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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An investigation of the effects of amyloid beta peptide on human neuronal cells : generation of oxidative stress

Toye, Ashley Mark January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
2

Zirconium-induced physiological and biochemical responses in two genotypes of Brassica napus L.

Braaf, Ryan January 2015 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / South Africa is one of two countries responsible for the production of approximately 80% of the world’s Zr. The increase in mining activity has detrimental effects on the environment, especially crop plants, as more pollutants are leached into the soil. Consequently, it is necessary to understand how plants respond to this form of abiotic stress. Therefore, this study focused on determining the physiological and biochemical responses of two genotypes of Brassica napus L (Agamax and Garnet) in response to Zr stress. The levels of cell death, lipid peroxidation and ROS were higher in Garnet, whereas the chlorophyll content was higher in Agamax. Furthermore, native PAGE analysis detected seven SOD isoforms and seven APX isoforms in Agamax, compared to 6 SOD isoforms and 7 APX isoforms in Garnet. The results thus indicate that Agamax is tolerant to Zr-induced stress, whereas Garnet is sensitive. An assay for the rapid quantification of Zr within plant samples was subsequently developed, which revealed that Agamax retained the bulk of the Zr within its roots, whereas Garnet translocated most of the Zr to its leaves. The ability of Agamax to sequester Zr in its roots comes forth as one of the mechanisms which confers greater tolerance to Zr-induced stress. As a consequence, our study sought to use the optical, physical and chemical properties of quantum dots to image the uptake and translocation of Zr in B. napus genotypes. ICPOES was also performed to quantify Zr levels in various plant organs. Data from the ICPOES revealed varying patterns of uptake and translocations between Garnet and Agamax. These patterns were similarly shown in IVIS Lumina images, tracing the transport of QD/Zr conjugates. This method ultimately proved to be successful in tracing the uptake of Zr, and could essentially be a useful tool for targeting and imaging a number of other molecules.
3

3,3'-diindolylmethane improves drought tolerance of Zea mays through enhancing antioxidant activity

Basson, Gerhard Leroy January 2018 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Maize is one of the most abundantly produced cereals and contributes to about 40% of the global cereal production. This figure will have to increase in order to feed the ever-growing human population. One of the major environmental constraints that impact maize production is drought. Plants use antioxidant defences to cope with drought stress. Understanding and improving these defence mechanisms will be important to improve overall drought tolerance. A previous study done by Gokul and authors in 2016 showed that 3,3’-diindolylmethane (DIM) improves both seed germination and seedling shoot growth in Brassica napus. Plants belonging to the Brassicaceae family have the metabolic machinery to synthesize glucosinolates such as DIM, which play vital roles in physiological and stress responses. These responses have not been investigated in plants such as maize, which lack the machinery to produce DIM. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of exogenously applied DIM on the physiological and biochemical responses of maize under drought stress. Physiological parameters such as relative water content, chlorophyll content and lipid peroxidation, were determined in order to understand how drought and DIM , as separate or combined treatments, affected the plants. Additionally, proline accumulation was also assessed because free proline plays a role as an osmoprotectant during stress. The accumulation of ROS, namely hydrogen peroxide, was measured using spectrophotometric assays to determine how the above treatments affect ROS accumulation in maize. As a result of changes in the ROS content in due to the treatments, it would only be natural to investigate the changes in antioxidants as well. Given that hydrogen peroxide was the ROS to be measured, we therefore investigated the antioxidant enzymatic activities responsible for hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Therefore, changes in Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were assessed. An improved drought response was observed in maize plants treated with DIM as these plants had better ability to maintain their water status than when no DIM was applied. This is indicated by water-deprived plants treated with DIM having a higher RWC than water-deprived plant without DIM.
4

Quercetin and Dietary Lipids Alter the Cellular Redox Environment of the Colonocyte in the Promotion Stage of Colon Carcinogenesis.

