<p>Enhanced packet-data access is a trend in third generation mobile communication system. WCDMA Release 5 introduces HSDPA (High Speed Packet Data Access) with a brand new downlink transport channel HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) into 3GPP specification to provide greater capacity. HS-DSCH supports some new feature such as fast link adaptation, fast scheduling and fast HARQ (hybrid ARQ) so as to increase system performance. It efficiently improves power utilization, shortens retransmission time and increases system throughput. </p><p>The focus for this thesis is implementation and simulation of HSDPA functionality with ns-2. There is some previous work has been done, such as EURANE. EURANE is an end to end extension which adds several HSDPA modules to ns-2. This paper addresses the analysis of HSDPA by simulating on HS-DSCH based on EURANE, and extends the power consumption on HS-DSCH.</p>

This thesis aims at examining the class experiences of subcontracted cleaning workers who work in student dormitories on the METU campus. It focuses on the working conditions of workers and control mechanisms in the dormitories in terms of their effects on class consciousness and future dreams of the workers. In addition, the study examines how workers experience class as a matter of self- respect in their workplaces, how they cope with haughtiness of students, the managers and the regular employees, how they explain social inequalities and whether they accept them as legitimate. The role of gender in workers&rsquo / everyday lives is also mentioned. The study argues that university dormitories on the METU campus with their fragmented labor regime, and managerial tendencies, which treat the students as customers, are significant places for the observation of how class differences are experienced by the subcontracted workers. In regard to these issues, the field research of the study was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 23 subcontracted cleaning workers in 12 different dormitories on the METU campus.

This thesis aims at examining the class experiences of subcontracted cleaning workers who work in student dormitories on the METU campus. It focuses on the working conditions of workers and control mechanisms in the dormitories in terms of their effects on class consciousness and future dreams of the workers. In addition, the study examines how workers experience class as a matter of self-respect in their workplaces, how they cope with haughtiness of students, the managers and the regular employees, how they explain social inequalities and whether they accept them as legitimate. The role of gender in workers

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) or heparan sulfate (HS) degradation may contribute to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction in diabetes. HSPGs, syndecan and perlecan, contain a protein core with mainly HS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached. HSPGs modulate growth factors and function in membrane filtering. Heparanase induction is likely responsible for diabetic HS degradation. Heparin protects endothelium and insulin regulates glucose metabolism. Our objectives were to observe HSPG changes by studying EC GAG content and gene expression of syndecan, perlecan and heparanase under hyperglycemic conditions with insulin and/or heparin treatment.<p> GAGs, including HS, were determined by the carbazole assay and visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis in porcine aortic EC cultures treated with high glucose (30 mM) and/or insulin (0.01 U/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours and/or heparin (0.5 µg/ml) for 72 hours. High glucose decreased cell GAGs and increased medium GAGs. GAGs increased with time in control cultures and in high glucose plus insulin treated medium. GAGs were decreased with insulin but increased with insulin or heparin plus high glucose.<p> Confluent cultured human aortic ECs were incubated with control medium, high glucose and/or insulin and/or heparin for 24 hours. Real time PCR determination showed that: high glucose increased heparanase, decreased syndecan and had no effect on perlecan mRNA; insulin or heparin with/without high glucose decreased and insulin and heparin with high glucose increased heparanase mRNA; heparin and insulin with high glucose increased but insulin decreased syndecan mRNA. Actinomycin D (10 µg/ml) inhibited heparanase and syndecan mRNA with high glucose plus insulin plus heparin and inhibited heparanase mRNA with high glucose compared to time 0 but not â-actin after addition for 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Bioinformatic studies revealed that transcription factor Sp1 activates heparanase promoter by high glucose and may play a role in regulation of perlecan and syndecan promoters.<p> Insulin or heparin inhibited the reduction in EC GAGs and syndecan mRNA and induction in heparanase by high glucose, indicating their protective effect. Decreased GAGs by insulin may relate to the pathology of hyperinsulinemia. Transcriptional regulation by heparin and/or insulin may cause variation in gene expression of heparanase, syndecan and perlecan.

