This study investigated the impact of child teacher relationship training (CTRT) on teachers’ ability to provide emotional support in the classroom, teachers’ use of relationship-building skills, and teachers’ level of stress related to the student-child relationship. Teachers and aides from one Head Start school were randomly assigned to the experimental group CTRT (n = 11) or an active control Conscious Discipline group (CD; n = 12). Overall, 21 females, 11 (CTRT) and 11 (CD), and one male (CD) participated in the study. Participating teachers and aides identified themselves as the following: 13 Hispanic/Latino, 5 Black American, and 5 European American. Teachers and aides identified children with clinical levels of disruptive behavior problems for the purpose of selecting children of focus for the study. The children’s mean age was 3.63 for CTRT group and 3.36 for CD group. Overall, 9 females, 2 (CTRT) and 7 (CD), and 10 males, 6 (CTRT) and 4 (CD) participated in the study. Teachers reported children’s ethnicity: 13 Hispanic/Latino, 5 African American, and 1 other. A two-factor (Treatment x Group) repeated measures split plot ANOVA was utilized to analyze the data with an alpha level of .05. According to objective raters blinded to the study using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) and the Child Teacher Relationship Skills Checklist (CTRT-SC) and teacher reports using Index of Teaching Stress (ITS), results revealed a statistically significant interaction effect for the experimental teachers’ use of child-teacher relationship skills (CTRT-SC: p = .036), a non-statistically significant interaction effect for the experimental teachers’ ability to provide emotional support (CLASS: p = .50), and a non-statistically significant interaction effect on teacher stress (ITS: p = .997). Partial eta squared effect sizes were calculated to determine the practical significance of the findings. Compared to the active control, CTRT demonstrated large treatment effects over time on the CTRT-SC (?p2 = .19) and the CLASS (?p2 = .16). Study findings provide support for CTRT as an effective intervention for increasing Head Start teachers’ ability to provide emotional and relational support to at-risk students.

The problem of this study was to determine the difference in academic achievement between disadvantaged pupils who attended a Head Start program and those who did not when that difference was measured by a selected instrument. The groups used for the comparison were (1) Head Start, disadvantaged; (2) non-Head Start, disadvantaged without kindergarten experiences; (3) non-Head Start, advantaged with kindergarten experiences; and (4) non-Head Start, advantaged without kindergarten experiences.

The purposes of this study were to determine whether brain growth spurts occur in normal pupils and to determine whether there was a uniform difference in head circumference between boys and girls. Subjects were 3,062 normal elementary pupils, grades one through six, from one suburban school district. Fiberglass measuring tapes were used to measure pupils' head circumference. The hypotheses of the study predicted that the relationship between head circumference and age would be linear. Further, it was predicted that the differences in head circumference between boys and girls would be uniform over seven specified ages. The first hypothesis was tested using a test for linear trend and deviation from linear trend using the General Linear Models procedure. The results indicated that there was a significant linear trend between head circumference and age. The test for deviation from the linear trend was not significant. This would suggest that any deviation from a straight line observed in the data can be attributed to chance. It was concluded that since there was no significant deviation from linear trend, it would suggest a continuous growth of the brain for the ages included in this study. A two-way analysis of variance was used to test the second hypothesis. The results indicated that the male mean head circumference was significantly larger than that of the female in all age groups. As the interaction of sex and age groups was tested, there was no interaction between sex and age groups. It was concluded that since the interaction between sex and age groups was not significant, there is no indication of differences in the rates of brain growth between boys and girls.

