Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos e bioquÃmicos em trÃs espÃcies vegetais com graus diferenciados de tolerÃncia ao estresse salino, a fim de melhor entender suas diferenÃas na tolerÃncia à salinidade. Para isto, sementes de algodÃo, feijÃo-de-corda e sorgo foram semeadas em copos plÃsticos contendo vermiculita umedecida com soluÃÃo nutritiva de Hoagland  forÃa (SNH Â), sendo o experimento conduzido em casa de vegetaÃÃo. PlÃntulas de cinco dias de idade foram transferidas para meio hidropÃnico (SNH Â), onde permaneceram por um perÃodo de seis dias para aclimataÃÃo. ApÃs esse perÃodo, as plantas foram submetidas a trÃs tratamentos salinos com valores de condutividade elÃtrica (CE) de 0,9 dS m-1 (baixa salinidade), 4,0 dS m-1 (mÃdia salinidade) e 8,0 dS m-1 (alta salinidade). A coleta foi realizada aos 25 dias apÃs o inÃcio do estresse. A salinidade reduziu significativamente a Ãrea foliar e a massa seca da parte aÃrea das trÃs espÃcies estudadas, especialmente as das plantas de feijÃo-de-corda e em menor proporÃÃo as do algodÃo. O potencial osmÃtico de folhas e raÃzes das trÃs espÃcies foram significativamente reduzidos nos tratamentos a 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1 em comparaÃÃo com o de 0,9 dS m-1, exceto nas raÃzes de sorgo. Jà o teor relativo de Ãgua foliar nÃo apresentou alteraÃÃes com o aumento da CE do meio de crescimento. Os Ãons Na+ e Cl- aumentaram nas folhas e raÃzes das trÃs espÃcies, sendo que o algodÃo foi a espÃcie que mais reteve esses Ãons nos tratamentos a 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1. As concentraÃÃes de K+ nas folhas de algodÃo e feijÃo-de-corda foram aumentadas pelos nÃveis crescentes de salinidade, enquanto nas plantas de sorgo foram diminuÃdas. Jà nas raÃzes as concentraÃÃes desse Ãon foram significativamente reduzidas nas trÃs espÃcies. De maneira geral, nos tratamentos de mÃdia e alta salinidade comparados com o de baixa salinidade, as concentraÃÃes de NO3- foram reduzidas em folhas e raÃzes das trÃs espÃcies. Os tratamentos a mÃdia e alta salinidade reduziram as concentraÃÃes de carboidratos solÃveis no algodÃo, enquanto aumentaram no feijÃo-de-corda e no sorgo. A concentraÃÃo de proteÃna solÃvel nÃo se alterou no feijÃo-de-corda em funÃÃo da salinidade, enquanto foi reduzida nas outras duas espÃcies. Os N-aminossÃluveis foram aumentados nas trÃs espÃcies, enquanto para a prolina, esses aumentos sà foram observados a 8,0 dS m-1. De modo geral, os parÃmetros de emissÃo de fluorescÃncia da clorofila a e a leitura SPAD nÃo foram alterados pela salinidade. Os nÃveis de peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica foram significativamente aumentados nos tratamentos de mÃdia e alta salinidade no feijÃo-de-corda, nÃo sofreram alteraÃÃo no sorgo, enquanto foram reduzidos no algodÃo, quando comparados com o de baixa salinidade. A atividade das enzimas dismutase do superÃxido (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases do ascorbato (APX) e do guaiacol (GPX) em folhas, nÃo foi alterada pelos tratamentos salinos a 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1, com exceÃÃo de reduÃÃes nas atividades da SOD e GPX no algodÃo e da CAT no feijÃo-corda e, aumentos para a GPX no sorgo. Nas raÃzes, foram observados aumentos para a SOD no algodÃo e aumentos para a GPX no sorgo e feijÃo-de-corda, enquanto houve reduÃÃes da APX e GPX para o algodÃo. Os dados de crescimento aqui apresentados confirmam a maior tolerÃncia do algodÃo e a maior sensibilidade do feijÃo-de-corda ao estresse salino, enquanto que as alteraÃÃes na peroxidaÃÃo dos lipÃdios e nas enzimas antioxidativas nos levam a sugerir que o sistema enzimÃtico antioxidativo do algodÃo parece ser mais eficiente do que o das outras duas espÃcies estudadas, na eliminaÃÃo dos danos oxidativos ocasionados pela salinidade. à possÃvel, tambÃm, que a maior capacidade do algodÃo de acumular Ãons tÃxicos (Na+ e Cl-) nos tecidos fotossintetizantes contribua, pelo menos em parte, para sua maior tolerÃncia à salinidade. / The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological and biochemical parameters in three plant species with different degrees of salt tolerance in order to better understand their differences in salinity tolerance. For this, cotton seed, bean-to-string and sorghum were sown in plastic cups containing vermiculite moistened with  Hoagland solution strength ( SNH), the experiment being conducted in a greenhouse. Seedlings of five days of age were transferred to hydroponic medium (SNH Â), where they remained for a period of six days for