BACKGROUND:Over the past two decades, international health policies focusing on the fight against the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and those diseases that address maternal and child health problems, among others, have skewed disease control priorities in China and other Asian countries. Although these are important health problems, an epidemic of chronic, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in China has accounted for a much greater burden of disease due to the ongoing rapid socioeconomic and demographic transition.DISCUSSION:Although NCDs currently account for more than 80% of the overall disease burden in China, they remain very low on the nation's disease control priorities, attracting marginal investment from central and local governments. This leaves the majority of patients with chronic conditions without effective treatment. International organizations and national governments have recognized the devastating social and economic consequences caused by NCDs in low- and middle-income countries, including China. Yet, few donor-funded projects that address NCDs have been implemented in these countries over the past decade. Due to a lack of strong support from international organizations and national governments for fighting against NCDs, affected persons in China, especially the poor and those who live in rural and less developed regions, continue to have limited access to the needed care. Costs associated with frequent health facility visits and regular treatment have become a major factor in medical impoverishment in China. This article argues that although China's ongoing health system reform would provide a unique opportunity to tackle current public health problems, it may not be sufficient to address the emerging threat of NCDs unless targeted steps are taken to assure that adequate financial and human resources are mapped for effective control and management of NCDs in the country.SUMMARY:The Chinese government needs to develop a domestically-driven and evidence-based disease control policy and funding priorities that respond appropriately to the country's current epidemiological transition, and rapid sociodemographic and lifestyle changes.

The health system in Abu Dhabi has undergone a series of far reaching reforms during the past six years, yet in spite of the structural transformations, public confidence in the performance of this vital sector is still skeptical at best and employee engagement is still low. The thesis was underpinned by the aim to reveal the challenges in public health system reform outside the context of western administration. This thesis is an attempt to analyse the intricate, multidimensional concept of organisational culture within the complex structure of public healthcare sector in a fast growing economy like Abu Dhabi. Managing organisational culture is increasingly viewed as an essential part of health system reform. Organisational culture in health care organisations has gained increased consideration as an important factor that affects health systems reform and influences the quality of health care. The research project aims to explore the context of health system reform in Abu Dhabi and to understand the organisational culture of the different constituents of its public healthcare sector. Using a multi-method investigation combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches using the Competing Values Framework as conceptual framework, this research aims to provide a critical assessment of organisational culture in healthcare sector in Abu Dhabi. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the regulator, operator, and three public hospitals prior to the use of a survey instrument based on the Organisational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The data analysis revealed that the prevailing cultural model of the Abu Dhabi public sector organisations was concurrently governed by hierarchy and market cultures while the presence of clan and adhocracy models was relatively limited. Interesting variations in assessment of clan culture were found between UAE nationals and other nationality clusters. The findings also revealed a desired cultural shift manifested by a higher emphasis on clan and adhocracy cultures and a lower emphasis on hierarchy and market culture. Those results confirm the presence of two opposing or competing cultural dimensions clan/adhocracy vs. hierarchy/market. This research makes a considerable contribution to the sparse empirical studies in health system reforms and organisational culture in the Arab Gulf states, and proposes important explanations and possible solutions to the salient challenges facing the health system in Abu Dhabi.

Com este trabalho, procurou-se contribuir com as construções que a partir da ciência política vêm sendo realizadas diante da configuração da saúde como direito no contexto da reforma do sistema de saúde colombiano. Realizou-se um balanço crítico da produção sobre o direito à saúde na última década. A metodologia apóia-se no enfoque qualitativo, utilizando as técnicas de análise de conteúdo e análise do discurso. Para a definição da unidade de leitura, realizaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes representativos. Para a análise formal da produção, aplicaram-se instrumentos compostos por pontos como: objetivos, temáticas, atores, enfoques e resultados. Deste material, podese destacar a presença da análise sobre a crise hospitalar, o problema trabalhista e sua relação com a saúde, as barreiras de acesso ao atendimento e os questionamentos feitos ao sistema de informação e a situação da saúde pública. São identificados como atores centrais no estudo do direito à saúde: instituições privadas de saúde, a sociedade e o Estado. O balanço aponta duas perspectivas para configurar a política de saúde: uma que vê na liberdade de mercado a melhor opção para garantir o atendimento na saúde e outra que propõe que o Estado garanta o direito à saúde. Avançar na avaliação do impacto da reforma da saúde permitiria reorientar a organização do sistema de saúde e construir alternativas de política que tornem realidade o direito à saúde. / This disertation seeks to make a contribution to the constructions that are being made from within the field of political science about health as right in Colombia. It was done a critical review of the work relating the right to health in the country from the last decade. The methodology is based on the qualitative approach, using the content and discourse analysis. In order to define the reading unit, semi-structured interviews with key informants were carried out. For the formal analysis of the production instruments with descriptors such as objectives, themes, actors, approaches and results were applied. About the finds, the presence of analysis of the hospital crisis, the labor problem and its relationship with health, access barriers to care and concerns about information and public health are notable. Private health institutions, society and the State are recognized as primary actors. The balance shows two perspectives to configure the health public policy: the first one sees in the free market the best option to offer health attention and the second one, believes that the State is the one that must guarantee the right to health. to advance on the evaluation of the impact of health would allow to track the health system's organization and and design a public policies alternatives so that the health as right becomes true.

