A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Community Psychology) in the Department of Psychology at the University Of Zululand, 2017 / Health is a human need and considered to be a human right across all societies. Access to health care services is not a problem for those who can afford it, but, for those who cannot provide for themselves, legislation needs to protect their rights. Although there is legislation in place to protect these vulnerable populations, it is ultimately the health care practitioners’ job to protect and improve the health of their communities. It is these health care practitioners who were the inspiration for and focus of the present study. The present study emerged as a separate, but expanded version of the researcher’s limited 2011 study, which specifically focused on medical practitioners’ experiences of the current health care delivery system. Results from this 2011 study suggested that a broader spectrum of health care practitioners may be similarly affected by the current health care system and that their experiences may ultimately contribute towards a better understanding of the dynamics within which health care practitioners work and function. Therefore, the present phenomenologically-oriented study aimed to describe, explicate, interpret and analyse the experiences of a broad sample of health care practitioners through their lived, day-to-day realities in both the public and private health care sectors. Data were collected from a non-probability, purposive, convenience sample of 30 adult registered health care practitioners in public and private hospitals, clinics and private practices in the uThungulu District of Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. There were 15 participants from the public and 15 from the private sector. An open-ended questionnaire was used to ascertain and understand their experiences, knowledge and exposure to the relatively new national health insurance (NHI) system, what they perceived as key objectives for effective transformation of the South African health care system, possible reasons for considering emigration in light of the current staff shortages and their views on the new NHI policy, in order to find solutions to problems. The overall data analysis consisted of three levels of subsidiary data analysis, descriptive, social constructionist and interpretive paradigms, each contributing to the whole, both “vertically and horizontally”, where participants’ experiences were described, explicated and interpreted. Research findings indicated persisting large divisions and fragmentation in and between the public and private health care sectors. Yet there was unity in responses concerning the poor and disadvantaged members of society and the challenges of their access to health care services. Sensitivity to human rights standards, past socio-political influences and awareness of health as a human right and need were evident in all participant responses. Valuable solutions to improve the health care delivery system were offered by health care practitioners as key stakeholders in the future of health care delivery in South Africa. Public health care practitioners’ experiences were dominated by overall expressions of unhappiness, anger and frustration related to poor service delivery, lack of resources, inadequate management structures, wages, inadequate consultation, fear for personal (and family) safety and the future of health care. Concern for the poor, vulnerable and the majority of citizens who use health care services, coupled with the burgeoning burden of disease, were perceived as a major stressor and source of anger towards the government and bureaucracy in general. Chronic stress and anxiety, suggestive of burnout and other negative psychological states, were also apparent. The inability to service long patient queues, inadequate communication structures/channels and lack of cohesive team practices, ethics and standards created a sense of emotional overburden and other negative affective states. These, and the uncertain future of health care under the new NHI, exerted extra stress on already overworked health care personnel. Education and effective consultation about the NHI were expressed as being inadequate and incomplete. Despite these factors, health care practitioners offered various valuable solutions and suggestions for the improvement of health care service delivery. Despite also being stressed, participants who work in the private sector were generally happier and they evinced less negative psychological states. Although a stressful environment with its own problems, within the private sector the NHI was considered to be a good concept in principle, although many participants doubted its feasibility and felt that regulatory changes often took place without adequate consultation. Given the nature and transparency of the present study, across multidisciplinary teams of health care practitioners, the researcher is of the opinion that the present study created a platform for discussion and debate around the context of a changing health care system within South Africa’s culturally diverse society. In conclusion, a critical review of the present study and recommendations for management structures, health care practitioners themselves and future research is provided.