Paulhill, Kimberly Jones 15 May 2009 (has links)
Quercetin (Q), a water-soluble flavonoid that is ubiquitous to foods of plant origin is postulated to protect against colon cancer due to its antioxidant activity. In contrast, we have shown that a dietary combination of fish oil (FO; n-3 fatty acids) and pectin may protect against colon cancer by decreasing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities leading to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), an inducer of apoptosis. We hypothesized that adding an antioxidant to a FO diet may negate the beneficial effects of FO by counteracting FO effects on colonocyte redox status. To test this, we provided 40 rats with FO or CO (fiber = pectin) diets with Q being 0 or 0.45% of the diet for 10 wk. All rats were injected with azoxymethane (AOM) on d 21 and 28. Measurements included: aberrant crypt (AC) enumeration (colon cancer marker); apoptosis (TUNEL assay); catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities; reduced and oxidized glutathione concentrations (GSH/GSSG); and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG adducts). AC numbers were lower in FO vs CO rats (p<0.0001), but tended to increase for FO diets containing Q (P<0.098). The apoptotic index was higher (p<0.0001) when Q was added to the FO and CO diets. Total SOD (lipid main effect, p=0.0136) and GPX activity (p=0.0025) was elevated in CO rats. CAT activity was higher (p=0.0204) in FO rats, however Q diminished this effect. GSH was not affected by diet; yet, GSSG accumulated (p=0.0554) in CO rats with Q as compared to CO rats without Q. The GSH/GSSG ratio was lower (p=0.0314) in CO rats than in FO rats. There was no difference in 8-OHdG adduct levels in FO vs CO rats, however, Q decreased 8-OHdG adducts in CO rats (p=0.0428). Despite increasing apoptosis, Q did not significantly lower AC formation. These data suggest that the distinct effects of the CO/Q and FO/Q combinations are functioning through different mechanisms to induce apoptosis. The long-term consequences of adding antioxidants such as Q to a diet thought to exert its anticancer effect through a pro-oxidant mechanism are unknown and deserve further study.
5

Estresse oxidativo e envelhecimento no encéfalo de ratos machos reprodutores / Oxidative stress in the brain of reproductive male rats during aging

Alabarse, Paulo Vinicius Gil January 2011 (has links)
A reprodução é capaz de alterar muitos parâmetros relacionados à fisiologia, ao comportamento e à morfologia em vertebrados machos. Trabalhos apresentam relação entre reprodução ou envelhecimento com estresse oxidativo, não havendo trabalho relacionando estresse oxidativo, reprodução e envelhecimento simultaneamente em mamíferos. Para avaliar o estresse oxidativo no encéfalo de ratos machos decorrente da atividade reprodutiva e ao longo do envelhecimento (3, 6, 12 e 24 meses) comparado a animais sem atividade reprodutiva (n = 10 por grupo e por idade), avaliou-se a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes (catalase, glutationa peroxidase, superóxido dismutase, glutationa Stransferase); os níveis de moléculas antioxidantes (glutationa oxidada e reduzida, vitamina C e E); os marcadores de dano oxidativo (peroxidação lipídica, carbonilação de proteínas, nitritos e nitratos), bem como o status oxidante total e a atividade da enzima metabólica aconitase no encéfalo, e os níveis de testosterona e estradiol no soro. ANOVA, seguido do post hoc de Tukey, foi utilizado para avaliar a diferença estatística entre os grupos. Correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear (método stepwise) foram utilizadas para avaliar alterações relacionadas entre os parâmetros. Os animais machos com atividade reprodutiva apresentaram elevada concentração de testosterona e atividade da aconitase, sugerindo um metabolismo mais elevado que os sem atividade reprodutiva. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a quantidade de moléculas antioxidantes também foram mais elevadas em diversos grupos de animais reprodutores, mas o dano oxidativo mais elevado também foi observado nesses grupos de animais reprodutores. Alterações relacionadas ao envelhecimento foram observadas em ambos os grupos, não havendo padrão. Observou-se elevada atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, bem como maiores danos, no grupo dos animais reprodutores de 6 meses. Nos animais mais velhos (24 meses), observam-se similares níveis dos marcadores de dano oxidativo, atividade de algumas enzimas antioxidantes e de moléculas antioxidantes entre os grupos. Do complexo emaranhado de correlações e regressões observado nesse sistema, destaca-se a influência do envelhecimento nos níveis de testosterona, nitritos e nitratos e na atividade das enzimas aconitase, catalase e glutationa Stransferase (coeficiente padronizado B = 0,53; 0,31; 0,39; 0,78 e 0,23, respectivamente). Os níveis de testosterona se correlacionaram positivamente com diversos parâmetros: catalase 73%, superóxido dismutase 71%, peroxidação lipídica 43%, nitritos e nitratos 50%, aconitase 46% e aconitase reativada 47%. Sugere-se que a atividade reprodutiva eleva o metabolismo, tanto por estímulo hormonal quanto por outras alterações, e.g. alteração comportamental, levando a elevada produção de espécies reativas, causando dano oxidativo e elevando a atividade e a quantidade das defesas antioxidantes. Esses resultados auxiliam na compreensão das alterações causadas pela reprodução relacionadas ao envelhecimento em nível de estresse oxidativo, e sugere bases para explicar os custos relacionados à reprodução. / Reproduction causes changes in male vertebrates, including morphological, behavioral, and physiological alterations. Reproduction and aging may alter oxidative stress, but there is no research concerning oxidative stress and reproduction during aging in mammals. We performed a comprehensive study to examine oxidative stress in the brains of male rats with (experienced) or without (naïve) reproductive activity during aging (3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age). Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase), the amount of non-enzymatic compounds (reduced and oxidized glutathione, vitamin C and E), the levels of oxidative damage markers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, nitrite and nitrate) as well as total oxidant status, and the aconitase metabolic enzyme activity in brain, and the levels of testosterone and estradiol in serum. ANOVA, followed by Tukey post hoc, was used to analyze statistical differences among groups. Spearman Correlation and Linear Regression (stepwise method) were used to analyze relation among parameters. Reproductively active animals exhibited increased testosterone levels and aconitase activity, suggesting an increased metabolism. Despite the Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased levels of antioxidant compounds were observed, damage to biomolecules was also observed in experienced rats. During aging changes in oxidative stress were observed in all groups, but no pattern was observed. We found higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, higher amounts of antioxidants, contrasting with higher damage at six months of age between experienced than naïve animals. Some similarities were found in antioxidant activities and levels, and damage between the groups at twenty-four months of age. Correlations and regressions show a very complex web of interactions among the parameters. Aging exerted influence in testosterone, nitrites and nitrates levels, in the aconitase, catalase, and glutathione Stransferase activities (adjusted B value of = -0.53; -0.31; - 0.39; -0.78; and 0.23, respectively). Testosterone levels positively correlated with: catalase 73%, superoxide dismutase 71%, lipid peroxidation 43%, nitrites and nitrates 50%, aconitase 46%, and reactivated aconitase 47%. We suggest that reproductive activity increases metabolism, by hormonal stimuli as by others factors, e.g. behavioral change, and this changes lead to increased production of reactive species, which lead to oxidative damage and increases the antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic amount. These results add comprehensive data regarding changes in oxidative stress during aging, and suggest an explanation for the costs of reproduction.
6