acclimatization. After this period, the plants were subjected to three saline treatments with values ​​of electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.9 dS m-1 (low salinity), 4.0 dS m -1 (mean salinity) and 8.0 dS m 1 (high salt). Data were collected at 25 days after the onset of stress. Salinity significantly reduced leaf area and shoot dry mass of all species, especially, bean-to-string and to a lesser extent those of cotton. The osmotic potential of leaves and roots of the three species were significantly reduced in the treatments at 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1 compared to 0.9 dS m-1 except the root sorghum. Since the leaf relative water content did not change with the increase in the EC medium. The Na + and Cl-increased in leaves and roots of three species, and cotton was the species that most of these ions retained in treatments 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1. The concentrations of K + in leaves of cotton and bean-to-string were increased by increasing salinity levels, while in sorghum plants were decreased. Since the roots of this ion concentrations were significantly reduced in all three species. In general, the treatment of medium and high salinity compared with the low salinity, the concentrations of NO3-were reduced in leaves and roots of three species. Treatments at medium and high salinity reduced concentrations of soluble carbohydrates in cotton, while increased in the-string-beans and sorghum. The soluble protein concentration did not change the jack bean-string a function of salinity was reduced while the other two species. The N-aminossÃluveis were increased in all three species while for proline, the increases were only observed at 8.0 dS m-1. In general, the parameters of emission of fluorescence of chlorophyll SPAD readings were not affected by the salinity. Levels were significantly increased lipid peroxidation in the treatment of medium and high salinity of the bean-string, the sorghum did not change while the cotton were reduced compared with that of low salinity. The activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaiacol (GPX) in leaves was not affected by saline treatments at 4.0 and 8.0 dS m-1, except for reductions in the activities of SOD and GPX in cotton and string beans in CAT and GPX to increases in sorghum. In roots, increases were observed for SOD in cotton and increases for sorghum and beans in GPX-of-string while there were reductions of APX and GPX for cotton. The growth data presented here confirm the increased tolerance of cotton and the higher sensitivity of the jack bean-string to salt stress, whereas changes in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes lead us to suggest that the antioxidant enzyme system appears to be cotton more efficient than the other two species, the removal of oxidative damage caused by salinity. It is also possible that the greater ability of cotton to accumulate toxic ions (Na + and Cl-) in photosynthetic tissues contributes at least in part to its greater tolerance to salinity.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A berinjela (Solanum melongena L.) à uma espÃcie herbÃcea, hortÃcula subtropical pertencente à famÃlia Solonaceae, muito consumida no mundo inteiro. Em algumas Ãreas seu cultivo à limitado pela escassez da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo, alÃm de apresentarem diferentes graus de salinidade. No entanto sÃo raras as informaÃÃes sobre a tolerÃncia da salinidade pela cultura da berinjela. Visando avaliar a tolerÃncia da cultura à salinidade e seus efeitos sobre os teores de nutrientes na planta, foi instalado um experimento em condiÃÃes de hidroponia em casa de vegetaÃÃo. Usou-se 10 tratamentos de salinidade correspondentes a CE da soluÃÃo nutritiva de 1,70; 2,28; 2,60; 3,11; 4,08; 6,03; 8,12; 10,15; 12,10; e 14,10 dS.m-1. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com trÃs repetiÃÃes. A salinidade reduziu significativamente o crescimento e a produÃÃo da parte aÃrea e raiz, principalmente nos tratamentos em que a CE da soluÃÃo nutritiva foi superior a 3,11 dS.m-1. Os teores mÃdios de K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe e Mn variaram nas folhas caules e raÃzes, apresentando diferenÃas estatÃsticas significativas. O sÃdio aumentou progressivamente, enquanto que no potÃssio ocorreu o inverso. O aumento da salinidade reduziu a fotossÃntese, a transpiraÃÃo e a condutÃncia estomÃtica. / The egg-plant (Solanum melongena L.), a subtropical herb species that botanically belongs to Solanaceae family, much consumed