No / Several series of styrylbenzoxazoles of general formula XC6H3(NCO)CH=CHC6H4Y [X= F, Cl or Br; Y = H, F, Cl, Br, CH3 or CH3O] have been investigated by positive ion electrospray and electron ionization mass spectrometry. These compounds, many of which are biologically active or have pharmaceutical potential, show in their electrospray spectra strong peaks for MH+ ions, which undergo relatively little fragmentation. The electron ionization spectra are extremely clean, being dominated by the loss of an atom or radical, Y*, from the ortho position of the pendant ring, by a rearrangement that may be interpreted as a proximity effect. The resultant [M-Y](+) ions are exceptionally stable and rarely undergo further fragmentation. The analytical value of this proximity effect, which is analogous to intramolecular aromatic substitution, in revealing the presence of a substituent in the pendant ring and determining its position, is emphasized. Elimination of a species (including H* or F*) derived from an ortho substituent in the pendant ring occurs even when apparently more favourable alternative fragmentation is possible by direct cleavage of the C-X bond (X = Cl or Br) in the benzoxazole ring.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study shows the triazenes ligands and complexes Pd(II), K+ and Au(I) obtained from reactions of the ligands with fragments para-sulfonamidephenyl, comprising triazene ligand 1,3-bis (4 - sulfonamidephenyl) (1) and the complex {trans-Bis[1,3-bis(4-sulfonamidephenyl)triazenide-κN1]bis(pyridine-κN)palladium(II)}{tetra(pyridine-κN)palladium(II)}bis(potssium)·water (2) and for compounds containing orto-halophenyl fragments represented by [1,3-bis(2-fluorophenyl)triazenide-κN1](triphenylphosphine- κP)gold(I) (3), [1,3-bis(2-chlorinephenyl)triazenide-κN1](triphenylphosphine-κP)gold(I) (4), [1,3-bis(2-bromidephenyl)triazenide-κN1](triphenylphosphine-κP)gold(I) (5) and [1,3-bis(2-iodinephenyl)triazenide-κN1](triphenylphosphine - κP)gold(I) (6) complexes. The compounds reported were characterized by X-ray diffraction on single crystal, and their structures in solid state are formed through supramolecular arrangements via classical and non-classical hydrogen bonding, as in the case of the compounds with the sulfonamide grouping, one can observe the formation of supramolecular synthons. In complexes 4, 5 and 6 it is observed to occur interactions halogen···halogen characterized by the formation of dimeric units associated by a center of inversion, besides having geometries classified by the angle of the links formed between the halogen and carbon atoms. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were subjected to evaluation front of biological activity, such as plasmidial DNA cleavage studies, evaluation of cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity, showing promising results. / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de ligantes triazenos e complexos de Pd(II), K+ e Au(I) obtidos a partir de reações com os ligantes com fragmentos para-sulfonamidafenila compreendendo o ligante 1,3-bis-(4-sulfonamidafenil)triazeno (1) e o complexo {trans-Bis[1,3-bis(4-sulfonamidafenil)triazenido-κN1]bis(piridina-κN)paládio(II)}{tetra(piridina-κN)paládio(II)}bis(potássio)·água (2) e para compostos contendo fragmentos orto-halofenila representados pelos complexos [1,3-bis(2-fluorofenil)triazenido-κN1](trifenilfosfina- κP)ouro(I) (3), [1,3-bis(2-clorofenil)triazenido-κN1](trifenilfosfina- κP)ouro(I) (4), [1,3-bis(2-bromofenil)triazenido-κN1](trifenilfosfina- κP)ouro(I) (5) e [1,3-bis(2-iodofenil)triazenido-κ-N1](trifenilfosfina- κP)ouro(I) (6). Os compostos relatados foram caracterizados por difração de raios X em monocristal, e suas estruturas no estado sólido são formadas através de arranjos supramoleculares via ligações de hidrogênio clássicas e não clássicas, como no caso dos compostos com o grupamento sulfonamida, pode-se observar a formação de synthons supramoleculares. Nos complexos 4, 5 e 6 é observada a ocorrência de interações halogênio···halogênio caracterizadas pela formação de unidades díméricas associadas por um centro de inversão, além de apresentarem geometrias classificadas pelo ângulo de ligações formado entre os átomos de halogênio e carbono. Os compostos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 foram submetidos a avaliação frente a atividade biológica, como estudos na clivagem do DNA plasmidial, avaliação da citotoxicidade e atividade antibacteriana, mostrando resultados promissores.