Estresse oxidativo e envelhecimento no encéfalo de ratos machos reprodutores / Oxidative stress in the brain of reproductive male rats during aging

Alabarse, Paulo Vinicius Gil January 2011 (has links)
A reprodução é capaz de alterar muitos parâmetros relacionados à fisiologia, ao comportamento e à morfologia em vertebrados machos. Trabalhos apresentam relação entre reprodução ou envelhecimento com estresse oxidativo, não havendo trabalho relacionando estresse oxidativo, reprodução e envelhecimento simultaneamente em mamíferos. Para avaliar o estresse oxidativo no encéfalo de ratos machos decorrente da atividade reprodutiva e ao longo do envelhecimento (3, 6, 12 e 24 meses) comparado a animais sem atividade reprodutiva (n = 10 por grupo e por idade), avaliou-se a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes (catalase, glutationa peroxidase, superóxido dismutase, glutationa Stransferase); os níveis de moléculas antioxidantes (glutationa oxidada e reduzida, vitamina C e E); os marcadores de dano oxidativo (peroxidação lipídica, carbonilação de proteínas, nitritos e nitratos), bem como o status oxidante total e a atividade da enzima metabólica aconitase no encéfalo, e os níveis de testosterona e estradiol no soro. ANOVA, seguido do post hoc de Tukey, foi utilizado para avaliar a diferença estatística entre os grupos. Correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear (método stepwise) foram utilizadas para avaliar alterações relacionadas entre os parâmetros. Os animais machos com atividade reprodutiva apresentaram elevada concentração de testosterona e atividade da aconitase, sugerindo um metabolismo mais elevado que os sem atividade reprodutiva. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a quantidade de moléculas antioxidantes também foram mais elevadas em diversos grupos de animais reprodutores, mas o dano oxidativo mais elevado também foi observado nesses grupos de animais reprodutores. Alterações relacionadas ao envelhecimento foram observadas em ambos os grupos, não havendo padrão. Observou-se elevada atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, bem como maiores danos, no grupo dos animais reprodutores de 6 meses. Nos animais mais velhos (24 meses), observam-se similares níveis dos marcadores de dano oxidativo, atividade de algumas enzimas antioxidantes e de moléculas antioxidantes entre os grupos. Do complexo emaranhado de correlações e regressões observado nesse sistema, destaca-se a influência do envelhecimento nos níveis de testosterona, nitritos e nitratos e na atividade das enzimas aconitase, catalase e glutationa Stransferase (coeficiente padronizado B = 0,53; 0,31; 0,39; 0,78 e 0,23, respectivamente). Os níveis de testosterona se correlacionaram positivamente com diversos parâmetros: catalase 73%, superóxido dismutase 71%, peroxidação lipídica 43%, nitritos e nitratos 50%, aconitase 46% e aconitase reativada 47%. Sugere-se que a atividade reprodutiva eleva o metabolismo, tanto por estímulo hormonal quanto por outras alterações, e.g. alteração comportamental, levando a elevada produção de espécies reativas, causando dano oxidativo e elevando a atividade e a quantidade das defesas antioxidantes. Esses resultados auxiliam na compreensão das alterações causadas pela reprodução relacionadas ao envelhecimento em nível de estresse oxidativo, e sugere bases para explicar os custos relacionados à reprodução. / Reproduction causes changes in male vertebrates, including morphological, behavioral, and physiological alterations. Reproduction and aging may alter oxidative stress, but there is no research concerning oxidative stress and reproduction during aging in mammals. We performed a comprehensive study to examine oxidative stress in the brains of male rats with (experienced) or without (naïve) reproductive activity during aging (3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age). Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase), the amount of non-enzymatic compounds (reduced and oxidized glutathione, vitamin C and E), the levels of oxidative damage markers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, nitrite and nitrate) as well as total oxidant status, and the aconitase metabolic enzyme activity in brain, and the levels of testosterone and estradiol in serum. ANOVA, followed by Tukey post hoc, was used to analyze statistical differences among groups. Spearman Correlation and Linear Regression (stepwise method) were used to analyze relation among parameters. Reproductively active animals exhibited increased testosterone levels and aconitase activity, suggesting an increased metabolism. Despite the Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased levels of antioxidant compounds were observed, damage to biomolecules was also observed in experienced rats. During aging changes in oxidative stress were observed in all groups, but no pattern was observed. We found higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, higher amounts of antioxidants, contrasting with higher damage at six months of age between experienced than naïve animals. Some similarities were found in antioxidant activities and levels, and damage between the groups at twenty-four months of age. Correlations and regressions show a very complex web of interactions among the parameters. Aging exerted influence in testosterone, nitrites and nitrates levels, in the aconitase, catalase, and glutathione Stransferase activities (adjusted B value of = -0.53; -0.31; - 0.39; -0.78; and 0.23, respectively). Testosterone levels positively correlated with: catalase 73%, superoxide dismutase 71%, lipid peroxidation 43%, nitrites and nitrates 50%, aconitase 46%, and reactivated aconitase 47%. We suggest that reproductive activity increases metabolism, by hormonal stimuli as by others factors, e.g. behavioral change, and this changes lead to increased production of reactive species, which lead to oxidative damage and increases the antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic amount. These results add comprehensive data regarding changes in oxidative stress during aging, and suggest an explanation for the costs of reproduction.
7

Estresse oxidativo em clones de seringueira sob ataque de antracnose-das-folhas /