El objeto de la presente tesis es el desarrollo de metodologías analíticas rápidas para optimizar los procesos de degradación de colorantes orgánicos presentes en aguas residuales. Se ha llevado a cabo una revisión bibliográfica acerca de dichos procesos y las técnicas analíticas utilizadas para su monitorización y la identificación de posibles intermedios. Se han establecido nuevas metodologías analíticas basadas en herramientas quimiométricas tales como diseño de experimentos para optimizar procesos de fotodegradación con y sin catalizador. Se ha empleado resolución de curvas multivariante para la determinación simultánea de colorantes e intermedios durante estos procesos. Dado que la velocidad de degradación es el parámetro mas utilizado para evaluar la eficiencia de las fotodegradaciones se han evaluado todas las constantes involucradas en la degradación y/o la adsorción sobre el catalizador mediante HS-MCR-ALS. Se ha establecido una metodología analítica rápida para la determinación de colorantes basada en cromatografía de inyección secuencial (SIC). / The main aim of this thesis is the development of rapid analytical methodologies to optimize the photodegradation processes of organic azo dyes from industrial wastewater. A bibliographic review has been done concerning the most employed processes for dye removal and the analytical techniques used for the monitoring and the identification of intermediates. New analytical methodologies based on chemometric tools such as experimental designs have been established to optimize photodegradation processes with and without using heterogeneous catalysts. Multivariate curve resolution has been employed to determine simultaneously different dyes and intermediates along degradation processes. Since the degradation rate is the most employed parameter to evaluate the photodegradation efficiency all the kinetic constants involved in the degradation and/or the adsorption of the dye onto the catalyst have been evaluated by HS-MCR-ALS. Furthermore a rapid analytical methodology for dye determination based on sequential injection chromatography (SIC) has been established.

The third generation, 3G, mobile telephone systems are designed for multimedia communication and will offer us similar services as in our stationary computers. This will involve large traffic loads, especially in the downlink direction, i.e. from base station to terminal. To improve the downlink capacity for packet data services a new concept is included in evolved 3G networks. The concept is called High Speed Data Packet Access, HSDPA, and provides peak bit rates of 14 Mbps. HSDPA uses a so-called best effort channel, i.e. it is developed for services that do not require guaranteed bit rates. The channel is divided in time between the users and a scheduling algorithm is used to allocate the channel among them. Streaming is a common technology for video transmission over the Internet and with 3G it is supposed to become popular also in our mobiles. Streaming generates lots of data traffic in the downlink direction and it would thus be satisfying to make use of the high bit rates HSDPA provides. The problem is that streaming requires reasonable stable bit rates, which is not guaranteed using HSDPA. The aim of this study is to modify the scheduling algorithms to prioritise streaming over web users and provide streaming Quality of Service, QoS. QoS is the ability to guarantee certain transmission characteristics. The results of the study show that it is hard to improve the streaming capacity by modifications of the scheduling. Of course, a consequence is that the web user throughput is decreased and to avoid this, new users have to be rejected by the admission control.The solution is to prioritise the streaming users both in the scheduling algorithm and in the admission control, i.e. when the system is nearly full new web users are rejected. By doing so the results are significantly improved.

In the standardized air interface for third generation mobile communication systems, WCDMA release 5, a concept called High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is introduced. HSDPA enables faster transmissions from base stations to mobile users by using a shared, high-capacity channel called the High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) that is designed for best effort services. The HS-DSCH is developed for usage in the frequency band licensed for third generation communication systems. As the use of licensed frequency bands is costly it may be interesting to make use of the unlicensed frequency bands at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz with higher interference and stricter regulations. Using HS- DSCH in unlicensed frequency bands would lead to smaller costs and a new kind of usage of the HS-DSCH. In order to transmit in unlicensed frequency bands, some requirements set up by the public authorities must be followed. This means that the maximum transmit power used by the HS-DSCH must be decreased and, on the 5 GHz frequency band, that features to avoid disturbing radar systems have to be implemented. The HS- DSCH has a bandwidth of 5 MHz. To use the available frequency spectra more efficiently, multiple carriers could be used. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are the most common way to transfer data in unlicensed frequency bands today. Assessments and simulations of WLAN and the HS-DSCH in unlicensed frequency bands show that WLAN can provide higher bitrates than the HS-DSCH for low loads. HS-DSCH can however provide a larger coverage per base station, and is more bandwidth effective than WLAN. Using a larger bandwidth is necessary for HS-DSCH to compete with WLAN, which uses a bandwidth approximately four times as large as the HS-DSCH bandwidth. The usage of the HS-DSCH in unlicensed frequency bands also has the advantage that the services provided by the third generation communication systems can be accessed easily.

