires de souris matures peut mener à l’infertilité, indépendamment du phénotype hypophysaire. D’autre part, nos trouvailles indiquent que, malgré la basse expression de SF-1 dans le corpus luteum chez la souris, sa déplétion dans les cellules lutéales conditionnée par recombinase Cre inhibe la production de progestérone. Aucun phénotype reproductif a été observé chez les souris PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f cKO mâles. La deuxième étude a démontré le rôle essentiel de SF-1 dans la fonction du testicule mature. La souris mâle P450 17α-hydroxylase (Cyp17Cre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO, où la suppression de SF-1 est spécifique aux cellules de Leydig, était fertile malgré la taille réduite de ses testicules, la malformation de ses tubes séminifères, la perturbation de la spermiogénèse, ainsi que la réduction d’expression de gènes de la stéroïdogénèse. Bien que les mâles aromatase (Cyp19Cre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO, supprimant SF-1 dans les cellules de Sertoli, étaient fertiles et démontraient des capacités reproductives similaires aux mâles contrôle, les souris Cyp17Cre/++Cyp19Cre/+; Nr5a1f/f cKO (dKO) étaient soit infertiles ou montrait une fertilité affaiblie. La dysgénésie sévère du cordon testiculaire ainsi que la spermatogénèse perturbée chez la souris dKO étaient causées par la déplétion simultanée de SF-1 chez les cellules de Leydig et Sertoli, suggérant que les cellules de Sertoli peuvent compenser pour l’absence de SF-1 dans les cellules de Leydig et vice versa. Ces données démontrent que SF-1 est requis pour une stéroïdogénèse testiculaire et une spermatogénèse ainsi qu’une fertilité normale, bien que savoir si la régulation de ces fonctions par SF-1 est directe ou indirecte reste à élucider. De façon intéressante, les femelles des trois lignées cKO étudié dans ce deuxième article étaient fertiles et la sous expression de SF-1 dans les cellules ovariennes de type granulosa ou de la thèque a produit des effets mineurs sur leur fonction reproductive. En somme, la recherche présentée dans cette thèse contribue à l’avancement des connaissances sur SF-1 et son rôle dans la régulation d’événements reproductifs cruciaux dans l’hypophyse, l’ovaire et le testicule de souris matures. Les lignes de souris produites dans ce projet vont servir d’outil indispensable pour élucider les mécanismes de régulation de SF-1 sur la fonction gonadique and présenter de nouvelles avenues de recherches pour ce récepteur orphelin. / The orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1 or NR5A1) is an indispensable modulator of adrenal and gonadal development, playing key roles in sex determination, hypothalamic development, pituitary function and steroidogenesis. Yet, studies to date of SF-1 in reproductive biology mostly focus on embryonic and immature mammalian models. The overall objective of this thesis was to determine the role of SF-1 in key events of mature male and female mouse reproductive function. This transcription factor is expressed in a variety of organs, mainly those of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as in multiple cell types of the gonads. Therefore, we generated four conditional KO (cKO) mouse models employing Cre-recombinase and floxed alleles of SF-1 (SF-1f/f) to identify its role in different cell types of the testes and ovaries of mature mice. Our first study presents an analysis of female mice from the progesterone receptor (PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO model, where SF-1 depletion is specific to gonadotropes in the pituitary gland as well as granulosa cells of the peri-ovulatory follicle and luteal cells of the corpus luteum. This research highlighted new in vivo roles for SF-1 in ovulation and luteinization, and provided further evidence that SF-1 is a mediator of gonadotropin synthesis and secretion. PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f cKO females were infertile, due in large part to the reduced secretion of FSH and LH, caused by the pituitary phenotype. Exogenous gonadotropin treatments and ovarian transplantation experiments allowed us to circumvent the pituitary dysfunction to demonstrate that SF-1 in granulosa cells regulates the transcription of cumulus expansion and follicle rupture genes to induce ovulation. In addition, we showed that the absence of SF-1 in ovaries of mature mice can lead to female infertility, independent of the pituitary phenotype. Moreover, the data showed that, though SF-1 expression is reduced in mouse corpus luteum, its Cre-mediated depletion in luteal cells abrogates progesterone production. No reproductive phenotype was observed in PRCre/+;Nr5a1f/f cKO males. Results from our second study demonstrated that SF-1 plays an essential role in mature testicular function. The P450 17α-hydroxylase (Cyp17Cre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO male mouse, where the SF-1 depletion is specific to Leydig cells, were fertile, though showed reduced testis size with disrupted seminiferous tubules and impaired spermiogenesis, in addition to reduced expression of steroidogenic genes. While the aromatase (Cyp19Cre/+;Nr5a1f/f) cKO males were fertile and showed reproductive capacities comparable to control males, the Cyp17Cre/++Cyp19Cre/+; Nr5a1f/f cKO (dKO) model were either infertile or showed significantly impaired fertility. The dKO males displayed severe testis cord dysgenesis and impaired spermatogenesis caused by the depletion of SF-1 in both Leydig and Sertoli cells, suggesting that Sertoli cells can compensate for the absence of SF-1 in Leydig cells and vice versa. These data provide strong evidence that SF-1 is required for normal testicular steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis and male fertility, though whether the regulation of these functions is direct or indirect remains to be elucidated. Interestingly, the females of the three cKO mouse lines studied in this second article were fertile and the depletion of SF-1 in granulosa cells of antral follicles or in theca cells produced minor effects on their steroidogenic capacities. Collectively, the research presented in this thesis contributes to advance our understanding of the role of SF-1 in the regulation of essential reproductive events in the pituitary, ovary and testis of mature mouse gonads. The mouse lines generated for this project will serve as valuable tools to elucidate the mechanisms underlying SF-1 regulation of gonad function and present novel directions for the investigation of this nuclear receptor.