Fiori, Maíra dos Santos, 1984- January 2011 (has links)
Resumo : As plantas defendem-se continuamente contra ataques de bactérias, vírus, fungos, invertebrados e outras plantas. O estresse oxidativo é um tipo de resposta fisiológica da planta após o reconhecimento do patógeno, podendo resultar em sintomas diversos, dependendo da sensibilidade, e dos mecanismos de defesa da planta hospedira. Situações de estresse impostas por diversos fatores, como de estresse biótico, que resulta da ação de micro-organismos patogênicos, nematóides e artrópodes e de interações simbióticas bactéria/cianobactéria/fungoplanta, são de enorme relevância para o crescimento, desenvolvimento, produtividade e sobrevivência dos hospedeiros. A antracnose causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, constitui um sério problema para a cultura da seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. De Juss) Müell. Arg.] no Estado de São Paulo. Este fungo ataca diversas partes da planta ou atua como saprófita associado a outros patógenos, prejudicando o crescimento, desenvolvimento e a produtividade. Foram analisadas alterações bioquímicas em folhas de mudas de três clones de seringueira RRIM 600, GT1 e PR255 infectadas pelo fungo C. gloeosporoides, observando os indicadores de estresse oxidativo (lipoperóxidos, peróxido de hidrogênio, pigmentos fotossintéticos e açúcares solúveis) e enzimas antioxidantes (glutationa S-transferase- GST, superóxido dismutase-SOD e peroxidase-POD) relacionadas com proteção contra estresse. Neste trabalho foi observado que a infecção por C. gloesosporoides em plantas H. brasiliensis causa estresse oxidativo, detectado pelo aumento dos teores de peróxido de hidrogênio, acúmulo de carboidratos solúveis e degradação dos teores de clorofila a, b e total. A elevação da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, GST, SOD e POD nos clones... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Plants defend themselves against attacks by continuously bacteria, viruses, fungi, invertebrates and plants. Oxidative stress is a type of physiological response of plants after pathogen recognition and may result in various symptoms, depending on the sensitivity of the host and the mechanisms of plant defense. Situations of stress imposed by various factors such as the examples of biotic stress, which results from the action of pathogenic microorganisms, nematodes and arthropods and symbiotic interactions of bacteria / cyanobacteria / plant-fungus are of great significance to the level of growth, development, productivity and survival of the hosts. The anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, is a serious problem for the cultivation of rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. De Juss) Müell. Arg.] in São Paulo State. This fungus attacks the plant parts or acts as a saprophyte associated with other pathogens hampering growth, development and productivity. It was analyzed biochemical changes in leaves of seedlings of three tree clones RRIM 600, PR255 GT1 and infected by C. gloeosporoides, such as, indicators of oxidative stress (lipoperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, photosynthetic pigments and soluble sugars) and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione Stransferase- GST, superoxide dismutase-SOD and peroxidase-POD) related to protection against stress. In this study it was observed that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ana Catarina Cataneo / Coorientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Jurema Schons / Banca: Luciana Francisco Fleuri / Mestre
8

Estresse oxidativo em clones de seringueira sob ataque de antracnose-das-folhas

Fiori, Maíra dos Santos [UNESP] 02 September 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fiori_ms_me_botfca.pdf: 522826 bytes, checksum: 2fdad663a43818ad507dbf71d1ee69b9 (MD5) / As plantas defendem-se continuamente contra ataques de bactérias, vírus, fungos, invertebrados e outras plantas. O estresse oxidativo é um tipo de resposta fisiológica da planta após o reconhecimento do patógeno, podendo resultar em sintomas diversos, dependendo da sensibilidade, e dos mecanismos de defesa da planta hospedira. Situações de estresse impostas por diversos fatores, como de estresse biótico, que resulta da ação de micro-organismos patogênicos, nematóides e artrópodes e de interações simbióticas bactéria/cianobactéria/fungoplanta, são de enorme relevância para o crescimento, desenvolvimento, produtividade e sobrevivência dos hospedeiros. A antracnose causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, constitui um sério problema para a cultura da seringueira [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. De Juss) Müell. Arg.] no Estado de São Paulo. Este fungo ataca diversas partes da planta ou atua como saprófita associado a outros patógenos, prejudicando o crescimento, desenvolvimento e a produtividade. Foram analisadas alterações bioquímicas em folhas de mudas de três clones de seringueira RRIM 600, GT1 e PR255 infectadas pelo fungo C. gloeosporoides, observando os indicadores de estresse oxidativo (lipoperóxidos, peróxido de hidrogênio, pigmentos fotossintéticos e açúcares solúveis) e enzimas antioxidantes (glutationa S-transferase- GST, superóxido dismutase-SOD e peroxidase-POD) relacionadas com proteção contra estresse. Neste trabalho foi observado que a infecção por C. gloesosporoides em plantas H. brasiliensis causa estresse oxidativo, detectado pelo aumento dos teores de peróxido de hidrogênio, acúmulo de carboidratos solúveis e degradação dos teores de clorofila a, b e total. A elevação da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, GST, SOD e POD nos clones... / Plants defend themselves against attacks by continuously bacteria, viruses, fungi, invertebrates and plants. Oxidative stress is a type of physiological response of plants after pathogen recognition and may result in various symptoms, depending on the sensitivity of the host and the mechanisms of plant defense. Situations of stress imposed by various factors such as the examples of biotic stress, which results from the action of pathogenic microorganisms, nematodes and arthropods and symbiotic interactions of bacteria / cyanobacteria / plant-fungus are of great significance to the level of growth, development, productivity and survival of the hosts. The anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, is a serious problem for the cultivation of rubber [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Ex Adr. De Juss) Müell. Arg.] in São Paulo State. This fungus attacks the plant parts or acts as a saprophyte associated with other pathogens hampering growth, development and productivity. It was analyzed biochemical changes in leaves of seedlings of three tree clones RRIM 600, PR255 GT1 and infected by C. gloeosporoides, such as, indicators of oxidative stress (lipoperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, photosynthetic pigments and soluble sugars) and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione Stransferase- GST, superoxide dismutase-SOD and peroxidase-POD) related to protection against stress. In this study it was observed that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
9

