Ross × Ross 708 eggs were injected with commercial diluent containing supplemental L-carnitine at 8, 16, or 32 mg/100 μL concentrations using an automated multi-egg injector. After hatching, 1,080 male and female broiler chicks were distributed into 90 pens with chicks at each of the injected concentrations receiving feed that was or was not supplemented with 50 ppm of L-carnitine. Treatments did not affect incubation time or hatchability of fertilized eggs. Birds fed supplemental L-carnitine and injected in ovo with L-carnitine had lower body weight and ate less feed. The same birds exhibited a reduction in feed conversion compared to birds that did not receive supplemental dietary L-carnitine. Absolute breast weight was reduced in birds given L-carnitine in ovo and in the feed. Broiler diets containing 50 ppm L-carnitine appeared to be slightly toxic if provided with 8, 16, or 32 mg/100 μL of L-carnitine administered via in ovo injection.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal production)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / A study was conducted to examine the effect of protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens on egg production, hatchability and chick productivity. The first part of the experiment determined the effect of protein level on feed intake, number of eggs produced, egg weight, egg white nitrogen content, egg yolk nitrogen content, egg hatchability and chick hatch-weight. A total of 25 hens aged 30 weeks were confined in cages and fed diets differing in protein content. A complete randomized design, comprising of diets differing in protein levels (P12.94%, P13.94%, P14.38%, P15.75% and P18.13% CP), replicated five times with one hen in each replicate was used. Semen was collected from one cock to fertilize all hens. Protein level had an effect on (P<0.05) feed intake and egg white nitrogen content. However, protein level of the diet of hens had no effect(P>0.05) on the number of eggs produced, egg white nitrogen content, egg yolk,egg weight, egg hatchability and chick hatch-weight. Quadratic analyses indicated that feed intake, number of eggs produced, egg weight, egg white nitrogen content, egg yolk nitrogen content, hatchability and chick hatch-weight were optimized at different protein levels of 14.7 (r2 = 0. 623),14.9 (r2 = 0.568),13.9 (r2 = 0.094), 18.2 (r2 = 0.563), 15.1(r2 = 0.424), 15.9 (r2 = 0.451) and 15.9 %(r2 = 0.898) , respectively. The second part of the experiment determined the effect of protein level of hens on productivity of their progenies from a day old up to 13 weeks of age. A total of 95 chicks hatched from the first part of the study were assigned to 20 floor pens according to the number of chicks hatched. Chicks had an average initial live weight of 35 ± 2 g per bird. The chicks were fed the same commercial grower diet and fresh water ad libitum up to seven weeks of age. Protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens had an effect (P<0.05) on feed intake, live weight and feed conversion ratio of chicks from a day old up to seven weeks of age. However, protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens had no effect (P>0.05) on growth rate and mortality of chickens from a day old to seven weeks of age. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, growth rate and mortality of chickens were optimized atdifferent protein levels of 15.8 (r2 = 0.298), 16.1 (r2 = 0.236), 16.1 (r2 = 0.077) and 14.3 % (r2 = 0.617), respectively. Protein level of the diet of Naked neck hens had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate and feed conversion ratio of both their male and female progenies between eight and 13 weeks of age. Protein levels of the diet of hens had an effect (P<0.05) live weight of their male progenies and carcass weights of both their male and female progenies at 13 weeks of age. However, the level of protein of the diet of hens had no effect (P>0.05) on live weight of their male progenies, and breast meat yield, breast meat nitrogen content and fat pad weight of both their male and female progenies at 13 weeks of age. Live weight,breast meat yield, breast meat nitrogen content and fat pad weight of their male progenies at 13 weeks of age were optimized at different protein levels of the diets of hens of 18.9 (r2 = 0.666), 15.6 (r2 = 0.081), 15.4 (r2 = 0.786) and 17.7 %(r2 = 0.775), respectively. Similarly, live weight, carcass weight, breast meat yield, breast meat nitrogen content and fat pad weight of their female progenies at 13 weeks of age were optimized at different protein levels of 15.7 (r2 = 0.294),15.4 (r2 = 0.180), 15.8 (r2 = 0.059), 15.1 (r2 = 0.882) and 16.1 % (r2 = 0.405), respectively. It is concluded that protein level of the diet of the hen may affect its productivity and that of its progeny. However, the calculated protein levels for optimum productivity will depend on the production parameter in question. / National Research Foundation

Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of in ovo glucose injection on egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight, productivity and carcass characteristics of indigenous Potchefstroom koekoek chickens. A complete randomized design was used in all the three parts of the study (from incubation, 1-49 days old unsexed chickens and 50-91 days old female chickens). On day 18 of incubation the developing eggs were subjected to the following treatments: 0- (no glucose or water injected), 0+ (only water injected), 5, 10, 15 or 20 mg of glucose per egg. Each treatment had three replications and there were 20 eggs per replicate. A quadratic model was used to determine in ovo glucose injection levels for optimal egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight and chick to egg weight ratio of Potchefstroom koekoek chickens. In ovo glucose injection improved (P<0.05) egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight and chick to egg weight ratio of the chickens. Egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight and chick to egg weight ratio Potchefstroom koekoek chickens were optimized at different injection levels of 4.50, 10.43 and 12.00 mg of glucose per egg, respectively. Unsexed day-old chicks from the first experiment (according to their initial treatments and replicates) were used in a complete randomized design having six treatments, replicated three times, and having ten birds per replicate. Glucose injection levels increased (P<0.05) feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 1 to 49 days. However, growth rate, live weight, metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of the chickens were optimized at glucose injection levels of 3.92, 4.36, 10.67 and 13.50 mg per egg, respectively. Female chickens from the second part of the study (according to their initial treatments and replicates) were used in a complete randomized design having six treatments, replicated three times, and having five birds per replicate. In ovo glucose injection levels improved (P<0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 50 to 91 days. However, only feed conversion ratio and metabolisable energy intake of the chickens were optimized at glucose injection levels of 12.15 and 5.57 mg per egg, respectively. Injection level also improved (P<0.05) carcass, breast, v drumstick, thigh, wing, gizzard and liver weights of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 13 weeks. In ovo glucose injection increased (P<0.05) breast meat tenderness, juiciness and flavour of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens aged 91 days. However, breast tenderness, juiciness and flavour of female Potchefstroom koekoek chickens were optimized injection levels of 13.50, 19.25 and 10.83 mg of glucose per egg, respectively. No chicken deaths were observe

No description available.

Um experimento foi conduzido com os objetivos de avaliar a influência de diferentes tempos de aquecimento antes do armazenamento e diferentes tempos de armazenamento de ovos férteis de matrizes Cobb 500 com 44 semanas antes da incubação, sobre a eclodibilidade e características de pintos de um dia. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 3x3, com os fatores: aquecimento antes do armazenamento (37ºC por 0, 6 e 12h) e armazenamento antes da incubação (12ºC por 4, 9 e 14 dias), totalizando nove tratamentos com 22 repetições de 10 ovos cada. O procedimento de incubação foi o convencional adotado pela avicultura industrial. Avaliaram-se as características de eclosão (480 e 498h), peso do pintainho, perda de peso dos ovos durante o aquecimento e armazenamento, temperatura de superfície da casca, embriodiagnóstico, peso relativo de órgãos e características morfométricas e histológicas intestinais. O aquecimento por 6h não prejudicou a eclodibilidade em comparação ao não aquecimento dos ovos. O aquecimento por 12h resultou em menores taxas de eclosão. O peso dos pintainhos não foi influenciado pelo tempo de armazenamento dos ovos, no entanto, os ovos aquecidos por 0 e 6h produziram pintainhos com pesos superiores quando comparados com aqueles ovos aquecidos por 12h. As características de vilosidades intestinais não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, com exceção da profundidade de cripta. Conclui-se que o aquecimento pré-incubação de ovos férteis a 37ºC por 6h é adequado em manter as taxas normais de eclosão sem prejudicar as características de pintos de um dia, quando os ovos são armazenados por até quatro dias. / An experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of different heating times before storage and different storage times of the fertile eggs from Cobb 500 broiler breeders, aged 44 weeks, before incubation on hatchability and day-old chicks characteristics. The experimental design was randomly assigned in a 3x3 factorial scheme: egg heating before storage (37ºC for 0, 6 and 12h) and egg storage before incubation (12ºC for 4, 9 and 14 days), totalizing nine treatments with 22 replicates of ten eggs each. The incubation procedure was the same used by the poultry industry. It was evaluated the hatchability characteristics (480 and 498h), day-old chick weight, egg weight loss during heating and storage, superficial eggshell temperature, and intestine morphologic and histological characteristics. The heating time of 6h did not impair hatchability of the eggs when compared to the control treatment (no heating 0h). On the other hand, heating eggs for 12h was observed significantly reduction of the hatchability. Day-old chicks weight was not influenced by the storage time, however, the eggs heated for 0 and 6h provided heavier day-old chicks than eggs heated for 12h. There were not influences of the treatments on intestine villous characteristics, except for crypt height. It was concluded that the pre-incubation fertile eggs heating at 37ºC for 6h is adequate to maintain normal rates of hatchability without impair day-old chicks characteristics when eggs are stored up to four days.