Com este trabalho, procurou-se contribuir com as construções que a partir da ciência política vêm sendo realizadas diante da configuração da saúde como direito no contexto da reforma do sistema de saúde colombiano. Realizou-se um balanço crítico da produção sobre o direito à saúde na última década. A metodologia apóia-se no enfoque qualitativo, utilizando as técnicas de análise de conteúdo e análise do discurso. Para a definição da unidade de leitura, realizaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes representativos. Para a análise formal da produção, aplicaram-se instrumentos compostos por pontos como: objetivos, temáticas, atores, enfoques e resultados. Deste material, podese destacar a presença da análise sobre a crise hospitalar, o problema trabalhista e sua relação com a saúde, as barreiras de acesso ao atendimento e os questionamentos feitos ao sistema de informação e a situação da saúde pública. São identificados como atores centrais no estudo do direito à saúde: instituições privadas de saúde, a sociedade e o Estado. O balanço aponta duas perspectivas para configurar a política de saúde: uma que vê na liberdade de mercado a melhor opção para garantir o atendimento na saúde e outra que propõe que o Estado garanta o direito à saúde. Avançar na avaliação do impacto da reforma da saúde permitiria reorientar a organização do sistema de saúde e construir alternativas de política que tornem realidade o direito à saúde. / This disertation seeks to make a contribution to the constructions that are being made from within the field of political science about health as right in Colombia. It was done a critical review of the work relating the right to health in the country from the last decade. The methodology is based on the qualitative approach, using the content and discourse analysis. In order to define the reading unit, semi-structured interviews with key informants were carried out. For the formal analysis of the production instruments with descriptors such as objectives, themes, actors, approaches and results were applied. About the finds, the presence of analysis of the hospital crisis, the labor problem and its relationship with health, access barriers to care and concerns about information and public health are notable. Private health institutions, society and the State are recognized as primary actors. The balance shows two perspectives to configure the health public policy: the first one sees in the free market the best option to offer health attention and the second one, believes that the State is the one that must guarantee the right to health. to advance on the evaluation of the impact of health would allow to track the health system's organization and and design a public policies alternatives so that the health as right becomes true.

Inhabitants´ Opinions to the Health Service Problems in the Czech Republic The diploma thesis {\clqq}Inhabitants´ Opinions to the Health Service Problems in the Czech Republic`` deals with the problems of the Czech health service. The theoretic part treats of the definitions of the main terms, legislative framework, state health service policy, public health insurance, public finances reform and first of all treats of the new Act on Public Budget Stabilization n. 261/2007 Law Code, effective from January 1st, 2008. Recently there have been discussed the Czech health service problems within the context of publication of the health service reform. The implementation of the regulation fees evokes the atmosphere of disagreement and fear from financial non-capacity in the inhabitants resulting from the fees implementation on particular items of health care. It is necessary to realize that there have been health service problems all the time. But this situation doesn´t apply to the Czech Republic solely. Quite a number of states have to solve the problems and shortcomings of the health service system. To point out these problems, to find out the cause but first of all to find the ways to deal and eliminate problems should be the main objective of the state. The Czech health service needs badly the alternation. It has to tackle the 21st century challenges and at the same time to continue in european tradition which is based on the availibility of health care for all our inhabitants. There are no doubts that population ageing, new medical procedures, services quality requirements and the possibility of co-determination will lead to the significant changes of financing and organization of the health service all over the world. (18) The aim of the diploma thesis is to survey the ideas applying to the health service problems in the Czech Republic by the inhabitants over 18 years old living in Nachod region. In the framework of quantitative research there were used the questioning method (questionnaire) and the method of document analysis (the technique of secondary data analysis). The diploma thesis {\clqq}Inhabitants´Opinion to the Health Service Problems in the Czech Republic`` tries to illustrate comprehensive aspect of the general public to the Czech health service and challenge to study this problem.

Com este trabalho, procurou-se contribuir com as construções que a partir da ciência política vêm sendo realizadas diante da configuração da saúde como direito no contexto da reforma do sistema de saúde colombiano. Realizou-se um balanço crítico da produção sobre o direito à saúde na última década. A metodologia apóia-se no enfoque qualitativo, utilizando as técnicas de análise de conteúdo e análise do discurso. Para a definição da unidade de leitura, realizaram-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes representativos. Para a análise formal da produção, aplicaram-se instrumentos compostos por pontos como: objetivos, temáticas, atores, enfoques e resultados. Deste material, podese destacar a presença da análise sobre a crise hospitalar, o problema trabalhista e sua relação com a saúde, as barreiras de acesso ao atendimento e os questionamentos feitos ao sistema de informação e a situação da saúde pública. São identificados como atores centrais no estudo do direito à saúde: instituições privadas de saúde, a sociedade e o Estado. O balanço aponta duas perspectivas para configurar a política de saúde: uma que vê na liberdade de mercado a melhor opção para garantir o atendimento na saúde e outra que propõe que o Estado garanta o direito à saúde. Avançar na avaliação do impacto da reforma da saúde permitiria reorientar a organização do sistema de saúde e construir alternativas de política que tornem realidade o direito à saúde. / This disertation seeks to make a contribution to the constructions that are being made from within the field of political science about health as right in Colombia. It was done a critical review of the work relating the right to health in the country from the last decade. The methodology is based on the qualitative approach, using the content and discourse analysis. In order to define the reading unit, semi-structured interviews with key informants were carried out. For the formal analysis of the production instruments with descriptors such as objectives, themes, actors, approaches and results were applied. About the finds, the presence of analysis of the hospital crisis, the labor problem and its relationship with health, access barriers to care and concerns about information and public health are notable. Private health institutions, society and the State are recognized as primary actors. The balance shows two perspectives to configure the health public policy: the first one sees in the free market the best option to offer health attention and the second one, believes that the State is the one that must guarantee the right to health. to advance on the evaluation of the impact of health would allow to track the health system's organization and and design a public policies alternatives so that the health as right becomes true.