Estresse oxidativo e envelhecimento no encéfalo de ratos machos reprodutores / Oxidative stress in the brain of reproductive male rats during aging

Alabarse, Paulo Vinicius Gil January 2011 (has links)
A reprodução é capaz de alterar muitos parâmetros relacionados à fisiologia, ao comportamento e à morfologia em vertebrados machos. Trabalhos apresentam relação entre reprodução ou envelhecimento com estresse oxidativo, não havendo trabalho relacionando estresse oxidativo, reprodução e envelhecimento simultaneamente em mamíferos. Para avaliar o estresse oxidativo no encéfalo de ratos machos decorrente da atividade reprodutiva e ao longo do envelhecimento (3, 6, 12 e 24 meses) comparado a animais sem atividade reprodutiva (n = 10 por grupo e por idade), avaliou-se a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes (catalase, glutationa peroxidase, superóxido dismutase, glutationa Stransferase); os níveis de moléculas antioxidantes (glutationa oxidada e reduzida, vitamina C e E); os marcadores de dano oxidativo (peroxidação lipídica, carbonilação de proteínas, nitritos e nitratos), bem como o status oxidante total e a atividade da enzima metabólica aconitase no encéfalo, e os níveis de testosterona e estradiol no soro. ANOVA, seguido do post hoc de Tukey, foi utilizado para avaliar a diferença estatística entre os grupos. Correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear (método stepwise) foram utilizadas para avaliar alterações relacionadas entre os parâmetros. Os animais machos com atividade reprodutiva apresentaram elevada concentração de testosterona e atividade da aconitase, sugerindo um metabolismo mais elevado que os sem atividade reprodutiva. A atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a quantidade de moléculas antioxidantes também foram mais elevadas em diversos grupos de animais reprodutores, mas o dano oxidativo mais elevado também foi observado nesses grupos de animais reprodutores. Alterações relacionadas ao envelhecimento foram observadas em ambos os grupos, não havendo padrão. Observou-se elevada atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, bem como maiores danos, no grupo dos animais reprodutores de 6 meses. Nos animais mais velhos (24 meses), observam-se similares níveis dos marcadores de dano oxidativo, atividade de algumas enzimas antioxidantes e de moléculas antioxidantes entre os grupos. Do complexo emaranhado de correlações e regressões observado nesse sistema, destaca-se a influência do envelhecimento nos níveis de testosterona, nitritos e nitratos e na atividade das enzimas aconitase, catalase e glutationa Stransferase (coeficiente padronizado B = 0,53; 0,31; 0,39; 0,78 e 0,23, respectivamente). Os níveis de testosterona se correlacionaram positivamente com diversos parâmetros: catalase 73%, superóxido dismutase 71%, peroxidação lipídica 43%, nitritos e nitratos 50%, aconitase 46% e aconitase reativada 47%. Sugere-se que a atividade reprodutiva eleva o metabolismo, tanto por estímulo hormonal quanto por outras alterações, e.g. alteração comportamental, levando a elevada produção de espécies reativas, causando dano oxidativo e elevando a atividade e a quantidade das defesas antioxidantes. Esses resultados auxiliam na compreensão das alterações causadas pela reprodução relacionadas ao envelhecimento em nível de estresse oxidativo, e sugere bases para explicar os custos relacionados à reprodução. / Reproduction causes changes in male vertebrates, including morphological, behavioral, and physiological alterations. Reproduction and aging may alter oxidative stress, but there is no research concerning oxidative stress and reproduction during aging in mammals. We performed a comprehensive study to examine oxidative stress in the brains of male rats with (experienced) or without (naïve) reproductive activity during aging (3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age). Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase), the amount of non-enzymatic compounds (reduced and oxidized glutathione, vitamin C and E), the levels of oxidative damage markers (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, nitrite and nitrate) as well as total oxidant status, and the aconitase metabolic enzyme activity in brain, and the levels of testosterone and estradiol in serum. ANOVA, followed by Tukey post hoc, was used to analyze statistical differences among groups. Spearman Correlation and Linear Regression (stepwise method) were used to analyze relation among parameters. Reproductively active animals exhibited increased testosterone levels and aconitase activity, suggesting an increased metabolism. Despite the Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and increased levels of antioxidant compounds were observed, damage to biomolecules was also observed in experienced rats. During aging changes in oxidative stress were observed in all groups, but no pattern was observed. We found higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, higher amounts of antioxidants, contrasting with higher damage at six months of age between experienced than naïve animals. Some similarities were found in antioxidant activities and levels, and damage between the groups at twenty-four months of age. Correlations and regressions show a very complex web of interactions among the parameters. Aging exerted influence in testosterone, nitrites and nitrates levels, in the aconitase, catalase, and glutathione Stransferase activities (adjusted B value of = -0.53; -0.31; - 0.39; -0.78; and 0.23, respectively). Testosterone levels positively correlated with: catalase 73%, superoxide dismutase 71%, lipid peroxidation 43%, nitrites and nitrates 50%, aconitase 46%, and reactivated aconitase 47%. We suggest that reproductive activity increases metabolism, by hormonal stimuli as by others factors, e.g. behavioral change, and this changes lead to increased production of reactive species, which lead to oxidative damage and increases the antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic amount. These results add comprehensive data regarding changes in oxidative stress during aging, and suggest an explanation for the costs of reproduction.
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Aspectos fisiolÃgicos e bioquÃmicos relacionados com a tolerÃncia à salinidade em algodÃo, feijÃo-de-corda e sorgo / Physiological and biochemical aspects related to salt tolerance in cotton, cowpea and sorghum