all over the world. On certain areas shortages both the water availability and the water salinity level represent a great limitation for egg-plant plant cultivation. However, almost no information is available related to the egg-plant salt tolerance. With the objective to evaluate the crop salt tolerance, as well as the effects of the different solution nutrition salinity levels on plant growth, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The statistical design consisted of ten salinity treatments corresponding to the nutrition solutions CEÂs of: 1.70; 2.28; 2.60; 3.11; 4.08; 6.03; 8.12; 10.15; 12.10 and 14.10 dS.m- 1. It was used an entirely statistical randomized block design with three replications. The best results showed that the salinity significantly reduced both plant upper part growth and root production, mainly in the treatments with nutrition solution CE value higher than 3.11 dSm-1. The average leaf-peciole and root contents of K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe and Mn varied, presenting significant statistical differences. The Na content increased progressively with CE, while the K content decreased in the same way. The increasing salinity levels cause reductions in photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance.

nÃo hà / Recentemente, especial Ãnfase tem sido direcionada ao cultivo da mamoneira, contudo, poucos sÃo os resultados disponÃveis na literatura sobre o real potencial desta cultura em se desenvolver e produzir quando cultivada em Ãreas salinizadas. Por tratar-se de uma cultura naturalmente vigorosa, de fÃcil propagaÃÃo e que pode apresentar relevante importÃncia social e econÃmica para o paÃs, especialmente para o nordeste e considerando os escassos estudos relacionados, visou-se neste trabalho, avaliar a tolerÃncia da salinidade e seus efeitos sobre os teores de nutrientes na planta. Foi instalado um experimento casa de vegetaÃÃo em condiÃÃes hidropÃnicas. Usou-se 10 tratamentos de salinidade correspondentes a CE da soluÃÃo nutritiva de 1,7; 2,5; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; 6,0; 7,5; 9,0, 12,5 e 15,0 dS/m. o delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com trÃs repetiÃÃes. A salinidade afeta negativamente o crescimento das plantas de mamona e acarreta sintomas visuais de toxidez, caracterizados por queima das bordas e Ãpice das folhas e, em estÃgio mais avanÃado, amarelecimento do limbo e queda das mesmas, à considerada moderadamente sensÃvel a salinidade, apresentando a salinidade limiar està entre 1,7 a 2,5 dS/m, houve aumentos nos teores de fÃsforo nas raÃzes da mamona, decrÃscimos nos teores de potÃssio nas folhas, o cÃlcio e o magnÃsio tiveram seus teores constantes, sendo que o cÃlcio apresentou maiores acÃmulos nas folhas, os teores do zinco foram maiores nos caules, enquanto que o cobre apresentou maior acumulo nas raÃzes, tanto o ferro, quanto o manganÃs apresentaram maiores teores nas raÃzes e os teores de sÃdio e cloro aumentaram significativamente em todas as partes da planta com o aumento da salinidade, sendo os teores de cloro, maiores que sÃdio. Para os dois Ãons Na+ e Cl-, ocorreu maior acumulo ocorreu nas raÃzes, seguidos dos caules e folhas. / Special emphasis has recently been given to the culture of castorbean, however available results about the potential of this culture to develop and to produce when cultivated in salinized areas are not greatly found in the literature. To be a vigorous culture and to disseminate easily it can be of great social and economic importance for Brazil and especially for the Northeast region. Thus, considering the scarce related studies, the current work was aimed to evaluate the tolerance to salinity of this plant species as well the effects of different salinity levels in the nutrient solution on the plant growth. The plants were hidroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of ten salinity levels that corresponded to the following nutrition solutions CEâ s: 1,7; 2,5; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; 6,0; 7,5; 9,0; 12,5 e 15,0 dS/m. The experiment was an entirely randomized block design with three replications. The salinity negative affects the castorbean growth and causes visual symptoms of toxicity, which had been characterized by burning of the edges and apex of leaves. With increasing toxicity symptoms intensity the leaves yellowed then dropped off. Castorbean is considered a moderately sensitive plant species to salinity and it has salinity threshold between 2,5 and 1,7 dS/m. It was seen that phosphorus increased in the castorbean roots while potassium of leaves decreased; the calcium and magnesium concentrations kept constant in the roots, and in the leaves calcium concentrated more. The zinc concentration was higher in the stem while cupper was higher in the roots. Iron and manganese concentrated more in the roots and the contents of sodium and chloride significantly increased, mainly of chloride, with increasing external salinity in all plant parts. The sodium and chloride concentrations were higher in the roots followed by leaves and stem.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O uso de Ãgua de qualidade duvidosa na irrigaÃÃo pode ser prejudicial Ãs plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da salinidade e da composiÃÃo quÃmica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo sobre o crescimento, as trocas de gasosas, a nutriÃÃo mineral e os teores de solutos orgÃnicos em plantas de feijÃo-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cv. PitiÃba. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 22 kg de areia lavada, sob condiÃÃes de casa de vegetaÃÃo, e submetidas a 4 diferentes condutividades elÃtricas da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo (0,5; 1,5; 3,0 4,5 dS m-1), obtidas com sais de NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O e MgCl2.6H2O (A1), com sais de Na2SO4, CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 (A2), ou somente com NaCl (A3). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com 5 repetiÃÃes. Durante a conduÃÃo do experimento mediu-se a taxa de transpiraÃÃo, taxa de fotossÃntese lÃquida, teores de clorofila e a condutÃncia estomÃtica, bem como se analisou a condutividade elÃtrica da Ãgua percolada e do substrato. As plantas foram coletadas com 48 dias apÃs o plantio, medindo-se a Ãrea foliar; e, as massas frescas e secas de folhas, caules e raÃzes. Determinaram-se, em laboratÃrio, nas folhas e caules, os teores de Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, P, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn; nas folhas foram determinados os teores de prolina, proteÃnas, carboidratos e N-aminossolÃveis. A salinidade afetou a produÃÃo de biomassa, o crescimento foliar e as trocas gasosas das plantas, porÃm, com pequena influÃncia da composiÃÃo da Ãgua sobre esses parÃmetros. No entanto, a composiÃÃo iÃnica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo influenciou os teores de nutrientes minerais, especialmente sobre os teores de micronutrientes. Por outro lado, nÃo foram observados relacionamentos significativos entre os teores dos solutos orgÃnicos analisados e os nÃveis de salinidade e a composiÃÃo quÃmica da Ãgua. A composiÃÃo quÃmica da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo à relevante quando se pretende irrigar, pois o aporte de diferentes sais ao solo poderà influenciar especificamente na absorÃÃo de nutrientes minerais, com possÃveis repercussÃes negativas no metabolismo da planta e na sua produtividade. / The use of the inadequate water in irrigation can be prejudicial to the plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of salinity and chemical composition of irrigation water on plant growth, mineral nutrition, gas exchange, and organic solutes contents of cowpea plants [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Plants were cultivated in plastic pots, using 22 kg of soil at greenhouse conditions and subjected to four different salt stress concentrations (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; and 4.5 dS m-1) in irrigation water. These different salt concentrations were obtained by adding NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O and MgCl2.6H2O (A1), a mixture of chloride, sulphate, carbonates, and bi-carbonates salts (A2), or alone NaCl (A3). A completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement (3 x 4), with five replicates was adopted. During the experimental period, the following responses were evaluated: transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, chlorophyll contents. After 48 days after sowing they were measured total leaf area and fresh and dry masses of leaves, stems and roots. The contents of inorganic (Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and organic (proline, protein, carbohydrates e N-amino soluble) solutes were also determined. The salinity of irrigation water caused reduction in the biomass production, leaf growth and gas exchange, but it was not observed effects of the chemical composition of water on these parameters. However, the ionic composition of irrigation water affected the contents of mineral nutrients, especially the contents of micronutrients. On the other hand, it was not found significant relationships between organic solutes contents and the levels of salinity or chemical composition of the water. The results suggest that chemical composition of irrigation water is an important factor, since it could affect mineral nutrients uptake, which can cause negative effects on plant metabolism and productivity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / With the increasing of areas degraded by soil salinization process, is necessary to increase of agricultural investments to be able to reach a production acceptable. In order to reduce such inputs, studies of microorganisms involved in the production process are becoming more constant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between endophytic fungi Dark Septate and cowpea plants when irrigated with water of different salinities, analyzing biometrics, gas exchange, nutrient content and accumulation of organic solutes in the leaves. Cowpea plants were grow in containers of five liters under greenhouse conditions and subjected to four different electrical conductivity of irrigations water (1.2; 2.2; 3.6; 5.0 dS m-1). Were used for the inoculation strains Bâ2 and 21W and treatments were as follows: F1 â plants that were not inoculated; F2 â plants inoculated with strains 21W and F3 â plants inoculated with strain Bâ2. during the experiment was measured gas exchange and at the end of the experiment the plant were collected and determinate the leaf area, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, concentration of the foliar nutrients and organic solutes, and was made the determination colonization of roots by the fungus. The salinity caused significant reductions in biomass, leaf area and leaf gas exchange, however, the presence of the endophytic fungi provided a large tolerance to the adverse effects of salinity. There was a larger accumulation of calcium, sodium, clore and phosphorus in cowpea leaves with increasing salinity and decrease in the leaves of nitrogen and potassium. The presence of the fungus in the plant provided a foliar phosphorus and nitrogen. / With the increasing of areas degraded by soil salinization process, is necessary to increase of agricultural investments to be able to reach a production acceptable. In order to reduce such inputs, studies of microorganisms involved in the production process are becoming more constant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between endophytic fungi Dark Septate and cowpea plants when irrigated with water of different salinities, analyzing biometrics, gas exchange, nutrient content and accumulation of organic solutes in the leaves. Cowpea plants were grow in containers of five liters under greenhouse conditions and subjected to four different electrical conductivity of irrigations water (1.2; 2.2; 3.6; 5.0 dS m-1). Were used for the inoculation strains Bâ2 and 21W and treatments were as follows: F1 â plants that were not inoculated; F2 â plants inoculated with strains 21W and F3 â plants inoculated with strain Bâ2. during the experiment was measured gas exchange and at the end of the experiment the plant were collected and determinate the leaf area, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, concentration of the foliar nutrients and organic solutes, and was made the determination colonization of roots by the fungus. The salinity caused significant reductions in biomass, leaf area and leaf gas exchange, however, the presence of the endophytic fungi provided a large tolerance to the adverse effects of salinity. There was a larger accumulation of calcium, sodium, clore and phosphorus in cowpea leaves with increasing salinity and decrease in the leaves of nitrogen and potassium. The presence of the fungus in the plant provided a foliar phosphorus and nitrogen.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores e distribuiÃÃo de Ãons e alguns parÃmetros morfosiolÃgicos associados com a tolerÃncia à salinidade em plantas de sorgo, feijÃo-de-corda e algodÃo. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 15 kg de areia lavada, em condiÃÃes de casa-de-vegetaÃÃo, e irrigadas com Ãguas com trÃs nÃveis de salinidade (0,5, 4,0 e 8,0 dS m-1). O experimento foi montado seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 3 (3 espÃcies x 3 nÃveis de salinidade), com quatro repetiÃÃes. Durante a conduÃÃo do experimento foram mensuradas a altura da planta e o consumo de Ãgua. ApÃs 42 dias do inÃcio dos tratamentos foram medidas> acÃmulo de sais na Ãgua drenada e no solo, a Ãrea foliar e a produÃÃo de matÃria seca de folhas, caules e raÃzes. Foram tambÃm determinados: a suculÃncia foliar, a massa especÃfica foliar, a partiÃÃo de carbono e os teores de Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+ e prolina. A aplicaÃÃo de Ãgua salina afetou a partiÃÃo de carbono, reduziu o crescimento e o consumo de Ãgua pelas plantas, e provocou acÃmulo de sais na Ãgua drenada e no solo. No entanto, as percentagens de extraÃÃo de sais foram baixas nas trÃs espÃcies, sendo maior em algodoeiro e menor em sorgo A tolerÃncia à salinidade foi avaliada atravÃs dos dados de crescimento, os quais confirmaram a maior sensibilidade do feijÃo-de-corda e a maior tolerÃncia do algodÃo. O algodÃo se diferenciou das duas outras espÃcies por apresentar maior acÃmulo e retenÃÃo de Na+ e Cl- nas raÃzes, maior acÃmulo desses Ãons nos limbos foliares, menores alteraÃÃes nos teores de K+ e aumento nos teores de prolina em resposta ao aumento da salinidade. O sorgo apresentou menores teores de Ãons potencialmente tÃxicos (Na+ + Cl-) nos limbos foliares, porÃm, apresentou reduÃÃes nos teores de K+ e Ca2+ na parte aÃrea. O elevado acÃmulo de Cl- nas folhas, associado à falta de outros mecanismos eficientes de proteÃÃo, contribuiu, pelo menos em parte, para a maior sensibilidade do feijÃo-de-corda ao estresse salino. / The objective of this paper was to evaluate ions concentration and some morphophysiological parameters associates to the salt tolerance in sorghum, cowpea, and cotton plants. Plants were cultivated in plastic pots, using 15 kg of sand soil at greenhouse conditions and subjected to three different salt concentrations (0.5; 4.0; and 8.0 dS.m-1) in irrigation water. A completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 3 (3 species x 3 salt levels), with four replicates was adopted. During the experimental period, plant height and water use was measured. After 42 days of salt application they were measured the salinity of drained water and in the soil, total leaf area and dry masses of leaves, stems and roots. Leaf succulence, specific leaf mass, carbon partitioning and the concentrations of Na, Cl, K, Ca, and proline were also determined. The application of saline water affected the carbon partitioning, reduced plant growth and water use, and caused salt accumulation in drained water and into the soil. However, the percentage of ion extraction from the soil was low in the three species, being higher in cotton and lower in sorghum. The tolerance index, on the basis of the growth data, confirmed the highest sensibility of the cowpea and the highest tolerance of the cotton. The cotton showed some important difference to the other species, presenting greater accumulation and retention of Na and Cl in the roots, greater accumulation of these ions in the leaf blades, lower changes in K concentration and increase in proline contents in response to sat stress application. On the other hand, sorghum showed lower concentrations of potentially toxic ions (Na plus Cl) in the leaf blades. However, it also presented reductions in K and Ca contents, what can contribute to growth inhibition in this species. The high leaf Cl concentration, associated with the absence of the other protection mechanisms, contributed, at least in part, to higher sensibility of the cowpea to salt stress imposed.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O uso de plantas tolerantes à uma importante alternativa para o enfrentamento do problema da salinidade na agricultura em regiÃes semiÃridas. O coqueiro anÃo (Cocos nucifera L.) vem se destacando como uma cultura tolerante ao estresse salino, porÃm, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos fisiolÃgicos que podem contribuir para o estabelecimento de mudas desta espÃcie sob condiÃÃes de salinidade. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irrigaÃÃo com Ãguas salinas nas respostas fisiolÃgicas e morfomÃtricas na produÃÃo de mudas de coqueiro anÃo. O experimento foi conduzido no perÃodo entre dezembro de 2012 e abril de 2013, em casa de vegetaÃÃo do NÃcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Agricultura Urbana. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco nÃveis de salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo, sendo estes expressos pela condutividade elÃtrica da Ãgua (CEa), denominados: S1=0,9 (tratamento controle); S2=5,0; S3=10,0; S4=15,0 e S5=20,0 dS m-1. Os dados de crescimento e das variÃveis fisiolÃgicas (taxa de fotossÃntese, teor de clorofila e potencial hÃdrico) indicam que o coqueiro à tolerante a salinidade da agua de irrigaÃÃo de 5 dS m-1 durante a fase de produÃÃo das mudas. A retenÃÃo de Ãons potencialmente tÃxicos e os elevados teores de solutos orgÃnicos nas raÃzes, em relaÃÃo aos folÃolos, indicam que as raÃzes desempenham importante papel no mecanismo de tolerÃncia do coqueiro aos nÃveis elevados de salinidade. Os resultados permitem inferir sobre a possibilidade de uso de agua salobra com CEa atà 5 dS m-1 para produÃÃo de mudas de coqueiro anÃo, sem que haja perda na qualidade das mudas, nÃo afetando o padrÃo destas na fase de viveiramento. Portanto, o estudo revela uma alternativa de uso de Ãgua salobra promovendo uma economia de 100% de Ãgua potÃvel com qualidade para o consumo humano / The use of tolerant plants and an important alternative to face the problem of salinity in semi-arid regions. The dwarf coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) has emerged as a salt tolerant crop, however little is known about the physiological mechanisms that may contribute to the establishment of seedlings of this species under conditions of salinity. Given the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with saline water on physiological and morphological responses in seedlings of dwarf coconut water. The experiment was conducted in the period between December 2012 and April 2013 in the greenhouse of the Center for Teaching and Research in Urban Agriculture of the Universidade Federal do Cearà â Brazil. The treatments consisted of five levels of salinity of irrigation water, which are expressed by the electric conductivity (ECw): S1 = 0,9 (control); S2 = 5,0; S3 = 10,0 ; S4 = 15,0 and S5 = 20,0 dS m-1. The results of growth and physiological parameters (rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content and water potential) indicate that the coconut is tolerant to salinity of irrigation water of 5 dS m-1 during the stage of seedlings. The retention of toxic ions and high levels of organic solutes in roots, in relation to the shoots, suggest that roots play an important role in the mechanism of tolerance of coconut to high levels of salinity. The results allow us to infer the possibility of using brackish water with ECw up to 5 dS m-1 for production of seedlings of dwarf coconut, without losing the quality of seedlings. Therefore, our results revealed an alternative for use of brackish water and to promoting economy of fresh water used for human consumption

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A sensibilidade à salinidade varia com o estÃdio de desenvolvimento da cultura. O feijÃo-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] constitui uma das principais culturas, em diversas regiÃes semi-Ãridas do mundo. Avaliou-se o efeito da irrigaÃÃo com Ãgua salina, aplicada em diferentes estÃdios de desenvolvimento de plantas de feijÃo-de-corda. O experimento foi conduzido no campo, e obedeceu ao delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (T1, T2, T3, T4 e T5) e cinco repetiÃÃes. O feijÃo-de-corda foi cultivado no espaÃamento de 0,8 m entre linhas e 0,3 m entre plantas, com duas plantas por cova. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 - plantas irrigadas com Ãgua do poÃo (CEa de 0,8 dS m-1) durante todo o ciclo; T2 - Ãgua salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1, com aplicaÃÃo iniciada apÃs a germinaÃÃo e permanecendo atà o final do ciclo; T3 - Ãgua salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1, da semeadura atà 22 dias apÃs o plantio (DAP), correspondendo Ãs fases de germinaÃÃo e crescimento inicial, e Ãgua do poÃo no restante do ciclo; T4 - Ãgua salina com CEa de 5,0 dS m-1, aplicada de 23 a 42 DAP (fase de intenso crescimento vegetativo atà a prÃ-floraÃÃo), e Ãgua do poÃo nas demais fases do ciclo; T5 - Ãgua do poÃo da semeadura atà 42 DAP e Ãgua salina (CEa de 5,0 dS m- 1) aplicada a partir dos 43 DAP (floraÃÃo e frutificaÃÃo). Foram avaliadas a cobertura vegetal do solo, crescimento vegetativo, fotossÃntese, transpiraÃÃo, condutÃncia estomÃtica, produtividade, partiÃÃo de matÃria seca, os teores, os totais extraÃdos e a distribuiÃÃo dos nutrientes na planta, a eficiÃncia nutricional, eficiÃncia no uso da Ãgua e o acÃmulo de sais no solo. A irrigaÃÃo com a combinaÃÃo de Ãgua do poÃo com Ãgua salina reduziu o acÃmulo de sais no solo, em relaÃÃo ao T2. O T2 reduziu as taxas de fotossÃntese e transpiraÃÃo, em relaÃÃo ao T1. O T3 provocou reduÃÃo das trocas gasosas somente na primeira mediÃÃo, enquanto, que similar aplicaÃÃo nos outros estÃdios (T4 e T5) nÃo provocou reduÃÃes significativas nas trocas gasosas das