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2010. / This research project was undertaken to investigate workplace bullying and its effect on health service delivery. Research participants were drawn from Prince Mshiyeni Memorial and Mosvold Hospitals; the aim was to compare the experiences of public health employees in rural and urban areas of KwaZulu- Natal. The employees have a right to be treated with respect and dignity and, most importantly, to work in a harmonious and supportive environment. Bullying behaviour breaches the employer’s duty under common law to provide a safe and a secure work environment both physically and psychologically. What makes it difficult for managers to manage bullying is that it has no tangible results but it leaves the victim with psychological and emotional problems which lead to anxiety, stress and depression if not properly attended to. The results of this research project further reveal that the majority of bullied employees are reluctant to speak out or end up not reporting the incidences because when they do report problems they believe that they will not be taken seriously. The results also prove that bullying is not a once-off event but a continuous cycle aimed at humiliating and belittling the XVII victim and that it is present in both health institutions. Though many factors were indicated as contributing to bullying, the low–self-esteem and personality factors of the bully were mentioned as the main factors, followed by inadequate training for the managers. If managers are serious about combating bullying in their workplaces they need to be in touch with what their employees go through when they execute their daily duties and they need to devise some means of ensuring that the grievance procedure is adequate and that it caters for bullying problems.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / We estimated home remedy use (HRU) prevalence and associated factors in adults who present symptoms, disease, or accidents using the National Household Survey 2019. The estimation was performed in a population that did not access a health care facility. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in adults over 18 years of age. The dependent variable was HRU (Yes/No) as the main reason for not going to health care facilities. We collected these variables: age, sex, education, marital status, ethnicity, region of residence, chronic diseases or disability, and health insurance. The HRU prevalence was associated with older participants, who lived in the highlands or the jungle, belonged to Quechua or Aymara ethnic groups, and had comprehensive health insurance. In contrast, there was a lower HRU prevalence for those enrolled in private insurance. The HRU was associated with various socio-demographic factors in adults with any symptoms, illness, or accidents not attending health centers. / Revisión por pares

This diploma thesis aims to describe Czech health care system participants` motivations and impact and meaningfulness of setting up regulatory payments on supply of health care. It also attempts to suggest other meanings to rising effectiveness of whole system. This work is based on theoretical concepts of various health care systems and endeavours to expose their positive and also negative features. The theory of health care markets comes out from works of Stiglitz (1997) and Arrow (1963). They focused rather on US, but this thesis aims to use this knowledge also in conditions of Czech Republic. Thesis sum up expenditures on health care during the time in Czech Republic, compare with expenditures abroad and estimate their trend in future. The central point of this paper is the analysis of the introduction of regulatory payments and its influence on concrete types of health services and on the consumption of drugs. It includes also a short survey.

A municipalização vem transformando a lógica das relações entre usuários, serviços e gestores e, neste cenário as ações desenvolvidas pela Divisão de Avaliação, Controle e Auditoria (DACA) tornam-se cada vez mais relevantes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever a produção de internações hospitalares processadas e remuneradas, no período de 1996 a 2003, pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP (SMS-RP), nos aspectos físicos e financeiros; identificar os fatores explicativos para a variação desta produção segundo relato dos sujeitos que produzem e/ou utilizam as informações sobre internação hospitalar no município de estudo. As bases teóricas da investigação constituíram-se: das Normas Operacionais Básicas e Normas Operacionais da Assistência à Saúde com vistas à implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde; o financiamento, o sistema de informações e gestão das internações hospitalares na esfera local de saúde. Para desenvolvimento da pesquisa adotou-se uma abordagem descritiva utilizando dados quantiqualitativos. A população de estudo constituiu-se de todas as internações hospitalares processadas/pagas pela SMS-RP, através do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS), para os cinco hospitais (A,B,C,D e E) contratados/conveniados com o SUS, no período de 1996-2003, nas especialidades de clínica médica, cirurgia, obstetrícia e pediatria. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram a pesquisa documental em banco de dados oficiais da DACA e DATASUS referente às internações hospitalares e, a realização de entrevista semi estruturada e ilustrada por uma vinheta. Foram sujeitos do estudo 18 pessoas que no sistema local de saúde, produzem e/ou utilizam as informações pertinentes às internações hospitalares no município para fins de avaliação, auditoria, controle e tomada de decisão quanto à distribuição de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) e alocação de recursos financeiros. No período de 1996-2003 foram pagas pela SMS-RP 160.612 internações, totalizando gastos da ordem de R$ 98.154.570,78. Houve, no período, um incremento de 56% no número de internações e de 156,3% nos recursos financeiros. Nos hospitais B e C, ambos filantrópicos, as internações cresceram 91,3% e 27,9%, respectivamente, concentrando cerca de 2/3 das internações do período. O hospital A (privado) mostrou redução de 85,9% no volume de internações, porém os valores médios de AIH são elevados, indicando que o hospital pode ter se especializado em procedimentos de alto custo. As internações na especialidade de clínica cirúrgica cresceram 72,4% e, na clínica médica, 60,7%. Na especialidade de obstetrícia o crescimento de internações foi de 31,6% e na pediatria de 31,4%. O valor médio de AIH apresentou variação entre os cinco hospitais, sendo que o menor valor foi de R$ 40,38 na pediatria e o maior, de R$ 6.963,82 na clínica cirúrgica. Os valores financeiros alocados tiveram um crescimento acentuado em relação a produção física. Os fatores explicativos apontados pelos entrevistados para a variação na produção de internações dizem v respeito à estrutura demográfica e envelhecimento da população; organização do sistema local de saúde; incorporação tecnológica, financiamento e atuação do gestor. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de organização e sistematização das atividades da DACA para instrumentalizar o gestor nos aspectos de fiscalização, controle, regulação e avaliação da produção de internações no âmbito do sistema local de saúde. / Bringing hospital admissions under municipal control has transformed the logic in the relationship among users, services and management and this frame, the actions deployed by the Evaluation, Control and Audit Division (DACA) become more and more relevant. The goals of the present study are: describing, taking into account financial and physical aspects, hospital admissions that took place from 1996 to 2003 record and paid by the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto and identifying the factors explaining variations in these admissions according to reports made by subjects producing and using informations about them at local level. The following elements constitute the theoretical bases of the present study: Basic Operational Norms and Heath Care Operational Norms having as goal the implementation of Unified Health Care System (SUS), funding, information system and hospital admission management within the municipality. In order to develop the research the descritive approach using dates the quantitative and qualitative. The population studied was composed of all hospital admissions recorded and paid by the Municipal Health Department, through the Hospital Information System of Unified Health Care System (SUS), to all five hospital (A,B,C,D e E) under contract to SUS in the period from 1996 to 2003 in the following specialities: general medic practice, surgery, obstetrics and pediatrics. The techniques of collecting data were to investigate into official documents and data banks belonging to DACA and DATASUS relating to hospital admissions and doing a semistructured interview illustrated by the aid of a sequence. The study had 18 subjects who in the local system produce and use informations about hospital admissions in the order to make them available, to control, audit, evaluation and decision making so that they can be used in the distribution of Hospital Admission Authorization and allocation of financial resources. In the period from 1996 to 2003, the Municipal Health Department paid 160.612 hospital admissions what led to expenses amounting to R$ 98.154.570,98. In the same period there was an increase of 56 % in the number of hospital admissions and 156,3% in the financial resources. In the hospitals B and C, both philanthropic institutions, admissions grew by 91,3% and by 27,9% respectively, representing 2/3 vii of the admissions in the period. Hospital A, private, showed an 85,9% reduction of admissions in the same period. However, the average levels of Hospital Admission Authorization were very high, indicating that the hospital may have focused rather on high-cost procedures. Admissions in the clinic surgery increased by 72,4% and the general medic practice by 60,7%. In obstetrics, the increase