ValdinÃia Soares Freitas 09 March 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos e bioquÃmicos em trÃs espÃcies vegetais com graus diferenciados de tolerÃncia ao estresse salino, a fim de melhor entender suas diferenÃas na tolerÃncia à salinidade. Para isto, sementes de algodÃo, feijÃo-de-corda e sorgo foram semeadas em copos plÃsticos contendo vermiculita umedecida com soluÃÃo nutritiva de Hoagland  forÃa (SNH Â), sendo o experimento conduzido em casa de vegetaÃÃo. PlÃntulas de cinco dias de idade foram transferidas para meio hidropÃnico (SNH Â), onde permaneceram por um perÃodo de seis dias para aclimataÃÃo. ApÃs esse perÃodo, as plantas foram submetidas a trÃs tratamentos salinos com valores de condutividade elÃtrica (CE) de 0,9 dS m-1 (baixa salinidade), 4,0 dS m-1 (mÃdia salinidade) e 8,0 dS m-1 (alta salinidade). A coleta foi realizada aos 25 dias apÃs o inÃcio do estresse. A salinidade reduziu significativamente a Ãrea foliar e a massa seca da parte aÃrea das trÃs espÃcies estudadas, especialmente as das plantas de feijÃo-de-corda e em menor proporÃÃo as do algodÃo. O potencial osmÃtico de folhas e raÃzes das trÃs espÃcies foram significativamente reduzidos nos tratamentos a 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1 em comparaÃÃo com o de 0,9 dS m-1, exceto nas raÃzes de sorgo. Jà o teor relativo de Ãgua foliar nÃo apresentou alteraÃÃes com o aumento da CE do meio de crescimento. Os Ãons Na+ e Cl- aumentaram nas folhas e raÃzes das trÃs espÃcies, sendo que o algodÃo foi a espÃcie que mais reteve esses Ãons nos tratamentos a 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1. As concentraÃÃes de K+ nas folhas de algodÃo e feijÃo-de-corda foram aumentadas pelos nÃveis crescentes de salinidade, enquanto nas plantas de sorgo foram diminuÃdas. Jà nas raÃzes as concentraÃÃes desse Ãon foram significativamente reduzidas nas trÃs espÃcies. De maneira geral, nos tratamentos de mÃdia e alta salinidade comparados com o de baixa salinidade, as concentraÃÃes de NO3- foram reduzidas em folhas e raÃzes das trÃs espÃcies. Os tratamentos a mÃdia e alta salinidade reduziram as concentraÃÃes de carboidratos solÃveis no algodÃo, enquanto aumentaram no feijÃo-de-corda e no sorgo. A concentraÃÃo de proteÃna solÃvel nÃo se alterou no feijÃo-de-corda em funÃÃo da salinidade, enquanto foi reduzida nas outras duas espÃcies. Os N-aminossÃluveis foram aumentados nas trÃs espÃcies, enquanto para a prolina, esses aumentos sà foram observados a 8,0 dS m-1. De modo geral, os parÃmetros de emissÃo de fluorescÃncia da clorofila a e a leitura SPAD nÃo foram alterados pela salinidade. Os nÃveis de peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica foram significativamente aumentados nos tratamentos de mÃdia e alta salinidade no feijÃo-de-corda, nÃo sofreram alteraÃÃo no sorgo, enquanto foram reduzidos no algodÃo, quando comparados com o de baixa salinidade. A atividade das enzimas dismutase do superÃxido (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases do ascorbato (APX) e do guaiacol (GPX) em folhas, nÃo foi alterada pelos tratamentos salinos a 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1, com exceÃÃo de reduÃÃes nas atividades da SOD e GPX no algodÃo e da CAT no feijÃo-corda e, aumentos para a GPX no sorgo. Nas raÃzes, foram observados aumentos para a SOD no algodÃo e aumentos para a GPX no sorgo e feijÃo-de-corda, enquanto houve reduÃÃes da APX e GPX para o algodÃo. Os dados de crescimento aqui apresentados confirmam a maior tolerÃncia do algodÃo e a maior sensibilidade do feijÃo-de-corda ao estresse salino, enquanto que as alteraÃÃes na peroxidaÃÃo dos lipÃdios e nas enzimas antioxidativas nos levam a sugerir que o sistema enzimÃtico antioxidativo do algodÃo parece ser mais eficiente do que o das outras duas espÃcies estudadas, na eliminaÃÃo dos danos oxidativos ocasionados pela salinidade. à possÃvel, tambÃm, que