Head and neck cancer is the sixth leading type of cancer with 90 percent of head and neck cancer arising from squamous cell lining on the epithelium of the oral and nasal cavity, pharynx, and salivary gland. Even with tremendous achievements on chemotherapeutic drugs and therapies, the long-term prognosis of patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has shown little improvement over the last three decades. Cisplatin is one of widely used chemotherapeutic drugs for multiple cancers, including head and neck cancer, but the prolonged use of this drug is limited by its toxicity and by the development of resistance. To overcome these major roadblocks to improved prognosis requires mechanism-based therapeutic strategies to maximize the antitumor effect of drugs while limiting their toxicities. Cisplatin exerts anticancer effects via multiple mechanisms, yet its most prominent mode of action involves the generation of DNA lesions followed by the activation of the DNA damage response and the induction of BCL-2 family-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. DNA damage activates a tumor suppressor p53 to induce apoptosis. One of its functions is to induce the expression of several pro-apoptotic proteins such as Noxa, which binds to an anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family protein, MCL-1 (myeloid leukemia cell-1) to inactivate its pro-survival function and induce apoptosis. We examined Noxa expression and apoptosis induced by cisplatin in p53-wild-type HN30 and HN31, p53-truncated and inactive HN4 and HN12, and p53-deleted HN22 and HN8 HNSCC cell lines. We found that Noxa was induced in HN30 and HN31 cells and down-regulation of Noxa by shRNA (short-hairpin RNA) decreased apoptosis, indicating Noxa contribution to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, cisplatin treatment induced Noxa and apoptosis even in p53-deleted HN22 and HN8 cells, suggesting the existence of the p53-independent pathways for the induction of Noxa. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that modulation of Noxa/MCL-1 axis could mimic cisplatin-induced cell death. We found that Noxa overexpression induced cell death in all cell lines tested regardless of p53 status. This finding could be applicable as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat head and neck cancer.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic fitness level on concussion risk, severity and recovery in high school football players. Participants (N=158) completed aerobic fitness (i.e., estimated VO2 max) and baseline neurocognitive tests (i.e., ImPACT). Concussed athletes completed ImPACT every 24-72 hours until they were asymptomatic or returned to baseline levels. A post-season questionnaire assessed unreported concussions and symptoms. Twenty players incurred concussions. Previously concussed athletes were 3.71 times more likely to be concussed than those with no concussion history. Severely concussed participants reported lingering symptoms. Previously concussed athletes high in aerobic fitness reported fewer symptoms than those low in aerobic fitness. Non-significant trends suggested that aerobic fitness might be related to faster recovery times and fewer symptoms. Twenty-eight percent (n= 38) of non-concussed participants reported a potential concussion and symptoms that were not recorded by medical staff during the season.

No description available.

Objetivo: A postura de cabeça relaciona-se com o equilíbrio do sistema estomatognático podendo alterar-se em casos de deformidades dentofaciais com indicação cirúrgica. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar se a cirurgia ortognática, realizada para corrigir a deformidade dentofacial, caracterizada por mordida cruzada total, leva, a curto prazo, à modificação na postura de cabeça de indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina. Modelo: Utilizou-se um protocolo específico de anamnese e avaliação visual da postura da cabeça, da coluna cervical e da altura do ombro, da tonicidade muscular e da presença de dor à palpação. Local: Laboratório de Fisiologia – HRAC/USP. Participantes: Foram avaliados 6 indivíduos, 3 de cada gênero, entre 19 e 33 anos, com mordida cruzada total e fissura labiopalatina reparada antes e, em média, 4 meses após a cirurgia ortognática. Resultados: Não foram detectadas alterações importantes nos parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: Assim, pode-se concluir que, na amostra avaliada, não houve modificação na postura da cabeça após a cirurgia ortognática nos indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina e mordida cruzada. / Objective: Head posture is related to the balance of the stomathognathic system and may be altered in individuals with dentofacial deformities in need of surgical treatment. Thus, the present study investigated if orthognathic surgery performed to correct dentofacial deformities characterized by complete crossbite leads to short-term changes in head posture of individuals with cleft lip and palate. Design: A specific protocol was followed, including anamnesis, visual assessment of head posture, cervical spine and shoulder height, muscle tonicity and muscle pain to palpation. Setting: Physiology Laboratory – HRAC/USP. Subjects: The sample comprised six individuals, being 3 males and 3 females, aged 19 to 33 years, presenting complete crossbite and repaired cleft lip and palate. Patients were assessed before and approximately 4 months after orthognathic surgery. Results: No important alterations were observed in the study parameters. Conclusion: Thus, it could be concluded that there were no changes in head posture after orthognathic surgery in the present sample of individuals with cleft lip and palate and crossbite.

