This study tests an aspect of the environmental theory of Peter Huber outlined in his book <i>Hard Green: Saving the Environment from the Environmentalists: A Conservative Manifesto</i> (1999). Huber's thesis is that wealth leads to environmental conservation in two ways: 1) that wealthy nations develop and implement technologies to maximize the efficiency of land use, and 2) that wealthy individuals pour their wealth into the conservation of nature. Using secondary data analysis, I test the first national-level hypothesis with regressions of the variables "Gross National Income" and "ecological footprint," and test the second individual-level hypothesis with logistic regressions of the variables "income" and "donation to environmental groups," from both the General Social Survey and the World Values Survey. The results strongly refute Huber's national-level theory, with evidence that wealthy nations are actually less efficient at using land, but on an individual level the evidence suggests that the wealthy are indeed more likely to donate money to environmental groups. / Master of Science

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-23T22:18:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUANA ARAÚJO DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 2150320 bytes, checksum: ff1e004447bdf3876ca804146d360cca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-23T22:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUANA ARAÚJO DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 2150320 bytes, checksum: ff1e004447bdf3876ca804146d360cca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-27 / Capes / Este trabalho teve o objetivo de produzir membranas poliméricas (polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular – PEUAPM) e membranas híbridas (PEUAPM/argila verde dura organofílica) e avaliar, em escala de laboratório, o comportamento e o desempenho destas na remoção de emulsão óleo/água, utilizando uma coluna de separação por membranas. Os ensaios foram realizados nas condições de concentração inicial do óleo 100 mgL-1, temperatura igual a 25ºC, pressão atmosférica. As membranas poliméricas foram produzidas utilizando o método incipiente de pós, de acordo com o planejamento experimental que teve como variáveis de entrada a percentagem de massa de argila verde dura organofílica e o tempo de sinterização no forno elétrico, e como resposta a remoção de emulsão óleo/água. A argila verde dura foi organofilizada com o sal quaternário de amônio Genamim. As argilas verde dura: natural e organofílica foram caraterizadas pelas técnicas de Difração de raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de florescência de raios X por energia dispersiva (FRX-ED), Adsorção física de N2, Capacidade de Troca de Cátions (CTC), Capacidade de adsorção e de Inchamento de Foster, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Análise Térmica Diferencial (ATD) e Termogravimétrica (TG). O polímero PEUAPM foi caracterizado pelas técnicas DRX e TG. As membranas produzidas (poliméricas e híbridas) foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de DRX e Microscopia ótica (MO). Os resultados da análise de DRX mostraram que a argila verde dura natural apresenta reflexões características do grupo da esmectita. Após a organofilização, foi observado pelo difratograma que houve o deslocamento de picos e um aumento expressivo do espaçamento basal (d001) confirmando a efetiva intercalação do cátion quaternário de amônio (Genamin®) nas camadas interlamelares da argila verde dura. Os resultados obtidos por FRX-ED, adsorção física de nitrogênio e capacidade de troca catiônica demonstraram que a argila verde dura é tipicamente uma argila esmectítica. As membranas poliméricas e híbridas foram caracterizadas por DRX, em que apresentou os picos característicos de polietileno, e por MO, onde apresentou a distribuição dos grãos. A partir dos testes de separação da emulsão óleo/água, pode-se concluir que a inserção da argila verde dura organofílica ao polímero PEUAPM não melhorou o processo de separação da emulsão óleo/água. Dentre as membranas estudadas, polimérica e híbrida, os desempenhos foram semelhantes na separação da emulsão. / This work aimed to produce polymeric membranes and hybrid membranes (hard green organoclay/UHMWPE) and evaluate, on a laboratory scale, the behavior and performance of the membranes produced in removing oil / water emulsion using a separation column by membranes. Assays were performed in conditions of initial concentration of oil 100 mgL-1, temperature of 25°C atmospheric pressure. Polymeric membranes were produced using the incipient method of powders, according to the experimental design that had as input variables the percentage by mass of hard green organoclay and sintering time in the electric furnace, and in response to removing oil emulsion/water. The hard green clay was chemically with the quaternary ammonium salt Genamim. The hard green clays, natural and organoclay were characterized by diffraction techniques of X-ray (XRD) Spectroscopy blooming X-ray energy dispersive (FRX-ED), physical adsorption of N2, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) adsorption capacity and Foster's swelling, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric (TG). The UHMWPE polymer was characterized by XRD and TG techniques. The produced membranes (polymeric and hybrid) were characterized by XRD techniques and optical microscopy (OM). The results of XRD analysis showed that the natural green hard clay has characteristics of reflections of the smectite group. After organophilization, it was observed by the XRD pattern which there was displacement peaks and a significant increase in basal spacing (d001) confirming the effective merging of the quaternary ammonium cation (Genamin®) interlayer in layers of hard green clay. The results obtained by ED-XRF, nitrogen adsorption and cation exchange capacity showed that hard green clay is typically a smectite clay. Polymeric and hybrid membranes were characterized by XRD, which showed the characteristic peaks of polyethylene, and MO, where he presented the distribution of the grain. From the tests separation of oil/water emulsion, it can be concluded that the insertion of hard green clay organophilic the UHMWPE polymer did not improve the process of separating oil/water emulsion. Among those studied, polymeric and hybrid membranes, the performances were similar in the separation of the emulsion.