a maior capacidade do algodÃo de acumular Ãons tÃxicos (Na+ e Cl-) nos tecidos fotossintetizantes contribua, pelo menos em parte, para sua maior tolerÃncia à salinidade. / The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological and biochemical parameters in three plant species with different degrees of salt tolerance in order to better understand their differences in salinity tolerance. For this, cotton seed, bean-to-string and sorghum were sown in plastic cups containing vermiculite moistened with  Hoagland solution strength ( SNH), the experiment being conducted in a greenhouse. Seedlings of five days of age were transferred to hydroponic medium (SNH Â), where they remained for a period of six days for acclimatization. After this period, the plants were subjected to three saline treatments with values &#8203;&#8203;of electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.9 dS m-1 (low salinity), 4.0 dS m -1 (mean salinity) and 8.0 dS m 1 (high salt). Data were collected at 25 days after the onset of stress. Salinity significantly reduced leaf area and shoot dry mass of all species, especially, bean-to-string and to a lesser extent those of cotton. The osmotic potential of leaves and roots of the three species were significantly reduced in the treatments at 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1 compared to 0.9 dS m-1 except the root sorghum. Since the leaf relative water content did not change with the increase in the EC medium. The Na + and Cl-increased in leaves and roots of three species, and cotton was the species that most of these ions retained in treatments 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1. The concentrations of K + in leaves of cotton and bean-to-string were increased by increasing salinity levels, while in sorghum plants were decreased. Since the roots of this ion concentrations were significantly reduced in all three species. In general, the treatment of medium and high salinity compared with the low salinity, the concentrations of NO3-were reduced in leaves and roots of three species. Treatments at medium and high salinity reduced concentrations of soluble carbohydrates in cotton, while increased in the-string-beans and sorghum. The soluble protein concentration did not change the jack bean-string a function of salinity was reduced while the other two species. The N-aminossÃluveis were increased in all three species while for proline, the increases were only observed at 8.0 dS m-1. In general, the parameters of emission of fluorescence of chlorophyll SPAD readings were not affected by the salinity. Levels were significantly increased lipid peroxidation in the treatment of medium and high salinity of the bean-string, the sorghum did not change while the cotton were reduced compared with that of low salinity. The activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol (GPX) in leaves was not affected by saline treatments at 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1, except for reductions in the activities of SOD and GPX in cotton and string beans in CAT and GPX to increases in sorghum. In roots, increases were observed for SOD in cotton and increases for sorghum and beans in GPX-of-string while there were reductions of APX and GPX for cotton. The growth data presented here confirm the increased tolerance of cotton and the higher sensitivity of the jack bean-string to salt stress, whereas changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes lead us to suggest that the antioxidant enzyme system appears to be cotton more efficient than the other two species, the removal of oxidative damage caused by salinity. It is also possible that the greater ability of cotton to accumulate toxic ions (Na + and Cl-) in photosynthetic tissues contributes at least in part to its greater tolerance to salinity.

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