plantas. O T2 inibiu o crescimento vegetativo da planta, enquanto o T3 provocou retardo no desenvolvimento da planta. Os tratamentos T2 e T3 provocaram reduÃÃes significativas no nÃmero de vagens e na produÃÃo de sementes por planta, em relaÃÃo aos demais tratamentos. Por outro lado, os tratamentos T4 e T5 nÃo afetaram o crescimento e a produtividade da cultura, sendo que o T4 causou aceleraÃÃo no ciclo reprodutivo da cultura. Os minerais foram extraÃdos pelo feijÃo-de-corda na seguinte ordem decrescente: N > K > Cl > Ca > Na > P > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, no entanto, o T2 reduziu a extraÃÃo da maioria dos elementos analisados, com exceÃÃo do Na e Cl. Os minerais Na, Cl, K, Ca, Fe e Mn permaneceram preferencialmente nas partes vegetativas enquanto N e P foram exportados em maiores proporÃÃes pelos frutos. O T3 reduziu a eficiÃncia de utilizaÃÃo da maioria dos nutrientes. O T2 reduziu a eficiÃncia agronÃmica de utilizaÃÃo de N, P e K, entretanto nÃo afetou a eficiÃncia de utilizaÃÃo dos nutrientes extraÃdos pelas plantas. / The sensitivity of crops to salinity often changes from one growth stage to another. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important crop specie cultivated in different semi-arid regions of the world. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the irrigation with saline water, applied at different growth development stages of cowpea. The experiment was set up in the field, during the dry season. A completely randomized block design, with five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) and five repetitions, was adopted. The distance between lines and plants were 0.8 m and 0.3 m, respectively, with two plants per hole. The treatments studied were: T1 - Groundwater with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.8 dS m-1 during the whole crop cycle; T2 - Saline water (ECw = 5.0 dS m-1) during the whole crop cycle, starting after germination; T3 - Saline water (ECw = 5.0 dS m-1) from sowing until the 22th day after sowing (germination and initial growth) and groundwater in remaining stages of the crop cycle; T4 - Saline water (ECw = 5.0 dS m-1) from the 23th to the 42nd day after germination (intense growth and pre-flowering), and groundwater irrigation for the remaining growth stages. T5 - Groundwater from sowing to the 42nd day after sowing and saline water (ECw = 5.0 dS m-1) during flowering and pod-filling stages. Soil coverage, gas exchange, vegetative growth and crop yield were measured. The mineral concentration and quantity of nutrient removed from the soil, as well as the nutrient use efficiency and salt accumulation in soil were also determined. The irrigation with combination of groundwater and saline water reduced the salt accumulation in soil, in relation to continuous use of saline water. The continuous application of water with ECw of 5.0 dS m-1 (T2) reduced the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, in relation to the well water (T1). Plants of the treatment 3 showed reduction in gas exchanges only in the first measurement, while the saline water application in other growth stages (T 4 and T5) did not provoke significant reductions in leaf in the gas exchanges of the plants. It was found that the continuous use of saline water inhibits plant growth, while the irrigation with saline water during germination and initial growth causes retardation in plant development. For treatments 2 and 3, reduction in the number of pods and in seed production was verified. Irrigation with saline water from the 23rd to the 42nd day (T4) and from the 43rd to the 63rd (T5) day after sowing did not affect reproductive and vegetative growth, but the saline water application in the pre-flowering (T4) caused anticipation of reproductive cycle. Cowpea plants removed the minerals analyzed in the following decreasing sequence: N > K > Cl > Ca > Na > P > Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu, but the continuous use of saline water (T2) reduced the total extracted for the most nutrients, except for Na e Cl. The minerals Na, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Mn were distributed preferentially to vegetative plant parts, while the most of N and P were exported in the pods. The irrigation with saline water during germination and initial growth stage (T3) reduced the mineral use efficiency of most of analyzed nutrients. The continuous application of saline water (T2) reduced the agronomic efficiency of the fertilizer application (N, P and K), but it did not affect the nutrient use efficiency by the plants.