of admissions was 31,6% and the pediatrics of 31,4%. The average value of the Hospital Admission Authorization presented variations among the five hospitals and the highest cost was R$ 6.993,82 in clinic surgery and the lowest one was R$ 40,38 in pediatrics. It was also observed that the financial and physical production changed each year and among the five hospitals. The allocated financial values had a considerable increase as compared to physical production. The pointed explanatory factors for the interviewees for the variation in the production of hospital admission production concern the demographic structure and aging of the population; organization of the local system of health; technological incorporation, financing and the manager's performance. The obtained results indicate the organization need and systematize of the activities of DACA for instrumental the manager in the fiscalization aspects, control, regulation and evaluation of the production. hospital admissions in all aspects at local level of health.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a integralidade no cuidado ao CCU em um município de grande porte populacional e com tecnologia de distinta complexidade disponível. Foi utilizada uma metodologia mista (quanti-quali). Para a abordagem quantitativa utilizou-se a base de dados secundários referentes à citologias e biópsias do sistema de informação municipal e regional. A análise e os testes estatísticos foram realizados pelo software PASW statistic 17.0. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com usuárias, profissionais e representantes da gestão. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos a uma análise de conteúdo realizada com o software NVivo 9.0. Na análise dos dados secundários, identificou-se que a cobertura de Papanicolau é insuficiente, sendo concentrada em mulheres mais jovens. As biópsias realizadas são equivalentes à quantidade de citologias alteradas. Os diagnósticos mais graves, tanto de citologias quanto de biópsias, prevalecem em mulheres com idade mais avançada. A abordagem qualitativa indica como potencialidades: o acolhimento, o acesso breve a serviços de média e alta complexidade, o papel ativo da gestão municipal de saúde e como fragilidades: a dificuldade para marcação das consultas na atenção básica, a falta de preparo dos profissionais para dar o diagnóstico, a contra referência tardia por parte do serviço terciário, o incentivo ao uso do Pronto-Atendimento e a formação focada na especialidade. Constata-se neste estudo que os principais gargalos para efetivação da integralidade no município investigado estão concentrados no primeiro nível de atenção à saúde / This study aimed to analyze the completeness in the Cervical Cancer care in a city with a large population and with enough technology health equipment available to the people. It was used a mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative). For the quantitative approach it was used the database regarding cytology and biopsy exams registered in the city. The analysis and statistical tests were performed by the statistic software SPSS 17.0. A qualitative approach was performed through interviews with users, professionals and members of the health system. Qualitative data were submitted to content analysis performed by the software NVivo 9.0. In the analysis of the content, it was found that coverage of Pap test is insufficient and is concentrated in younger women. The biopsies are equivalent to the amount of the cytology with abnormal results. The severe diagnosis, from both cytology and biopsies, are prevalent in older women. A qualitative approach indicates potentialities: the good reception of the patient, the fast access from both medium and high complexity health services, the active role of municipal health. Weaknesses: the difficulty in scheduling an appointment with a doctor, lack of training to inform the patient about the diagnosis, the encouragement to use emergency care and the overspecialization of the health professionals. It appears from this study that the main gaps for having a complete integrate healthcare system in the investigated city are concentrated in the first level of health care

A municipalização vem transformando a lógica das relações entre usuários, serviços e gestores e, neste cenário as ações desenvolvidas pela Divisão de Avaliação, Controle e Auditoria (DACA) tornam-se cada vez mais relevantes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever a produção de internações hospitalares processadas e remuneradas, no período de 1996 a 2003, pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP (SMS-RP), nos aspectos físicos e financeiros; identificar os fatores explicativos para a variação desta produção segundo relato dos sujeitos que produzem e/ou utilizam as informações sobre internação hospitalar no município de estudo. As bases teóricas da investigação constituíram-se: das Normas Operacionais Básicas e Normas Operacionais da Assistência à Saúde com vistas à implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde; o financiamento, o sistema de informações e gestão das internações hospitalares na esfera local de saúde. Para desenvolvimento da pesquisa adotou-se uma abordagem descritiva utilizando dados quantiqualitativos. A população de estudo constituiu-se de todas as internações hospitalares processadas/pagas pela SMS-RP, através do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS), para os cinco hospitais (A,B,C,D e E) contratados/conveniados com o SUS, no período de 1996-2003, nas especialidades de clínica médica, cirurgia, obstetrícia e pediatria. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram a pesquisa documental em banco de dados oficiais da DACA e DATASUS referente às internações hospitalares e, a realização de entrevista semi estruturada e ilustrada por uma vinheta. Foram sujeitos do estudo 18 pessoas que no sistema local de saúde, produzem e/ou utilizam as informações pertinentes às internações hospitalares no município para fins de avaliação, auditoria, controle e tomada de decisão quanto à distribuição de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) e alocação de recursos financeiros. No período de 1996-2003 foram pagas pela SMS-RP 160.612 internações, totalizando gastos da ordem de R$ 98.154.570,78. Houve, no período, um incremento de 56% no número de internações e de 156,3% nos recursos financeiros. Nos hospitais B e C, ambos filantrópicos, as internações cresceram 91,3% e 27,9%, respectivamente, concentrando cerca de 2/3 das internações do período. O hospital A (privado) mostrou redução de 85,9% no volume de internações, porém os valores médios de AIH são elevados, indicando que o hospital pode ter se especializado em procedimentos de alto custo. As internações na especialidade de clínica cirúrgica cresceram 72,4% e, na clínica médica, 60,7%. Na especialidade de obstetrícia o crescimento de internações foi de 31,6% e na pediatria de 31,4%. O valor médio de AIH apresentou variação entre os cinco hospitais, sendo que o menor valor foi de R$ 40,38 na pediatria e o maior, de R$ 6.963,82 na clínica cirúrgica. Os valores financeiros alocados tiveram um crescimento acentuado em relação a produção física. Os fatores explicativos apontados pelos entrevistados para a variação na produção de internações dizem v respeito à estrutura demográfica e envelhecimento da população; organização do sistema local de saúde; incorporação tecnológica, financiamento e atuação do gestor. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de organização e sistematização das atividades da DACA para instrumentalizar o gestor nos aspectos de fiscalização, controle, regulação e avaliação da produção de internações no âmbito do sistema local de saúde. / Bringing hospital admissions under municipal control has transformed the logic in the relationship among users, services and management and this frame, the actions deployed by the Evaluation, Control and Audit Division (DACA) become more and more relevant. The goals of the present study are: describing, taking into account financial and physical aspects, hospital admissions that took place from 1996 to 2003 record and paid by the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto and identifying the factors explaining variations in these admissions according to reports made by subjects producing and using informations about them at local level. The following elements constitute the theoretical bases of the present study: Basic Operational Norms and Heath Care Operational Norms having as goal the implementation of Unified Health Care System (SUS), funding, information system and hospital admission management within the municipality. In order to develop the research the descritive approach using dates the quantitative and qualitative. The population studied was composed of all hospital admissions recorded and paid by the Municipal Health Department, through the Hospital Information System of Unified Health Care System (SUS), to all five hospital (A,B,C,D e E) under contract to SUS in the period from 1996 to 2003 in the following specialities: general medic practice, surgery, obstetrics and pediatrics. The techniques of collecting data were to investigate into official documents and data banks belonging to DACA and DATASUS relating to hospital admissions and doing a semistructured interview illustrated by the aid of a sequence. The study had 18 subjects who in the local system produce and use informations about hospital admissions in the order to make them available, to control, audit, evaluation and decision making so that they can be used in the distribution of Hospital Admission Authorization and allocation of financial resources. In the period from 1996 to 2003, the Municipal Health Department paid 160.612 hospital admissions what led to expenses amounting to R$ 98.154.570,98. In the same period there was an increase of 56 % in the number of hospital admissions and 156,3% in the financial resources. In the hospitals B and C, both philanthropic institutions, admissions grew by 91,3% and by 27,9% respectively, representing 2/3 vii of the admissions in the period. Hospital A, private, showed an 85,9% reduction of admissions in the same period. However, the average levels of Hospital Admission Authorization were very high, indicating that the