O propósito do presente estudo foi determinar, radiograficamente, os efeitos da desprogramação neuromuscular, por meio do uso da placa miorrelaxante superior, na posição craniocervical. A desprogramação neuromuscular foi feita objetivando-se realizar o diagnóstico ortodôntico com a mandíbula em relação cêntrica (RC), de acordo com filosofia de Roth (1981). Foram avaliados 39 indivíduos assintomáticos, com maloclusões Classe I de Angle, separados em dois grupos, o controle, contendo 15 indivíduos, com média de idade de 26 anos, não submetidos a qualquer forma de tratamento, e o tratado, contendo 24 indivíduos, com média de idade de 23 anos e 10 meses, submetidos à desprogramação neuromuscular. De cada paciente, foram obtidas duas telerradiografias em norma lateral, na posição natural da cabeça (PNC). No grupo controle, o intervalo médio entre ambas foi 6 meses e 17 dias. No grupo tratado, a primeira telerradiografia foi realizada previamente, e a segunda, após a desprogramação neuromuscular. O tempo médio de uso da placa miorrelaxante foi de 6 meses e 7 dias. A análise cefalométrica craniocervical foi realizada avaliando-se as angulações craniovertical (SN/VER), craniocervical (OPT/SN e CVT/SN), cervicohorizontal (OPT/HOR e CVT/HOR) e o ângulo da curvatura cervical (OPT/CVT). Concluíu-se que houve extensão significativa da cabeça, tanto em relação à linha vertical verdadeira, demonstrada pelo aumento do ângulo SN/VER, quanto à coluna cervical, demonstrada pelo aumento do ângulo CVT/SN. A coluna cervical apresentou alteração significativa em sua inclinação, em relação à linha horizontal verdadeira, demonstrado pelo aumento do ângulo CVT/HOR. Não houve alteração significativa da curvatura cervical. Foram, ainda, observadas correlações significativas entre as alterações das variáveis SN/VER e OPT/HOR, SN/VER e CVT/HOR, SN/VER e CVT/SN, OPT/CVT e OPT/HOR, OPT/CVT e OPT/SN, OPT/HOR e CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR e OPT/SN, assim como OPT/SN e CVT/SN. / The purpose of this study was to determine, radiographically, the effect of neuromuscular deprogramming, through the use of an upper occlusal splint, on the craniocervical position. Neuromuscular deprogramming was performed in order to carry out orthodontic diagnosis with the mandible in centric relation (CR), according to Roth’s philosophy. Thirthy nine asymptomatic individuals, presenting Angle's Class I malocclusion, were evaluated. The sample was allocated into two groups, the control or untreated group (n=15), with mean age of 26 years, that was followed about 6 months and 17 days, and the treated group (n=24), with mean age of 23 years and 10 months. Two lateral radiographs in natural head position (NHP) were taken from each subject, one before and the other one after neuromuscular deprogramming. The average usage period of the occlusal splint was 6 months and 7 days. Craniocervical cephalometric analysis was carried out by evaluating the craniovertical (SN/VER), craniocervical (OPT/SN and CVT/SN), and cervicohorizontal (OPT/HOR and CVT/HOR) angles, as well as the angle of the cervical curve (OPT/CVT). No significant changes were seen in the control group. It was concluded that there was a significant extension of the head, both in relation to the true vertical line, as demonstrated by the increase of the SN/VER angle, and to the cervical column, as demonstrated by the increase of the CVT/SN angle. Likewise, the cervical column showed significant backward inclination in relation to the true horizontal line, as demonstrated by increase of the CVT/HOR angle. No significant alteration of the cervical curve was observed. In addition, significant correlation coefficients were observed between the differences of the pre- and post-deprogramming values of the measurements the measurements SN/VER and OPT/HOR, SN/VER and CVT/HOR, SN/VER and CVT/SN, OPT/CVT and OPT/HOR, OPT/CVT and OPT/SN, OPT/HOR and CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR and OPT/SN, and OPT/SN and CVT/SN.

Alterações no padrão normal de metilação do DNA têm sido caracterizadas como um importante mecanismo na gênese de neoplasias. Esta modificação do DNA é denominada de epigenética uma vez que altera o padrão de expressão das células sem alterar a seqüência do DNA. No câncer, as alterações epigenéticas observadas consistem na hipermetilação das ilhas CpG nos promotores dos genes acompanhada de uma hipometilação global dos dinucleotídeos CpG dispersos pelo genoma. Este evento mostra geralmente ser câncer-específico, ou seja, alguns genes que são metilados em um tipo de câncer, não o são na maioria dos outros tipos. O objetivo deste projeto foi identificar, através da construção de bibliotecas subtrativas de RaSH, genes silenciados por metilação nas linhagens de câncer de cabeça e pescoço FaDu, UM-SCC-14A, UM-SCC-17A e UM-SCC-38 e que possuem expressão induzida após o tratamento com o agente demetilante 5-aza-2-deoxicitidina. Uma vez que a metilação leva a diminuição gradual da expressão gênica, o método RT-PCR semi-quantitativo foi utilizado para validação da expressão diferencial dos genes candidatos PLAU, CD82, RBBP4, AOF2, TMSB10, HSPA5 e LAMC2 nas linhagens não tratadas e tratadas com o agente demetilante 5-aza-2-deoxicitidina. Para todos os genes candidatos foi observado aumento na expressão gênica após o tratamento em pelo menos uma das quatro linhagens. Na linhagem UM-SCC-14 A, os genes CD82, RBBP4, AOF2, HSPA5 e LAMC2 mostraram aumento na expressão após o tratamento com o agente demetilante, sendo que o gene LAMC2 também mostrou esse aumento de expressão na linhagem UM-SCC-17A. Na linhagem UM-SCC-38A todos os genes mostraram aumento de expressão após o tratamento. Embora novos estudos sobre a metilação da região promotora dos genes selecionados sejam necessários, aumentam as evidências de que os genes selecionados sejam regulados pelo mecanismo de metilação e que estejam metilados nas linhagens estudadas. / Abnormalities on the normal pattern of DNA methylation have been caracterized as an important mechanism on carcinogenesis. This modification is called epigenetic and can be defined as a heritable change in gene expression that is not accompanied by changes in DNA sequence. The epigenetic alterations observed on cancer include hypermethylation of selected CpG island gene promoters and simultaneous global hypomethylation. The aim of this project was to identify, by rapid subtraction hybridization, genes silenced by methylation on head and neck cancer lineages with alterations on gene expression after the treatment with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine. The cancer lineages we used for our experiments were: FaDu, UM-SCC-14A, UM-SCC-17A e UM-SCC-387A and seven genes (PLAU, CD82, RBBP4, AOF2, TMSB10, HSPA5 and LAMC2) were analysed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and for all of them an increaseament of gene expression was observed. For the UM-SCC-14A lineage, the genes CD82, RBBP4, AOF2, HSPA5 and LAMC2 were upregulated after the treatment with demethylating agent as well as LAMC2 was uperegulated on UM-SCC-17A. For the UM-SCC-38A lineage all the genes showed increased expression after the treatmente with -aza-2-deoxycytidine. Our work is another evidence that some genes may be regulated by methylation during carcinogenesis.

