Growth performance of Bur oak (Q. macrocarpa Michx.) and Red oak (Q. rubra L.) under salinity conditions was assessed by growing seedlings in the presence of increasing levels of NaCl. Salinity reduced root growth in both species, although its repressive effect was more pronounced in Red oak. Exposure to 75 mM NaCl for three weeks almost arrested root growth in Red oak, while it reduced it only by 40 % in Bur oak. Red oak roots showed extensive necrosis and limited branching. Salinity also induced leaf injury, which at a NaCl level of 25 mM was less severe in Bur oak possibly due the higher expression of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), enzymes participating in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Salinity also altered nutrient uptake and accumulation in root and leaf tissue. Compared to Red oak, the relative calcium level in Bur oak roots exposed to increased salinity remained elevated, while an opposite trend was observed in leaf tissue. This was in contrast to nitrogen and potassium, the relative level of which was higher in Red oak leaves grown in the presence of NaCl. The better performance of Bur oak root tissue under salinity conditions was ascribed to structural modifications of the root system with maturation of casparian bands and suberinization occurring closer to the root tip. These structures are known to act as barriers enhancing ion selectivity. Collectively this study demonstrates that relative to Red oak, Bur oak is more tolerant to NaCl induced salinity conditions. / February 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_rerinton_joabel_oliveira.pdf: 1061872 bytes, checksum: 090acbd80306ffa94125e3268c96951f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / The aim at this work was to evaluate the alterations on carbohydrates metabolism of hardwood cuttings of blueberries cv. Delite, Powder Blue and Seleção 19. The starch and soluble sugars concentration were evaluated in blueberry branches at four different times in a first experiment (03/06, 04/07, 24/07 and 11/08/2008) and later the metabolism of carbohydrates were evaluated in harvested hardwood cuttings submitted to rooting conditions. It was verified that the cv. Powder Blue has higher starch concentration in the branches than Delite and Seleção 19. Hardwood cuttings of blueberry with low percentage of starch, when subjected to rooting, have resynthesis of starch. At the end of the winter, there is an increase in starch in the branches of woody blueberry. A higher amount of starch in the branches during the winter is associated to a higher rate of rooting. / O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as alterações no teor de carboidratos em estacas lenhosas de mirtileiro das cultivares Delite, Powder Blue e Seleção 19. Foram analisados os teores de amido e de açúcares solúveis a partir de ramos coletados em quatro épocas diferentes (03/06, 04/07, 24/07 e 11/08/2008) em um primeiro experimento e, posteriormente, avaliou-se o teor de carboidratos em estacas, coletadas nas mesmas épocas citadas, submetidas a condições de enraizamento. Verificou-se que a cv. Powder Blue possui maior reserva amilácea que a cv. Delite e Seleção 19. Estacas lenhosas de mirtileiro com baixos teores de amido, quando submetidas ao enraizamento, apresentam ressíntese de amido. No fim do período de inverno, ocorre um aumento na concentração de amido nos ramos lenhosos de mirtileiro. Maior teor de amido nos ramos durante o período de inverno está associado à maior taxa de enraizamento.