Enhanced packet-data access is a trend in third generation mobile communication system. WCDMA Release 5 introduces HSDPA (High Speed Packet Data Access) with a brand new downlink transport channel HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) into 3GPP specification to provide greater capacity. HS-DSCH supports some new feature such as fast link adaptation, fast scheduling and fast HARQ (hybrid ARQ) so as to increase system performance. It efficiently improves power utilization, shortens retransmission time and increases system throughput. The focus for this thesis is implementation and simulation of HSDPA functionality with ns-2. There is some previous work has been done, such as EURANE. EURANE is an end to end extension which adds several HSDPA modules to ns-2. This paper addresses the analysis of HSDPA by simulating on HS-DSCH based on EURANE, and extends the power consumption on HS-DSCH.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) or heparan sulfate (HS) degradation may contribute to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction in diabetes. HSPGs, syndecan and perlecan, contain a protein core with mainly HS glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) attached. HSPGs modulate growth factors and function in membrane filtering. Heparanase induction is likely responsible for diabetic HS degradation. Heparin protects endothelium and insulin regulates glucose metabolism. Our objectives were to observe HSPG changes by studying EC GAG content and gene expression of syndecan, perlecan and heparanase under hyperglycemic conditions with insulin and/or heparin treatment.<p> GAGs, including HS, were determined by the carbazole assay and visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis in porcine aortic EC cultures treated with high glucose (30 mM) and/or insulin (0.01 U/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours and/or heparin (0.5 µg/ml) for 72 hours. High glucose decreased cell GAGs and increased medium GAGs. GAGs increased with time in control cultures and in high glucose plus insulin treated medium. GAGs were decreased with insulin but increased with insulin or heparin plus high glucose.<p> Confluent cultured human aortic ECs were incubated with control medium, high glucose and/or insulin and/or heparin for 24 hours. Real time PCR determination showed that: high glucose increased heparanase, decreased syndecan and had no effect on perlecan mRNA; insulin or heparin with/without high glucose decreased and insulin and heparin with high glucose increased heparanase mRNA; heparin and insulin with high glucose increased but insulin decreased syndecan mRNA. Actinomycin D (10 µg/ml) inhibited heparanase and syndecan mRNA with high glucose plus insulin plus heparin and inhibited heparanase mRNA with high glucose compared to time 0 but not â-actin after addition for 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Bioinformatic studies revealed that transcription factor Sp1 activates heparanase promoter by high glucose and may play a role in regulation of perlecan and syndecan promoters.<p> Insulin or heparin inhibited the reduction in EC GAGs and syndecan mRNA and induction in heparanase by high glucose, indicating their protective effect. Decreased GAGs by insulin may relate to the pathology of hyperinsulinemia. Transcriptional regulation by heparin and/or insulin may cause variation in gene expression of heparanase, syndecan and perlecan.

This thesis analyses the Muslim Brotherhood&rsquo / s fluctuated relationship with three of the Egyptian governments for the post-Revolutionary period. It is argued that the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian Governments were firstly accommodated each other during the legitimacy processes of the governments. However, after the Muslim Brotherhood began to use the governments&rsquo / concessions to infiltrate the social and political field the Movement began to be seen as a threat by the governments and the relationship between the sides transformed to confrontation. At that point the turning points in the accommodation and confrontation relationship and particularly the political strategies of the both sides to protect their influences were analyzed by taking into account the domestic issues of Egypt, internal issues of the Muslim Brotherhood and international atmosphere.