Nos projetos de irrigação deseja-se que a água seja aplicada de maneira uniforme. Em áreas com topografia irregular, muitas vezes é necessário utilizar emissores regulados para se atingir tal objetivo. Porém, esses emissores apresentam custo maior de aquisição. Como alternativa, pode-se utilizar os microtubos, sendo esses tubos de polietileno com diâmetro interno pequeno, normalmente variando entre 0,5 a 1,5 mm. Os microtubos permitem variar seu comprimento a fim de se compensar variações de pressão ao longo da linha lateral. Assim, teoricamente, pode-se obter 100% de uniformidade na vazão dos emissores. Para isso é necessário a realização de um projeto criterioso, levando em consideração os parâmetros construtivos e de operação desse emissor. Contudo, não se tem uma equação genérica para o regime laminar de escoamento que atenda a gama de diâmetros encontrados e que levem em consideração todas as variáveis intervenientes, sendo muitas vezes aplicado interpolações para se obter os coeficientes de ajustes da equação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar análise dimensional para se obter uma equação genérica a fim de se facilitar o dimensionamento de sistemas de irrigação com esse tipo de emissor, operando no regime laminar de escoamento. O experimento consistiu em obter a relação vazão versus carga de pressão versus comprimento para uma série de microtubos, sendo testados três diâmetros internos (0,796, 0,869 e 1,108 mm), nove comprimentos (0,3 a 1,5 m) e dez cargas de pressão (0,5 a 9,5 m.c.a.). Para dedução da equação com análise dimensional, usou-se pressão, diâmetro interno, comprimento do microtubo, velocidade de escoamento, viscosidade dinâmica e massa específica como variáveis. A equação obtida teve desempenho melhor que as demais equações testadas, apresentando erros relativos de 3,50, 3,25 e 4,65% na estimativa da carga de pressão, vazão e comprimento do microtubo, respectivamente. / In irrigation projects it is desired that water be applied evenly. In areas with irregular topography, it is often necessary to use regulated emitters to achieve this goal. However, these issuers have a higher acquisition cost. Alternatively, the microtubes may be used, these polyethylene tubes having small internal diameter, usually ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. The microtubes allow their length to be varied in order to compensate for pressure variations along the lateral line. Thus, theoretically, one can obtain 100% uniformity in the flow of the emitters. For this it is necessary to carry out a criterious project, taking into consideration the construction and operating parameters of this emitter. However, there is no general equation for the laminar flow regime that meets the range of diameters found and that considers all intervening variables, and interpolations are often applied to obtain the coefficients of adjustment of the equation. Thus, the objective of this work was to use dimensional analysis to obtain a generic equation in order to facilitate the design of irrigation systems with this type of emitter, operating in the laminar flow regime. The experiment consisted in obtaining the flow versus pressure versus length ratio for a series of microtubes, three internal diameters (0.796, 0.869 and 1.108 mm), nine lengths (0.3 to 1.5 m) and ten loads of pressure (0.5 to 9.5 mca). For the deduction of the equation with dimensional analysis, pressure, internal diameter, microtube length, flow velocity, dynamic viscosity and specific mass were used as variables. The obtained equation had better performance than the other equations tested, presenting relative errors of 3.50, 3.25 and 4.65% in the estimation of pressure load, flow rate and length of the microtube, respectively.