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agric.(Animal Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of egg weight on hatchability, hatch-weight and subsequent productivity of Venda chickens. A total of 360 Venda chicken eggs based on their weights were collected within one week and assigned to four treatments with five replicates of 18 eggs per replicate. A randomized design was used. The four treatment weights were below 49 g, between 50 and 59 g, between 60 and 69 g and above 70 g. the eggs were incubated for 21 days. The chicks were raised up to 13 weeks based on their treatments but fed a similar diet. Egg weight was positively and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.727) with hatchability. Similarly, egg weight was positively and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.0.953) with chick hatch-weight. Between one and seven weeks old, Venda chicks hatched from heavier eggs ate less (P< 0.05) than those hatched from lighter eggs. Heavier eggs hatched chicks with better (P< 0.05) feed conversion ratio. However, chicks hatched from heavier eggs tended to have higher (P< 0.05) live weight at seven weeks old than those hatched from lighter eggs. Heavier eggs tended to hatch chicks that had higher (P< 0.05) mortality rates. However, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention of the chicks aged seven weeks was not (P> 0.05) affected by egg weight. Growth rate and live weight of the chicks aged between one and seven weeks were optimized at different Venda chicken egg weights of 56 (r2 = 0.514) and 60 (r2 = 0.870) g, respectively. Egg weight had no (P> 0.05) effect on metabolisable energy, feed conversion ratio, growth rate, live weight, carcass weight and carcass parts of Venda chickens aged between eight and 13 weeks except fat pad weight. Venda chickens hatched from lighter eggs had lower (P< 0.05) fat pad weights than those hatched from heavier eggs. Meat samples of chickens hatched from lighter eggs had higher (P< 0.05) nitrogen contents. It is concluded that Venda chicken egg weight affects (P< 0.05) egg hatchability, chick hatch-weight, growth rate, live weight and carcass characteristics of the chicken. However, these variables are optimized at different egg weights. This has implications on selecting eggs for incubation.

Um experimento foi conduzido com os objetivos de avaliar a influência de diferentes tempos de aquecimento antes do armazenamento e diferentes tempos de armazenamento de ovos férteis de matrizes Cobb 500 com 44 semanas antes da incubação, sobre a eclodibilidade e características de pintos de um dia. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 3x3, com os fatores: aquecimento antes do armazenamento (37ºC por 0, 6 e 12h) e armazenamento antes da incubação (12ºC por 4, 9 e 14 dias), totalizando nove tratamentos com 22 repetições de 10 ovos cada. O procedimento de incubação foi o convencional adotado pela avicultura industrial. Avaliaram-se as características de eclosão (480 e 498h), peso do pintainho, perda de peso dos ovos durante o aquecimento e armazenamento, temperatura de superfície da casca, embriodiagnóstico, peso relativo de órgãos e características morfométricas e histológicas intestinais. O aquecimento por 6h não prejudicou a eclodibilidade em comparação ao não aquecimento dos ovos. O aquecimento por 12h resultou em menores taxas de eclosão. O peso dos pintainhos não foi influenciado pelo tempo de armazenamento dos ovos, no entanto, os ovos aquecidos por 0 e 6h produziram pintainhos com pesos superiores quando comparados com aqueles ovos aquecidos por 12h. As características de vilosidades intestinais não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, com exceção da profundidade de cripta. Conclui-se que o aquecimento pré-incubação de ovos férteis a 37ºC por 6h é adequado em manter as taxas normais de eclosão sem prejudicar as características de pintos de um dia, quando os ovos são armazenados por até quatro dias. / An experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of different heating times before storage and different storage times of the fertile eggs from Cobb 500 broiler breeders, aged 44 weeks, before incubation on hatchability and day-old chicks characteristics. The experimental design was randomly assigned in a 3x3 factorial scheme: egg heating before storage (37ºC for 0, 6 and 12h) and egg storage before incubation (12ºC for 4, 9 and 14 days), totalizing nine treatments with 22 replicates of ten eggs each. The incubation procedure was the same used by the poultry industry. It was evaluated the hatchability characteristics (480 and 498h), day-old chick weight, egg weight loss during heating and storage, superficial eggshell temperature, and intestine morphologic and histological characteristics. The heating time of 6h did not impair hatchability of the eggs when compared to the control treatment (no heating 0h). On the other hand, heating eggs for 12h was observed significantly reduction of the hatchability. Day-old chicks weight was not influenced by the storage time, however, the eggs heated for 0 and 6h provided heavier day-old chicks than eggs heated for 12h. There were not influences of the treatments on intestine villous characteristics, except for crypt height. It was concluded that the pre-incubation fertile eggs heating at 37ºC for 6h is adequate to maintain normal rates of hatchability without impair day-old chicks characteristics when eggs are stored up to four days.