This thesis describes the synthesis of halogen bonding receptors for integration within interlocked anion host systems. Chapter 1 introduces the field of supramolecular chemistry, with a particular focus on anion recognition and sensing, halogen bonding, and the synthesis of mechanically interlocked structures. Chapter 2 describes the preparation and anion binding properties of carbazole-based receptor molecules. A systematic anion binding study on a series of halogen- and hydrogen-bonding 3,6-bis-triazolium carbazole acyclic receptors is described initially, followed by the development of a halogen bonding rotaxane. The anion and metal complexation properties of acyclic and macrocyclic systems incorporating the 1,8-bis-triazole carbazole motif are also presented. Chapter 3 details the synthesis and anion complexation investigations of halogen and hydrogen bonding naphthalene-based acyclic and interlocked rotaxane host molecules. Chapter 4 presents receptors based on the 4,4'-bis-triazole-2,2'-bipyridyl motif. A halogen bonding rhenium(I) bipyridyl complex is exploited in the development of a rotaxane host system which optically senses anions via luminescence purely through halogen bonding interactions. The anion recognition and sensing properties of diquat-based receptors are also investigated, and shown to exhibit optical and electrochemical responses to anions. Chapter 5 summarises the major conclusions from Chapters 2-4. Chapter 6 describes the experimental procedures used in the work, and includes characterisation data for the synthesised compounds. Supplementary information relating to crystallographic data, and absorption, luminescence and electrochemical studies, is provided in the Appendices.

Understanding how atoms interact is a fundamental aspect of chemistry, biology and materials science. There have been great advances in the knowledge of covalent and ionic bonding over the past twenty years but one of the major challenges for chemistry is to develop full understanding of weak interatomic/intermolecular forces. This thesis describes fundamental studies that develop the basic understanding of weak interactions between heavier polarisable elements. The chosen methodology is to constrain heavy atoms using a rigid naphthalene backbone. When substituents larger than hydrogen, are positioned at close proximity at the peri-positions of a naphthalene molecule they experience steric strain; the extent of which is dictated by intramolecular interactions. These interactions can be repulsive due to steric hindrance or attractive due to weak or strong bonding. In efforts to understand the factors which influence distortion in sterically crowded naphthalenes and study possible weak intramolecular interactions between peri-atoms, investigations focussed on previously unknown mixed 1,8-disubstituted naphthalene systems. Mixed phosphorus-chalcogenide species were initially studied; three mixed phosphine compounds of the type Nap[ER][PPh2] were prepared along with their chalcogenides and a series of metal complexes. The study of interactions between heavy atoms was progressed by investigations into a series of mixed chalcogenide compounds of the type Nap[EPh][E’Ph] (E = S, Se, Te). Subsequent reaction of the chalcogenide systems with the di-halogens, dibromine and diiodine, afforded a mixture of charge transfer and insertion adducts displaying an array of different geometries around the chalcogen atom. From molecular structural studies, a collection of intramolecular peri-interactions were found, extending from no interaction due to repulsive effects, weak attractive 3c-4e type interactions and one example containing a strong covalent peri-bond. Further weak intramolecular interactions observed include CH-π and E•••E’ type interactions plus π-π stacking between adjacent phenyl rings. It was discovered that the bulk of the peri-atoms is influential on the distance between them, but this is not the only factor determining the naphthalene geometry. Inter- and intramolecular interactions can also have an impact and furthermore the number, size and electronic properties of substituents attached to the peri-atoms can determine molecular distortion.