Les RF-amides (RFRPs, NPFF, QRFP, PrRPs, Kisspeptines) sont une famille de peptides caractérisée par une signature Arg-Phe-NH2 à l’extrémité C-terminale très conservée au cours de l’évolution. Ils exercent leurs effets via 5 récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (NPFF1R, NPFF2R, QRFPR, PrRPR, Kiss1R), et plusieurs études soutiennent leur implication dans la modulation de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques telles que la douleur et la nociception, la reproduction, ou encore le métabolisme. Néanmoins, l’étude de ces systèmes est entravée par l’absence d’outils pharmacologiques tels que des antagonistes sélectifs. C’est pourquoi mon travail de thèse a consisté au développement d’outils pharmacologiques permettant de répondre à ces attentes, particulièrement sur les récepteurs NPFF1R, NPFF2R et Kiss1R. Des études de relation structure-activité nous ont amenés à considérer l’importance de la signature Arg-Phe-NH2 dans l’activité des peptides RF-amides sur leurs récepteurs. L’introduction de modifications au niveau N-terminal ou C-terminal du dipeptide Arg-Phe-NH2 nous a conduits à l’identification d’un antagoniste hautement affin et sélectif pour le récepteur NPFF1R in vitro et in vivo. Ce dernier nous a permis d’identifier le rôle du récepteur NPFF1R dans les effets secondaires liés à l’administration d’opiacés, tels que l’hyperalgésie et la tolérance morphinique. La responsabilité du récepteur NPFF1R dans ces phénomènes a été par la suite confirmée chez des souris KO NPFF1R. De plus, des données plus récentes suggèrent l’importance de ce dernier au niveau de l’axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-gonadotropique (HHG) des animaux saisonniers, et en particulier du hamster. Notre antagoniste nous a permis de déterminer le rôle du récepteur NPFF1R dans la libération de LH induite par le RFRP-3. Pour la première fois, nous avons également mis en évidence des molécules hautement affines et sélectives pour le récepteur NPFF2R, pour lequel nous avons révélé une activité agoniste partielle in vitro. Mon travail a également mené à la caractérisation in vitro d’un antagoniste sélectif du récepteur Kiss1R, qui vient compléter l’ensemble des outils disponibles pour l’étude des fonctions physiologiques modulées par ce récepteur et son ligand, la kisspeptine. Dans l’ensemble, mon travail de thèse a permis de caractériser plusieurs ligands affins et sélectifs des récepteurs à peptides RF-amides, et de mettre en lumière le rôle du système RFRP-3/NPFF1R dans les effets à long-terme liés aux opiacés. / RF-amides (RFRPs, NPFF, QRFP, PrRPs, Kisspeptins) belong to a family of peptide characterized by a Arg-Phe-NH2 C-terminus highly conserved throughout the evolution. They target 5 G-protein coupled receptors (NPFF1R, NPFF2R, QRFPR, PrRPR, Kiss1R) and most studies highlight their roles in the modulation of various functions as pain and nociception, reproduction or metabolism. Nonetheless, the study of these systems is severely limited by the absence of pharmacological tools as selective antagonists. Thus, my PhD project consisted in the development of selective ligands to answer these questions, notably on NPFF1R, NPFF2R and Kiss1R receptors. Structure-Activity relationship studies highlighted the importance of Arg-Phe-NH2 signature for the activity of RF-amide peptides on their receptors. Introduction of modifications at N or C-terminus of Arg-Phe-NH2 dipeptide led us to the identification of a compound displaying high affinity, selectivity and antagonist activity for NPFF1R both in vitro and in vivo. This compound allowed us to identify the critical role played by NPFF1R in the secondary effects related to opiates administration, as hyperalgesia and analgesic tolerance. The involvement of NPFF1R was then confirmed in KO NPFF1R mice. Moreover, recent data suggest the importance of NPFF1R on hypothalamo-pituitary gonadotropic (HPG) axis of seasonal animals, and particularly of hamsters. Our antagonist allowed us to decipher the role of NPFF1R in RFRP-3-induced-LH release. For the first time, we also have characterized high affinity and selective compounds for NPFF2R that display partial agonist activity in vitro. Moreover, our work led to the in vitro characterization of a selective antagonist for Kiss1R, that complete the available tools to study the physiological functions modulated by this receptor and its ligand, the kisspeptine. Overall, my PhD thesis led to the characterization of several selective ligands for RF-amide receptors, and highlight the role of RFRP-3/NPFF1R system in the long-term effects associated to opiates.