SOUSA, Paulo Herbesson Pereira de. Ecologia química como um mediador na atratividade de fêmeas Centris analis (Hymenoptera, Apidae) para colonização de ninhos, criação e manejo. 2017. 68 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia)– Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Francisca Gomes (francisbeserra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-27T18:09:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_phpsousa.pdf: 2099417 bytes, checksum: 71080e1991836276fde90bfc11985473 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2017-07-06T20:46:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_phpsousa.pdf: 2099417 bytes, checksum: 71080e1991836276fde90bfc11985473 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T20:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_phpsousa.pdf: 2099417 bytes, checksum: 71080e1991836276fde90bfc11985473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Raising and managing Centris analis bees is facilitated by the use of trap nests, however, there is few number of research regarding factors that may influence the process of attracting nest-founding females. The present study aimed to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) existing in nests of C. analis, by employing the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in order to learn about those compounds and variations of their chemical composition. This study also intended to optimize an extraction method for VOCs in food samples of immature C. analis. We made use of three types of fiber: apolar PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane), bipolar CAR/PDMS (Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane), and bipolar DVB/CAR/PDMS (Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane). We identified 27 compounds bellowing to those chemical classes. Among the compounds; trans-nerolidol (67,15%), detected by the PDMS fiber; hexanal (12,72%) and 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate (10,95%), detected by CAR/PDMS fiber; were the most representative for this sample. CAR/PDMS fiber was more selective extracting 20 compounds, DVB/CAR/PDMS and PDMS, 17 and 10 respectively. CAR/PDMS proved to be the most suitable for the extraction of VOCs in nests of Centris analis. When using CAR/PDMS fiber, we identified 40 VOCs belonging to nine chemical classes in food samples, oil and resin, used nest, and larvae. The major compounds cis-β-ocimene (35,7%), 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol (30,24%), p-xylene (24,59%) and 1-Octanol (20,63%), were detected in samples of oil, resin, used nest, and larvae, respectively. We noticed an existing variation in the diversity of volatile compounds according to larval and nest development, besides, certain compounds linger in the nest after emergence. / A criação e o manejo de abelhas Centris analis é facilitada pela utilização de ninhos armadilha, porém há poucas pesquisas sobre os fatores que possam influenciam no processo de atração de fêmeas fundadoras. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) presente no ninho de C. analis, utilizando a microextração em fase sólida (SPME) a fim de conhecer tais compostos e as variações na sua composição química. Este estudo buscou também, otimizar um método para extração dos COVs a partir de amostras do alimento de imaturos de C. analis. Utilizou-se três tipos de fibras: PDMS (Polidimetilsiloxano) apolar, CAR/PDMS (Carboxen/Polidimetilsiloxano)bipolar e DVB/CAR/PDMS (Divinilbezeno/Carboxen/Po lidimetilsiloxano) bipolar. Foram identificados 27 compostos pertencentes a cinco classes químicas. Entre os compostos, trans-nerolidol (67,15%) detectado pela fibra PDMS, hexanal (12,72%) e acetato de 3-metil-1-butanol (10,95 %) detectados pela fibra CAR/PDMS, foram os compostos de maior representatividade para esta amostra. A fibra CAR/PDMS foi mais seletiva, extraindo 20 compostos, DVB/CAR/PDMS e PDMS, 17 e 10 respectivamente. A fibra CAR/PDMS mostrou-se como mais indicada para extração de COVs em ninhos de Centris analis. Utilizando-se a fibra CAR/PDMS, foram identificados 40 COVs pertencentes a nove classes químicas em amostra de alimento, óleo e resina, ninho usado e lavas. Os compostos majoritários cis-β-ocimeno (35,7%), 2-Etil-1-hexanol (30,24%), p-xileno (24,59%) e 1-Octanol (20,63%), foram detectados em amostra de óleo e resina, ninho usado e lavas respectivamente. Verificamos que há uma variação na diversidade de composto voláteis segundo o desenvolvimento larval e do ninho e que determinados compostos permanecem no ninho após a emergência.