Molecular modelling has become a well-established tool for studying biological mole- cules, moreover with the prospect of being useful for drug development. The thesis summarises research on the methodological advances in the treatment of molecular flexibility and intermolecular interactions. Altogether, seven original publications are accompanied by a text which aims to provide a general introduction to the topic as well as to emphasise some consequences of the computer-aided drug design. The molecular flexibility is tackled by a study of a drug-DNA interaction and also by an investigation of small drug molecules in the context of implicit solvent models. The approaches which neglect the conformational freedom are probed and compared with experiment in order to suggest later, how to cope with such a freedom if in- evitable. The noncovalent interactions involving halogen atoms and their importance for drug development are briefly introduced. Finally, a model for a faithful description of halogen bonds in the framework of molecular mechanics is developed and its per- formance and limits are tested by a comparison with benchmark ab initio calculations and experimental data. 1

Nos últimos anos, houve um aumento considerável dos estudos envolvendo o núcleo indolizínico, um entre os milhares de heterociclos existentes, sendo 2012 o ano de maior destaque, com 102 publicações. Esse crescente interesse é atribuído principalmente à busca por novos substratos funcionalizados que apresentem características medicinais e biológicas. Todavia, as indolizinas ainda são pouco exploradas se comparadas a outros núcleos heterocíclicos, principalmente no que diz respeito a sua funcionalização por emprego de reagentes organometálicos. Desta forma, o objeto deste trabalho foi o estudo da reatividade de diversas indolizinas perante diferentes organometálicos, por meio de reações de metalação dirigida, troca iodo-magnésio e acoplamento cruzado de Negishi com o intuito de construir indolizinas polifuncionalizadas. Assim sendo, inicialmente foi estudada a reatividade de bases organometálicas diante de algumas indolizinas e as reações de seus intermediários organometálicos com uma variedade de eletrófilos. Para tanto, as indolizinas foram divididas por posicionamento das funcionalizações, ou seja, indolizinas funcionalizadas na posição 1 do anel (-CO2Et, -CO2tBu e CN), indolizinas funcionalizadas na posição 2 do anel (-CO2Et, CN) e indolizinas funcionalizadas nas posições 1 e 3 do anel. Na sequência, foram estudadas as reações de troca iodo-magnésio diante das indolizinas funcionalizadas nas posições 1 e 3 e, por último, as reações de metalação dirigida com os substratos 2-arilindolizínicos seguidas por reações de acoplamento cruzado de Negishi. As moléculas sintetizadas nesta última etapa, por terem apresentado fortes propriedades fluorescentes, foram submetidas a um estudo minucioso sobre essas características. Essas estratégias sintéticas desenvolvidas no presente trabalho foram altamente eficientes, permitindo o preparo de uma série de compostos com grande diversidade estrutural, sendo sintetizadas 64 indolizinas polifuncionalizadas inéditas e 11 indolizinas polifuncionalizadas já descritas na literatura por meio de outras metodologias, com rendimentos variando de 15% a 87%. / In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in studies involving the indolizinic core, one of thousands of existing heterocycles, with 2012 being the most outstanding year, with 102 publications. This growing interest is mainly attributed to the search for new functionalized substrates that have medicinal and biological characteristics. However, indolizines are unexplored when compared to other heterocycles, particularly regarding their functionalization with the use of organometallic reagents. Thus, the object of this work was the reactivity study of several indolizines with different organometallics by means of directed metalation reactions, iodine-magnesium exchange and Negishi cross-coupling, in order to build functionalized poly-indolizines. Therefore, initially, it was investigated the reactivity of organometallic bases upon some indolizines and the reactions of their organometallic intermediates with a variety of electrophiles. To achieve this, indolizines were divided according to their function position, i.e. indolizines functionalized at position 1 of the ring (-CO2Et, CN and -CO2tBu), indolizines functionalized at position 2 of the ring (-CO2Et, CN) and functionalized at positions 1 and 3 of the ring. Furthermore, the iodine-magnesium exchange reactions of indolizines functionalized at positions 1 and 3 were studied and, finally, directed metalation reactions with 2-aryl indolizinic substrates followed by Negishi cross-coupling reactions were performed. The ultimate products of such reactions showed strong fluorescent properties and, for this reason, were subject of detailed studies on these characteristics. The synthetic strategies developed in this research were highly efficient, enabling the preparation of a large number of compounds with structural diversity, having been synthesized 64 novel poly-functionalized indolizines and 11 known poly-functionalized indolizines, with yields ranging from 15% to 87%.