La sélection des nouveaux porte-greffes du genre Prunus a pour principal objectif d’utiliser lavariabilité génétique existant au sein des différentes espèces de Prunus afin de créer un matérielvégétal innovant, performant au plan agronomique et résistant à différentes contraintes biotiques etabiotiques. L’exploitation de la variabilité génétique s'appuie sur le phénotypage des différentsindividus présents dans les collections de ressources génétiques pour les caractères recherchés. Celapermet de sélectionner des génotypes spécifiques pour améliorer un trait donné.Dans cette étude constituée de deux parties, nous avons exploré la diversité génétique au seindu genre Prunus pour ce qui concerne deux traits importants : l’aptitude au bouturage et les réponsesde certains porte-greffes à la contrainte hydrique.Dans la première partie l’aptitude au bouturage ligneux a été explorée dans une collectiongénétique de 222 génotypes. Les résultats obtenus montrent une variabilité considérable entre les sousgenresAmygdalus et Prunophora et également une variabilité interspécifique au sein de chaque sousgenre.La réussite au bouturage est nettement améliorée chez les hybrides interspécifiques dont un desparents appartient à l’espèce P cerasifera.Dans la deuxième partie nous avons étudié les réponses à la contrainte hydrique chez neufgénotypes couramment utilisés comme porte-greffes. Nous avons comparé trois régimes hydriquesdifférents : témoins, stressés et recouvrés. L’humidité du substrat est maintenue à la capacité au champtout au long de l’expérience pour les plants témoins, par contre l’arrosage a été arrêté pendant 14 jourspour les plants stressés, puis il a été repris pendant 10 jours pour les plants recouvrés. Durant cetteexpérience, nous avons effectué des mesures morphologiques et physiologiques sur la partie aérienneainsi que des excavations à la fin de chaque phase pour examiner les modifications au niveau dusystème racinaire. Sur la partie aérienne, la contrainte hydrique a provoqué une diminutionsignificative de la photosynthèse nette, de la transpiration totale, de la conductance stomatique, et del’expansion des feuilles.Le système racinaire a répondu à cette contrainte par plusieurs modifications. D’abord, le ratio racines/pousses a augmenté pour 4 génotypes (GF305, GF677, Montclar et Myrobolan1254). Ensuite, lesdifférents traits de l’architecture racinaire ont montré des modifications sous l’effet de la contraintehydrique : la longueur de la zone apicale non ramifiée (LZANR) qui traduit l’élongation racinaire,ainsi que les diamètres apicaux des racines ont diminué chez tous les génotypes. Par conséquent lesracines se sont affinées et ont réduit leur croissance en longueur. Produire des racines plus finesaugmente la surface de contact entre les racines et le sol et améliore la capacité d’absorption. Unediminution de la distance inter-ramification a été observée chez les plants stressés. Cette modificationpourrait s’expliquer par le fait que les plantes produisent plus de racines latérales en profondeur oùl’eau est souvent plus disponible. De plus, les racines latérales produites étaient également plus fines.Au plan qualitatif, les génotypes ont eu des réponses semblables, mais l’intensité de la réponse a variéselon les génotypes. / In breeding programs of Prunus rootstocks the aim is to use the existing genetic variabilitywithin Prunus species in order to create new rootstock genotypes with excellent agronomic traits, andimproved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.Exploitation of the genetic variability is based on the evaluation of phenotypic variation amongindividuals within genetic collections for desirable traits. This make possible to select specificgenotypes to improve a given trait.This study consists of two parts; we explored the genetic diversity within the genus Prunusregarding two important characteristics: rooting ability of hardwood cuttings and responses of somerootstocks to water stress.In the first part, rooting ability of hardwood cuttings was evaluated among 222 genotypespreserved in genetic collection. The results show considerable variability among the sub genusAmygdalus, Prunophora, and also an interspecific variability within each of them. Rooting ability byhardwood cutting was significantly improved in interspecific hybrids if one parent belongs to Pcerasifera species.In the second part of this study we studied the responses of nine genotypes, commonly usedrootstocks, to water stress. We applied three treatments: control, water stress and recovering.Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity through all stages of the experiment for the controlplants. On the contrary we stopped watering during 14 days for the stressed plants, and then we rewateredthe recovered plants for 10 days.During this experience, we performed morphological and physiological measurements on the aboveground parts of plants and we excavated plants at the end of each phase to observe root systemmodifications.Aboveground parts of plant responded to water stress by a significant decrease in net photosynthesis,total transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf expansion.Root system responded to water stress by several modifications:Four genotypes (GF305, Montclar, GF677 and Myrobolan) showed a significant increase in root toshoot ratio under drought conditions. We also detected morphological modifications on the differenttraits of root architecture in response to water stress.The length of the apical unbranched zone LAUZ and the apical diameter were decreased forall genotypes, consequently, roots became finer and reduced their rate of elongation. Fine rootsenhance the surface of contact between roots and soil which in turn improve the acquisition of waterunder drought condition.The inter-branch distance also responded, and it tended to decrease under the water stress treatment.The decrease in inter-branch distance can be explained by a production of more lateral roots in deeplayers, where water was more available, moreover these new laterals roots were also finer.Qualitatively, a common response to water stress was observed on the different traits of the rootsystem architecture, but we showed a genotypic effect determining the level of the response.