Standoff detection of targets using volatiles is essential when considering substances that are hazardous or dangerous, or for which the presence or location is unknown. For many invasive biological threats, their presence is often not realized until they have begun visibly affecting and spreading through crops or forests. The fungus Raffaelea lauricola is a biothreat vectored by the invasive beetle Xyleborus glabratus, or redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), whose presence in avocado groves is currently detectable by visual inspection. Once visually identified, the affected trees must be removed and destroyed to protect those remaining trees. However, if the fungus is identified via standoff volatile detection, there is anecdotal evidence that it can be treated with propiconazole and saved from progression to the fatal laurel wilt disease. As a result of the rapid spread of R. lauricola and the quick death of trees, early detection through standoff methods is essential. The only current method of pre-symptomatic identification is canine detection. Canines are sensitive and selective biological detectors that can trace odors to their source, despite the presence of a variety of background odors. The present research evaluated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the laurel wilt disease and R. lauricola using headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Additionally, a new method for odor collection and presentation to trained detection canines was developed. Knowledge of the disease and standoff volatile detection capabilities are improved using this information.

Submitted by Paulo Mesquita (prrmesquita@gmail.com) on 2016-10-18T17:10:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado Mesquita_FINAL.pdf: 3135632 bytes, checksum: dd198da88e048f82bac99316af7e483b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Uillis de Assis Santos (uillis.assis@ufba.br) on 2016-10-18T17:18:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado Mesquita_FINAL.pdf: 3135632 bytes, checksum: dd198da88e048f82bac99316af7e483b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T17:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado Mesquita_FINAL.pdf: 3135632 bytes, checksum: dd198da88e048f82bac99316af7e483b (MD5) / FAPESB e CNPq. / O comércio de frutas tropicais, principalmente das regionais e exóticas, apresenta-se como uma grande oportunidade para produtores e outros profissionais brasileiros. No entanto, a sua comercialização tem crescido aquém das expectativas devido, em certa parte, à necessidade de maior fomento a pesquisas relacionadas a estas espécies frutíferas e seus possíveis produtos derivados. Entre as diversas abordagens que estão sendo estudadas na área agrícola, se destacam a caracterização dos metabólitos presentes nas diferentes espécies de plantas de interesse econômico, o entendimento do papel biológico dos mesmos e possíveis alterações neste metaboloma gerados por ataques de diferentes tipos de patógenos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os metabólitos presentes na pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) e diferentes tipos de maracujazeiros (Passiflora spp.), e avaliar possíveis mudanças no perfil destes compostos. Foram determinados os perfis de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), extraídos de folhas de E. uniflora de plantas que apresentavam diferentes biotipos de cor dos seus frutos (laranja, vermelho ou roxo), coletadas em diferentes regiões da Bahia. Os compostos foram extraídos e identificados através da técnica HS-SPME/GC-MS e o perfil das amostras foi avaliado através de técnicas de análise multivariada (PCA e HCA). Através das técnicas aplicadas foi possível identificar 33 compostos nas plantas com cada biotipo de cor de fruto e discriminar entre os três grupos de amostras com base neste perfil de metabólitos. Também foram extraídos e caracterizados, utilizando a técnica HS-SPME/GC-MS, os perfis de COVs de cinco espécies do gênero Passiflora: P. edulis, P. cincinnata, P. maliformis, P. gibertii e P. setacea. Em seguida avaliou-se alterações no perfil de COVs destas espécies após infecção pelo Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). Blocos de 4 plantas sadias e inoculadas com o CABMV foram mantidas em casa de vegetação e fitotron, sob condições controladas. Também foram avaliadas mudanças no perfil de compostos em P. cincinnata até o 28º dia após a inoculação com o CABMV. Foram identificados 43 COVs nas cinco espécies de Passiflora e a utilização das técnicas de análise multivariada (PCA, PLS-DA e HCA) permitiu discriminar entre as amostras sadias e infectadas pelo CABMV nas diferentes espécies, através do seu perfil de metabólitos. Além disso, foi possível identificar potenciais biomarcadores de infecção ao CABMV comuns e específicos para cada uma das cinco espécies. Ao avaliar a infecção de plantas da espécie P. cincinnata em diferentes períodos, se verificou que a partir de 3 dias de inoculação já é possível distinguir claramente o perfil das amostras infectadas comparado ao das amostras sadias. A abordagem metabolômica utilizada neste trabalho possibilitou identificar diferentes tipos de biomarcadores, tanto de espécies de Passiflora quanto prováveis variedades de E. uniflora para estudos de quimiotaxonomia, além de metabólitos sinalizadores de infecção pelo CABMV em Passiflora spp. / The trading of regional and exotic tropical fruits can be presented as a great opportunity for producers and other Brazilian professionals. However, their marketing has grown short of expectations due to some part to the need for higher encouragement of research related to these fruit species and its possible derivatives. Among the various approaches being studied in agriculture, stand characterization of metabolites present in different plant species of economic interest, understanding of the biological role of these and possible changes in the metabolome of different types generated by pathogen attacks. This study aimed to characterize the metabolites present in the species Eugenia uniflora L. and species of Passiflora, and evaluate possible changes in the profile of these compounds. It was determined the profiles of VOCs extracted from E. uniflora leaves of plants showing different color biotypes of its fruits (orange, red or purple), collected in different regions of Bahia. The compounds were extracted by HS-SPME/GC-MS technique and the profile of the samples was evaluated using multivariate analysis (PCA and HCA). Through the techniques applied were identified 33 compounds in plants with each fruit color biotype and discriminate between the three groups of samples based on this metabolite profile. Also were characterized using the HS-SPME/GC-MS technique, the VOC profiles of five species of the genus Passiflora: P. edulis, P. cincinnata, P. maliformis, P. gibertii and P. setacea. Then we evaluated changes in VOC profile of these species after infection by Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV). Blocks of four healthy and inoculated plants with CABMV were kept in a greenhouse and phytotron, under controlled conditions. They evaluated changes in compounds profile in P. cincinnata until the 28th day after inoculation with CABMV. Were identified 43 VOCs in five species of Passiflora spp. and use of multivariate analysis (PCA, PLS-DA and HCA) allowed the discrimination between healthy and infected with CABMV samples in different species, through its metabolite profile. Moreover, it was possible to identify potential biomarkers of infection CABMV the common and specific to each of the five species. When evaluating infection of plants of the species P. cincinnata at different times, it was found that from 3 days of inoculation is already possible to distinguish the profile of the infected sample compared to the healthy samples. The metabolomic approach used in this study enabled us to identify different types of biomarkers, both species of Passiflora spp. as likely varieties of E. uniflora for chemotaxonomy studies, besides flags metabolites of infection by CABMV in Passiflora spp.

Le méconium constitue les premières selles du nourrisson. Cette matrice complexe est analysée dans le cadre du projet « PENEW » (Pregnancy Environment and NEWborn malformations) afin de déterminer si le degré d'exposition fœtale aux xénobiotiques joue un rôle dans la survenue de malformations congénitales. Le but de cette étude était le développement analytique pour la détection et la quantification dans le méconium d’une quarantaine de composés de familles différentes (composés organiques volatils, pesticides, éthers de glycol et les métabolites associés). Trois techniques analytiques différentes et une préparation d’échantillon spécifiques ont été développées pour la détection et la quantification de ces composés dans le méconium. L’application des ces méthodes à 246 échantillons de méconium a montré une exposition fœtale à plusieurs des substances recherchées. / Meconium is the earliest stool of newborns. This complex matrix was analyzed through the "PENEW" project (Pregnancy and Newborn malformations Environment) to determine if the degree of fetal exposure to xenobiotics has an influence in the occurrence of birth defects. The objective of this thesis was developed analytical methods for the detection and quantification of several different families of compounds (volatile organic compounds, pesticides, glycol ethers and their metabolites) in meconium. Three different analytical methods and a specific sample preparation have been developed for the detection and quantification of these compounds in the meconium. The application of these methods to 246 meconium samples showed a fetal exposure to several target compounds.