O núcleo quinolínico constitui uma das classes de heterociclos nitrogenados de maior destaque, pois são amplamente encontradas em produtos naturais, além de comporem a lista dos considerados esqueletos \"privilegiados\", relacionados com as diversas classes terapêuticas como: anticâncer, anticolinesterásicos, antimaláricos, etc. Diante das abordagens sintéticas de funcionalização de anéis heteroaromáticos, o uso de espécies organometálicas ocupa, hoje, uma posição central na química orgânica sintética, principalmente na formação de novas ligações carbono-carbono. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho explorou essencialmente a reatividade de quinolinas frente à reagentes organometálicos tais como alquil-lítio, amidetos de lítio, turbo-Grignard e amidetos mistos de magnésio e lítio. Inicialmente, foi estudada a funcionalização da 4,7- dicloroquinolina através da reação de metalação dirigida frente aos diferentes reagentes disponíveis. Em seguida, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de troca iodo-magnésio para a 7-cloro-4-iodoquinolina visando a obtenção de derivados funcionalizados na posição C4 bastante estratégica para atividade antimalárica. Neste estudo foi utilizado o reagente turbo-Grignard para etapa de troca, seguida da reação com eletrófilos. Os compostos obtidos tiveram sua atividade antimalárica avaliada pelo grupo do Dr. Adrian M. Pohlit do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA). A metodologia de troca iodomagnésio do turbo-Grignard frente à 7-cloro-4-iodoquinolina também foi aplicada para a obtenção de outros derivados por reações de acoplamento cruzado de Negishi, e na rota sintética de um híbrido molecular planejado com potencial atividade antimalárica. Além disso, foi estudada a reação de troca halogênio-metal da 3-bromoquinolina frente a reagentes de lítio seguida da reação com aldeídos. Por fim, algumas das estruturas sintetizadas também tiveram avaliação da atividade anticâncer realizada pelo grupo da Prof. Dra. Letícia Lotufo da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Portanto, foram demonstradas neste trabalho estratégias simples e eficientes utilizando reagentes organometálicos para funcionalização de quinolinas de interesse sintético e medicinal. / The quinoline unit is one of most important nitrogen heterocycle classes since it is found in a large number of natural products. Moreover, it is considered a privileged scaffold presenting a variety of pharmacologic activities such as: anti-cancer, anticholinesterase, antimalarial and others. Among the available aromatic heterocycle functionalization approaches, the organometallic chemistry have a prominent position mainly on the construction of new carbon-carbon bonds. In this context, this work have explored the quinoline reactivity against organometallic reagents like alkyl-lithium, lithium amides, turbo-Grignard and magnesium lithium amides. Initially, the functionalization of 4,7- dichloroquinoline was studied through the direct metalation reaction of the substrate with several available organometallic reagents. Afterwards, a new iodo-magnesium exchange methodology for the 7-chloro-4-iodoquinoline was developed in order to obtain C-4 functionalized quinoline derivatives. The turbo-Grignard was the reagent of choice in iodo-magnesium exchange reactions that were subsequently reacted with different electrophiles. The antimalarial activity of the compounds obtained in this study was evaluated by Dr. Adrian M. Pohlit group of National Institute of Amazon Research (INPA). The developed iodo-magnesium exchange methodology was further applied in Negishi cross-coupling reactions and on a synthetic study of a planned molecular hybrid with potential antimalarial activity. In addition, the halogen-metal exchange reaction on 3-bromoquinoline was studied using alkyl-lithium reagents with subsequent reaction with aldehydes. Finally, the anti-cancer activity of some of structures obtained in this work was evaluated by Prof. Dra Letícia Lotufo group of Federal University of Ceará