Orientador: Irenilza de Alencar Nääs, Marta dos Santos Baracho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T11:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Poderoso_FabianaMariaGoncalvesdeLima_M.pdf: 1087757 bytes, checksum: 1db07cd336e1192d99ffb8537b7a5e02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: No Brasil, a avicultura é uma atividade relativamente nova, apesar de ter seu início na década de 30, como atividade fornecedora de subproduto, o esterco para os cafezais, se tornando uma atividade econômica produtora de proteína de alto valor biológico, somente a partir da década de 60. Hoje ocupa um lugar privilegiado na economia mundial devido ao trabalho de muitos profissionais ligados à atividade, sendo os principais pontos que ocorreram grandes melhorias: avanço tecnológico nas áreas de produção, nutrição e sanidade, permitindo uma melhora significativa nos índices zootécnicos. O incubatório é o local onde se obtêm o produto final, ou seja, do pintainho de um dia, tem a responsabilidade de disponibilizar aos produtores, pintos de qualidade para maximizar o desempenho das aves a campo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar no ambiente do incubatório, sobre as respostas da taxa de eclosão durante o processo de incubação e nascimento. Os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram registrados em uma das salas das incubadoras e em uma das salas de nascedouro do Incubatório São José no município de Amparo - SP e analisados com relação ao índice de eclosão dos ovos incubados que foi analisado no dia do nascimento dos pintos. Foram rastreadas 48 bandejas, tendo capacidade de 96 ovos cada bandeja, até o nascimento desses pintos, sendo estas divididas seis quadrantes na incubadora sendo oito bandejas em cada quadrante classificadas como lotes e após foram monitoradas na sala de nascedouro que foi dividida em quatro quadrantes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva por lote e análise de comparação de médias, através do teste F na ANOVA e do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados obtidos foram: a temperatura do ambiente influenciou o descarte total de ovos no 14º dia de incubação (de 35.9ºC à 37.0°C) e no 21º de incubação (de 37,0 °C à 37,3 °C) e, comparados com a idade das matrizes (42 semanas e 56 semanas), identificou-se que a matriz mais velha obteve maior número de descartes nas variáveis analisadas como: ovos inférteis, mortalidade de 0 a 7 dias e ovos quebrados, a serem o volume maior do total de ovos descartados. E, somente houve influência da umidade relativa do ar aos 21 dias de incubação ( de 52,2% à 62%). Conclui-se que houve influência do ambiente térmico e da idade da matriz no descarte total de ovos no processo de incubação / Abstract: Poultry science is responsible for studying the birds. In Brazil poultry production is a relatively new activity, although had its beginning in the 30's decade as an activity that supplied waste which was used in coffee production. It became an economical activity that produces protein of high biological value just after the decade of 60. Today Brazil occupies a privileged place in the world's economy due to the work of several professionals connected to this activity. The areas were the greatest technological improvements occurred are: production, nutrition and health, allowing significant enhancement in animal production indexes. The hatchery is the place where the final product is obtained, the one day old pullet, and that has the responsibility of given the producers high quality chicks in order to maximize their performance in the field. The objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of ambient temperature and relative humidity of the air in the hatchery on the response during the process in both incubator and hatcher. Air temperature and relative humidity data will be registered in a incubator and hatcher at the Incubatório São José, county of Amparo - SP and they will be analyzed with relation to the hatcher index at the first day. Forty eight trays with 96 eggs each were screened trays until the birth of these chicks. The hatchery was divided in six quarters and eight incubator trays in each quadrant were classified as lots and they were monitored after the hatcher room, which was divided into four quadrants. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and analysis of batch mean comparison, using the F test in ANOVA and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis. The obtained results were: the temperature of the environment influenced the discarding total egg on day 14 of incubation and 21 of incubation and compared with age of the array, we identified that it took the variables as: infertile eggs, mortality 0-7 days and broken eggs, to be the bulk of total eggs discarded. There was only influence of relative humidity at 21 days of incubation. It is concluded that there was influence of thermal environment and age of female breeder in total egg discarding in the process of incubation / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola