Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between entrepreneurship and health amongst millennials with ethnic minority backgrounds. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 8 people from 8 countries in Europe. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using content analysis. Findings:  The content analysis resulted in four categories ‘between despair and hope, ‘the virtues and vices of information technology’, ‘the ethnic background and racial identity as challenge and strength’ and ‘the pressure of being successful’. Conclusion: This study increased the understanding of entrepreneurship in association with health, how millennials from ethnic minority backgrounds face mental health issues due to many factors such as financial difficulties, cultural background, education, race etc. The results indicated the importance of providing safe spaces for millennial entrepreneurs from minority backgrounds to access mental health facilities, guidance, and support in their endeavors.

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Syftet är att studera hur män med små barn upplever att deras möjligheter till församlingsengagemang i Equmeniaförsamlingar i Göteborgsområdet påverkar deras psykiska hälsa och på vilket sätt dessa män menar att församlingen kan bidra till ökad psykisk hälsa. Det är en deduktiv, kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer. De frågeställningar som är aktuella berör informanternas upplevelse av församlingen i förhållande till psykisk hälsa. Det teoretiska perspektiv som i huvudsak används är Aaron Antonovskys KASAM (känsla av sammanhang), där de tre komponenterna begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet används för analys av det empiriska materialet. Det finns även en genusaspekt i studien där R.W Connells konstruktivistiska synsätt på maskulinitet används i analys av materialet.Resultat och analys visar att informanterna upplever att församlingen bidrar till en högre KASAM. Informanterna varnar dock för att församlingen kan vara en riskfaktor som riskerar ett lägre KASAM, inte minst vad gäller känslan av hanterbarhet. Även om informanterna upplever att församlingen bidrar till ett högre KASAM beskriver de att samtalet om psykisk hälsa knappt existerar samt att det finns ett stort behov av samtalet. Detta leder i sin tur till att församlingen i ännu högre utsträckning kan bidra till en högre KASAM. Vad gäller genus finns det en del hegemonier i församlingarna, men dessa är enligt en av informanterna under förhandling.

To get closer to an answer to the questions of how the pandemic affected one's mental health after the pandemic, but also how it affected one's church involvement and one's own faith in God, interviews were conducted with five young women, aged 19–25 years. I used a mixed method, namely three short questionnaires where the informants had to assess their mental, existential, physical, and social health, as well as describe their church involvement, before, during and after the pandemic. These questionnaires were then the basis for the interviews, where they had to nuance their answers even more. In this way, the study's material and empirical data were collected. This was then analyzed based on selected theories dealing with coping, religious coping, meaning-based coping, and spirituality processes. The results of the study show that the pandemic affected the informants in different ways and to different extents. What one brought into the pandemic when it comes to one's mental, existential, physical, and social health tends to influence how one coped with it and what consequences the pandemic created for one's well-being. On the other hand, most of the informants expressed that they take with them new perspectives and lessons learned from the pandemic that they did not have in the same way before. Much of what they mention is that you learned how the body works and that your well-being is better from physical activity, or that now, after the pandemic, you can choose in a different way what you want to be involved in when it comes to the social aspect, but also concrete social interactions and relationships. They prioritize their well-being and well-being in a different way.

The aim of this flexible, multi-method case-study (after Yin 1994, 2003), was to elicit the 'student perspective' on issues relating to mental well-being within the Higher Education Institution setting. It has been guided by the ideology of the health promotion model, the concept of salutogenesis and the Health Promoting University initiative. Phase One consisted of eleven focus group discussions involving fifty one self-selecting participant undergraduates and a semi-structured interview conducted with the lead medical practitioner of the Medical Centre on site. In Phase Two, a quota sample of 806 undergraduates completed a questionnaire. The three datasets were analysed according to a facilitative and complementary approach (Brannen 2004) and in keeping with assumptions of the paradigms from which they originated. The qualitative data were analysed within the framework provided by Miles and Huberman (1994) and the survey was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings demonstrated that this multi-site university may have specific difficulties with regard to the provision of equal access to the support services. Reduced pastoral care could pose risks to the mental well-being of some students whereas the allocation of students to a personal tutor might increase levels of social capital and reduce symptoms of 'anomie'. Conclusions of the study suggest that HEIs need an understanding of the concerns of the students and their help-seeking behaviour in order to define 'health assets' and minimise 'health deficits'. Overall, the development of co-ordinated institutional support service provision - that is responsive to the needs of a diverse student body - facilitates and supports the creation of a salutogenic environment that both promotes and sustains mental well-being. Health education programmes need to address the persistence of stigma and discrimination. Attention should be focused on health protection measures so that all groups of students are treated equally and fairly in order to counter-balance a possible residual biomedical approach to health promotion from within the medical sector provision. As a case-study of one university, the findings may be theoretically generalisable to other similar multi-site HEIs in their mental health promotion provision.

Existing research and anecdotal accounts have consistently reported that Jewish people are positively inclined to seek treatment for mental health problems, including making use of psychiatric services and psychotherapy. However, much of this data has been based on samples of American Jewry and there appear to be no existing studies in the UK which have quantitatively investigated whether there are similar help seeking preferences for mental health problems amongst British Jewry. The present study investigated Jewish people’s attitudes and intentions to seek professional help for mental health problems and their experiences of seeking professional help in the UK. Using the theoretical framework of the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) the study also aimed to determine the strongest predictors of intentions and attempts to seek professional help, according to people’s attitudes, perceived social pressure, beliefs about the causes of mental illness and level of religiosity. The study included 126 Jewish people who were predominantly recruited from synagogues and community centres across the UK. Results indicated that a high percentage of this sample would be willing to see a mental health professional if they experienced a mental health problem. According to multiple regression analysis, attitudes towards seeking professional help and stress-related causal beliefs most strongly predicted intention to seek professional help. Despite the sample being non-clinically recruited, 63% of participants reported that they had experienced a mental health problem and the majority of these individuals had sought professional help in the past. Path analysis revealed that actual attempts to seek professional help were directly influenced by intention to seek professional help, perceived social pressure and supernatural causal beliefs. Given the high prevalence of mental health problems and use of professional mental health services amongst this sample, clinical considerations highlighted the need for preventative mental health strategies and culturally sensitive mental health services for Jewish people. Limitations of the study include the use of an opportunity sample which was unable to recruit members of the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community.

The overarching aim of this thesis was to contribute towards the translation of a laboratory paradigm into a clinical intervention: that is, to develop a positive Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) technique using mental imagery into an internet-based computerized intervention for people with clinical depression. Preliminary studies using an imagery-based CBM to modify interpretation bias in depression have shown significant effects of the CBM in alleviating depressive symptoms. We know very little, however, about the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of imagery-based CBM in depression. A particular focus of the current thesis was to explore the effects of imagery-based CBM on variables that were thought to contribute to symptom improvement: mental imagery, emotion and behaviour. Experiment 1 explored these effects in a sample of mildly depressed individuals, using a CBM paradigm in which participants were required to generate mental imagery in response to positive, negative or mixed (control) combinations of picture and word cues. Participants assigned to the positive imagery condition showed mood improvements as well as enhanced behavioural performance (fishing game task) and reduced cognitive bias compared to participants in the two other conditions. Further, positive imagery was rated as increasingly vivid as they went along with the training. Study 2 explored the possibility that the behavioural task (i.e. a fishing game) used in mildly depressed individuals to detect CBM-induced differences in behaviour could be associated with behavioural differences between individuals with various and clinical levels of depressive symptoms. The hypothesis was tested that in a sample of individuals with minimal to severe symptoms of depression, behavioural performance on the fishing game would be inversely related to the severity of their depressive symptoms. As predicted, participants with higher depression scores performed less well on the fishing game task than those with lower scores, and this association remained when controlling for other variables such as state mood. Experiment 3a and 3b constituted the first two pilot studies exploring the feasibility of delivering imagery-based CBM over the internet to individuals with clinical depression. In Experiment 3a, the imagery-based CBM was developed into an internet-based intervention involving 6 sessions of CBM that participants completed in their own home over a week. The Oxford Imagery Generation (OxIGen) program was piloted in a small sample (N = 6) of clinically depressed individuals, and qualitative data were collected to assess experience of the intervention. As a result, refinements were made to improve the intervention and enhance engagement. In Experiment 3b, the finalised version of the OxIGen program, which involved 12 sessions of online CBM completed over a month, was piloted in a small sample (N = 8) of individuals with clinical depression. Results showed high levels of acceptability and adherence. Three of the four participants allocated to the positive imagery version of OxIGen showed reliable levels of symptom improvement. The exploration of the effects of OxIGen on mental imagery, bias and behaviour provided a mixed picture. For example, the predicted change in vividness for positive future imagery and negative interpretative bias was only found in two of the four participants from the positive imagery group. Finally in Experiment 4, the effects of OxIGen on positive future imagery and behaviour were examined as part of a wider clinical trial involving a large sample (N = 150) of individuals with clinical depression. The larger scale of this study allowed a sufficiently powered test of the prediction that the intervention would lead to changes in specific features of imagery (i.e. vividness and likelihood of positive future imagery) and increases in behavioural activation. Further, the hypothesised link between positive future imagery and optimism was tested. The results examined whether the OxIGen intervention can induce changes at different levels of psychological functioning (i.e. emotional, cognitive and behavioural). It is discussed that the combined action of these changes may reinstate a positive feedback cycle that ultimately leads to symptom improvements. Existing resources are largely insufficient to combat the major health problem of depression. The development of a promising laboratory paradigm towards a clinical intervention is an important step towards the development of short and inexpensive forms of treatment that can be delivered to the hands of the many people who need help.

O Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) tem sua inserção recente nas práticas de saúde, com a profissão sendo reconhecida legalmente em 2002. Sua atuação se dá no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde, constituindo-se em novas oportunidades no mercado de trabalho. Como pré-requisitos para o exercício da profissão, a lei estabelece: I- residir na área da comunidade que atuar; II- haver concluído com aproveitamento o curso de qualificação básica para formação de ACS; III- haver concluído o ensino fundamental. O ACS deve trabalhar com a adscrição de famílias, tendo sob sua responsabilidade no máximo 150 famílias ou 750 pessoas, em base geográfica definida. O ACS, deve ainda desenvolver atividades de prevenção das doenças e promoção da saúde, por meio de visitas domiciliares e de ações educativas individuais e coletivas, nos domicílios e na comunidade, sob supervisão e acompanhamento do enfermeiro instrutor-supervisor. A complexidade da atuação do ACS sugere que, como profissional da saúde, esteja exposto a situações que o colocam sob estresse. Este estudo propôs identificar através das percepções que os ACS têm sobre seu trabalho, eventos que provocam sobrecarga e como lidam com eles. Utilizou-se o modelo de Lazarus e Folkman de estresse e enfrentamento. Para operacionalizá-los recorreu-se à produção de conhecimento na área quanto aos dois aspectos abordados. Este é um estudo descritivo, qualitativo. Participaram do estudo 16 ACS de equipes de Saúde da Família de São José Rio Preto- SP, e os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas gravadas e posteriormente transcritas. A análise centrou-se na identificação das situações consideradas pelos ACS como estressoras e dos mecanismos que utilizam para lidar com eles. As situações estressoras foram agrupadas em categorias: condições de trabalho; questões salariais; gênero; interface família-trabalho e carga emocional. Os mecanismos de enfrentamento foram agrupados em categorias focalizados na emoção e no problema. Considerando as diversas atividades desenvolvidas pelos ACS e a dinâmica da realidade sanitária, acredita-se que os relatos dos sujeitos participantes desta pesquisa, discutidos à luz de outros estudos, contribuam para o planejamento de suas atividades, preparo e capacitação dos futuros profissionais de forma a fortalecê-los para o exercício de seu trabalho. / The community health agent (ACS) is a health worker recently included in health workers staff. This profession was legally created in 2002 and it is part of the Brazilian Unique Health System. This health professional is expected to live in the same community he will work; have completed a training course and the elementary school. Their activities include the register of families and having under responsibility 150 families or about 750 persons, in a limited geographic area. They also achieve activities that aim disease prevention and health promotion by means of home visits and educative actions directed to individuals and community, under supervision of a nurse. The complexity of the agents activities suggests that they are exposed to stressing situations. So the aim of this work is to indentify by ACS s perceptions of stressors at work and coping mechanisms. The theoretical model was that of Lazarus and Folkman that focuses stress and coping. To operationalize the model other works relating to this one were accessed. This is a descriptive and qualitative research. Sixteen community health agents from ESF teams in a inner city of São Paulo state were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The analysis focused the work events the agents perceived as stressors and also the coping mechanisms they used to face them.The stressful events were grouped into categories: work conditions; salary; gender; relationship family and work e emotional burden. The coping mechanisms were grouped into emotional oriented and problem oriented. Considering the wide range of activities the health community workers achieve, the dynamic of sanitary situation and how they understand them, it is possible that these results in comparison to others may contribute to health agents educative programs including some emotional support as well.

The research is a qualitative exploration of perceptions of adolescent mental health and collaborative working concerning this. There are rising numbers of young people with difficulties relating to mental health and a need to develop closer links between services and schools has been identified (Department for Education, 2015b). However, there is not enough known about how agencies work together, despite their differences, in order to effectively support adolescent mental health. Part one utilised semi structured interviews to explore, in depth, how, educational psychologists (EPs), Children and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) professionals and secondary school staff view adolescent mental health with regards to issues, practices, collaboration and how they view their own and other’s roles in supporting young people with mental health difficulties. Part two consisted of discussion groups guided by the use of vignettes, in order to explore the ways in which, EPs, CAMHS professionals and secondary school staff problem solve both in their own professional group and in a multi-agency group to explore the commonalities and differences in this. Findings from part one indicate that there are differences in perceptions of adolescent mental health across these three groups, with particular regards to their own and each other’s roles. Further to this findings indicate a lack of a shared understanding, characterised by a level of departmentalism. Findings from part two indicate that there are significant differences between the way in which schools, EPs and CAMHS professionals make sense of cases and in the way in which they work in their own professional group compared to how they work in multiagency groups. There were also indications that the differences that were found between groups in both part one and two, actually worked to increase the effectiveness of the approach in the multiagency groups, creating an enhanced and richer understanding of the problem given. Overall findings indicate that although on the surface thinking appears similar there are significant differences in thinking across EPs, CAMHS and schools in this area. Implications and recommendations for practice include; developing clarity and transparency regarding roles and fostering closer links by developing a shared understanding through opportunities for joint training.

Na atualidade, entende-se que o campo do conhecimento da saúde mental é amplamente complexo e intersetorial, abrangendo muitos saberes. Muitos estudos sobre os cuidadores do sujeito com transtorno mental no Brasil, que revelam que apesar da mudança do paradigma no tratamento psiquiátrico - ocorrida na segunda metade do século XX - ainda há violações dos direitos dos pacientes internados, além do sentimento, na equipe de atenção, de certo desamparo e falta de conhecimento sobre o lidar com o paciente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo buscar conhecera visão de auxiliares de enfermagem de um setor de agudos masculino e feminino de um hospital especializado em psiquiatria do interior do estado de são paulo a respeito de seu trabalho. mais especificamente, pretende-se conhecer, a partir de sua própria perspectiva, a trajetória e formação profissional dessas pessoas, o contexto institucional e as práticas cotidianas envolvidas em seu trabalho e suas concepções a respeito da clientela atendida. Foram entrevistados através da \"história de vida temática\" onze auxiliares de enfermagem. Essas entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra, e analisadas qualitativamente. A análise permitiu apontar os seguintes temas: suas trajetórias de vida, influências recíprocas entre a vida pessoal e do trabalho, a formação dos profissionais,o perfil do auxiliar, a rotina de trabalho e seus apoios a visão sobre o paciente psiquiátrico, sua família. Os relatos convergiram para a apresentação da maneira como se configura o trabalho do auxiliar de enfermagem, quanto às suas visões e condições para o trabalho cotidiano Considera-se que é importante promover a criação de espaços de reflexão, discussão e escuta entre os profissionais de saúde mental, dentro dos setting de trabalho, integrando principalmente os que lidam diretamente com o paciente, de modo que nesses espaços se possa conversar sobre questões da prática diária específicas, mas também transcender a elas; relacionando essa prática com repercussões da vida pessoal no trabalho, promovendo apoio ao trabalhador. / It\'s well known that the mental health knowledge field is complex and inter sectorial. Many studies about the mental health patient, in Brazil, have revealed that although there was a change in the psychiatric treatment, still there is patients rights violations, and the feeling in the attention group is of certain hopelessness and lack of knowledge in dealing with the patient. This work aims to explore a masculine and feminine acute unit nursing personnel, in a psychiatry specialized hospital in the inner State of São Paulo, from the point of view of their work. More specifically, it\'s intended to know, from their own perspective their professional pathways and education, the institutional context and their everyday practices concerning work and clients. Eleven nursing professionals were interviewed through \"thematic life history\" interview. Those interviews were taped and integrally transcript and analyzed qualitatively. The analysis showed their life pathways, influences of their personal lives on work, professional education, work routine, support on psychiatric patients and the patient\'s family concepts. It\'s considered that it\'s important to promote reflection, discussion and hearing spaces among mental health professionals, in the work setting, with those who deal directly with the patient and the whole team so it\'s possible to discuss on every day practices, transcend to them relating to personal life repercussions, promoting support for work.