Les moisissures sont considérées comme un des facteurs affectant la qualité de l'air intérieur. L'exposition professionnelle aux moisissures peut affecter la santé des travailleurs. Selon l’espèce de moisissure, la dose d'exposition et la sensibilité individuelle, les effets peuvent être irritatifs, infectieux, immunologiques, toxiques ou cancérigènes. Les méthodes classiques, basées sur le bilan environnemental des moisissures cultivables dans l'air, souffrent d'inconvénients tels que le nombre élevé d'échantillons, les analyses coûteuses et la sous-estimation de l'exposition. La croissance des moisissures peut entraîner la production de métabolites, notamment des COVm. Ces derniers, lorsque inhalés, pourraient s’accumuler dans le corps et pourraient être détectés dans les matrices biologiques des travailleurs avant et après leur quart de travail. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer une méthode permettant d’évaluer l'exposition aux moisissures en milieu de travail en exploitant les COVm comme biomarqueurs d'exposition. Le premier objectif spécifique est de développer une méthode analytique en utilisant la technique HS-SPME-CPG-SM/SM pour mesurer simultanément les 21 COVm dans le sang et l’urine. Le deuxième objectif est de développer une méthode analytique en se basant sur la technique DT-CPG-SM/SM pour analyser ces COVm dans l’air ambiant et exhalé. Le troisième objectif vise à optimiser la méthode développée dans l'air ambiant pour documenter les concentrations des COVm présents dans deux milieux de travail ayant des charges de moisissures différentes et évaluer leurs variations spatio-temporelles. Les 21 COVm sélectionnés dans cette thèse ont un potentiel comme biomarqueurs d’exposition aux moisissures. Leur sélection a été basée sur l’intérêt pour des effets sanitaires potentiels des espèces de moisissures, l’occurrence d’émission et les paramètres physicochimiques et pharmacocinétiques des COVm. Les paramètres d'extraction des COVm et les conditions analytiques ont été optimisés pour assurer une meilleure extraction et analyse des COVm dans le sang et l’urine. D’autre part, la méthode DT-CPG-SM/SM a été optimisée dans l’air ambiant et exhalé en testant plusieurs types d’adsorbant, débits et volumes d’air. Tenax TA/Carbograph a été sélectionné pour l’adsorption des COVm en échantillonnant 3 L d’air à 150 mL/min. Ces méthodes développées ont présenté de bonnes performances analytiques en termes de linéarité, précision, limites de détection et de quantification. Ceci a permis la quantification des COVm à faibles niveaux dans les matrices biologiques et l’air. Finalement, l’optimisation de l’analyse des prélèvements d’air d’un centre de tri des déchets et d’une université a été réalisée en utilisant la méthode DT-CPG-SM/SM. Un prélèvement de 2 heures a été sélectionné. Pour la majorité des COVm, aucune différence n’a été démontrée entre les périodes de la journée dans les milieux étudiés. À l’université, les concentrations des COVm étaient plus élevées dans les classes comparativement aux laboratoires munis d’un système de ventilation plus efficace. Au centre de tri, les concentrations des COVm étaient plus élevées dans la salle de pré-tri. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de sélectionner plusieurs COVm comme potentiels biomarqueurs d'exposition aux moisissures. Cette approche de biosurveillance pourrait donner un indice de la contamination fongique dans un milieu de travail, avant tout recours à l'approche classique, plus complexe et onéreuse. / Molds are one of the factors affecting indoor air quality. Occupational exposure to molds can have effects on workers' health. Depending on mold species, exposure dose and individual sensitivity, the health effects can be irritative, infectious, immunological, toxic, or carcinogenic. Conventional methods, based on the environmental assessment of cultivable molds in the air, have many drawbacks such as the high number of samples, the costly analyzes and the underestimation of exposure. Mold growth can lead to the production of metabolites, including mVOCs. The latter, when inhaled, could accumulate in the body, and could be detected in the biological matrices of workers before and after their shift. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a method to assess exposure to molds in the workplace by exploiting mVOCs as biomarkers of exposure. The first specific objective is to develop an analytical method using the HS-SPME-GC-MS/MS technique to simultaneously measure the 21 mVOCs in blood and urine. The second objective is to develop an analytical method based on the TD-GC-MS/MS technique to analyze these mVOCs in ambient and exhaled air. The third objective aims to optimize the method developed in ambient air to document the concentrations of mVOCs present in two workplaces with different mold loads and to assess their spatio-temporal variations. The 21 mVOCs selected in this thesis have potential as biomarkers of mold exposure. Their selection was based on the interest in potential health effects of the mold species, the occurrence of emission and their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters of the mVOCs. Parameters influencing the extraction process and analytical conditions have been optimized to ensure better extraction and analysis of mVOCs in blood and urine. On the other hand, the TD-GC-MS/MS method has been optimized in ambient and exhaled air by testing several types of adsorbent and several flow rates and air volumes. Tenax TA/Carbograph was selected for mVOC adsorption by sampling 3 L of air at 150 mL/min. These developed methods exhibited good performance in terms of linearity, precision and detection and quantification limits. This allowed the quantification of mVOCs at relatively low levels in biological matrices and air. Finally, the optimization of mVOCs sampling from the air of a waste sorting centre and a university, was carried out using the TD-GC-MS/MS method. A sampling time of 2 hours was selected. For the majority of mVOCs, no difference was demonstrated between the periods of the day in the two environments studied. At university, the concentrations of mVOCs were higher in classrooms compared to laboratories equipped with a more efficient ventilation system. At the sorting centre, mVOCs’ concentrations were higher in the pre-sorting room. The results obtained made it possible to select several mVOCs as potential biomarkers of exposure to molds. This new biomonitoring approach could give an indication of fungal contamination in a workplace, before resorting to the traditional approach, which is more complex and expensive.