L'engouement aujourd'hui pour la manipulation des propriétés électriques des supraconducteurs moléculaires dans le domaine des matériaux, nous a conduit à installer des gyroscopes au sein du cristal, pour que la propriété dynamique puisse moduler l'environnement électrostatique pouvant déboucher vers un nouvel ordre de charge et des structures ferroélectriques. Une machine moléculaire qui possède un rotor, un axe de rotation et des stators tel que le 1,4-diéthynylbicyclo[2,2,2]octane, a été choisie pour sa particularité à interagir avec la lumière, que l'on organise au sein du solide, sous forme de monocristaux appelés moteurs cristallins. La RMN CP/MAS sur poudre cristalline et monocristal a permis de caractériser le mouvement du rotor. Le développement d'une approche cristalline ajouté à la fonctionnalisation des rotors ont permis leur auto-assemblage et leur installation dans des architectures ouvertes organisées autour de cation métalliques (MOF,PCP,), ce qui a permis l'élaboration de matériaux multifonctionnels, dotés de la fonction dynamique, aux propriétés de conductivité ou de transition spin (SCO-MOF). Finalement, l'étude de systèmes cristallins dynamiques de basse dimentionnalité en optique non linéaire a permis de mettre en évidence le phénomène de photo-pilotage des gyroscopes par la lumière au sein du solide. le développement de systèmes plus élaborés permettra de mieux comprendre ce phénomène afin de l'utiliser dans des applications industrielles.

Antimony trioxide (Sb203) and halogenated additives are used together in flameretarded formulations due to their synergistic retardant properties. A study has been made to determine the effects of adding different grades of Sb203 (dSD particle sizes 0.11 um, 0.52um and 1.31 um) into ABS polymer either alone or with commercial brominated materials (BTBPE, TBBA, DBDPO) and an experimental bromine grade (sDBDPO). The Sb20 3 was added at 4wt% loadings and the bromines at 20wt% loadings. The results consider the influence of the additives on processing, mechanical, morphological and flame retardant properties. All compounds were produced using a twin-screw co-rotating extruder and then an injection moulder was used to mould notched impact (falling weight testing), flexural, LOI and UL-94 flame test bars. Samples of all the compounded formulations were titrated to determine Sb20 3 and Br contents. Fracture surface, morphology, size and dispersion analysis was carried out using both SEM and TEM equipment. Osmium tetroxide (OS04) staining was used to determine relative locations of filler particles and polybutadiene phase. Additions of the different antimony trioxide grades showed that the 0.52um and 1.31 um grades lowered impact energy absorption (-25 to -30%) when added at 4wt% loading. The use of a sub-micron size grade (0.1 um) did not significantly lower impact properties (-3%) and had similarly small effects on the flexural modulus and flexural strength. Additions of the brominated materials had much greater effects causing large reductions in impact properties (-20 to :70%). The presence of the bromines generally increased flexural modulus and lowered flexural strength with the exception of TB BA, which increased both modulus and strength. Compounds containing both 1.31 um Sb203 and bromines suffered a further reduction in impact energies, with the bromine properties dominating. Using the 0.1 um Sb20 3 grade again improved impact and flexural properties compared to the 1.31 um grade. The 0.1 um grade resulted in improvements in fire resistance as measured by the UL-94 properties when used with all bromine grades.