hospital may have focused rather on high-cost procedures. Admissions in the clinic surgery increased by 72,4% and the general medic practice by 60,7%. In obstetrics, the increase of admissions was 31,6% and the pediatrics of 31,4%. The average value of the Hospital Admission Authorization presented variations among the five hospitals and the highest cost was R$ 6.993,82 in clinic surgery and the lowest one was R$ 40,38 in pediatrics. It was also observed that the financial and physical production changed each year and among the five hospitals. The allocated financial values had a considerable increase as compared to physical production. The pointed explanatory factors for the interviewees for the variation in the production of hospital admission production concern the demographic structure and aging of the population; organization of the local system of health; technological incorporation, financing and the manager's performance. The obtained results indicate the organization need and systematize of the activities of DACA for instrumental the manager in the fiscalization aspects, control, regulation and evaluation of the production. hospital admissions in all aspects at local level of health.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a integralidade no cuidado ao CCU em um município de grande porte populacional e com tecnologia de distinta complexidade disponível. Foi utilizada uma metodologia mista (quanti-quali). Para a abordagem quantitativa utilizou-se a base de dados secundários referentes à citologias e biópsias do sistema de informação municipal e regional. A análise e os testes estatísticos foram realizados pelo software PASW statistic 17.0. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com usuárias, profissionais e representantes da gestão. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos a uma análise de conteúdo realizada com o software NVivo 9.0. Na análise dos dados secundários, identificou-se que a cobertura de Papanicolau é insuficiente, sendo concentrada em mulheres mais jovens. As biópsias realizadas são equivalentes à quantidade de citologias alteradas. Os diagnósticos mais graves, tanto de citologias quanto de biópsias, prevalecem em mulheres com idade mais avançada. A abordagem qualitativa indica como potencialidades: o acolhimento, o acesso breve a serviços de média e alta complexidade, o papel ativo da gestão municipal de saúde e como fragilidades: a dificuldade para marcação das consultas na atenção básica, a falta de preparo dos profissionais para dar o diagnóstico, a contra referência tardia por parte do serviço terciário, o incentivo ao uso do Pronto-Atendimento e a formação focada na especialidade. Constata-se neste estudo que os principais gargalos para efetivação da integralidade no município investigado estão concentrados no primeiro nível de atenção à saúde / This study aimed to analyze the completeness in the Cervical Cancer care in a city with a large population and with enough technology health equipment available to the people. It was used a mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative). For the quantitative approach it was used the database regarding cytology and biopsy exams registered in the city. The analysis and statistical tests were performed by the statistic software SPSS 17.0. A qualitative approach was performed through interviews with users, professionals and members of the health system. Qualitative data were submitted to content analysis performed by the software NVivo 9.0. In the analysis of the content, it was found that coverage of Pap test is insufficient and is concentrated in younger women. The biopsies are equivalent to the amount of the cytology with abnormal results. The severe diagnosis, from both cytology and biopsies, are prevalent in older women. A qualitative approach indicates potentialities: the good reception of the patient, the fast access from both medium and high complexity health services, the active role of municipal health. Weaknesses: the difficulty in scheduling an appointment with a doctor, lack of training to inform the patient about the diagnosis, the encouragement to use emergency care and the overspecialization of the health professionals. It appears from this study that the main gaps for having a complete integrate healthcare system in the investigated city are concentrated in the first level of health care

No description available.

Santrauka Magistro baigiamajame darbe „Ar Lietuvos valstybė pažeidžia žmogaus teises nesuteikdama asmenims nemokamo gydymo?“ nagrinėjama viena iš svarbiausių žmogaus teisių – teisė į sveikatos priežiūrą. Nemokamo gydymo tema mūsų šalyje yra kiek nauja, mažai nagrinėta, tačiau be galo aktuali, nes situacija Lietuvoje rodo, kad yra neatitikimų tarp to, kas įtvirtinta teisės aktuose ir praktikos gydymo įstaigose. Pirmoje darbo dalyje išsamiai apibrėžiama teisės į sveikatos priežiūrą samprata. Šiame skyriuje analizuojama sveikatos priežiūros samprata, „sveikatos“ sąvokos aiškinimas ir tikslai. Be to kalbama apie kokybiškų sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų teikimą Lietuvoje. Taip pat aprašomos pacientų teisės ir pareigos. Antroje darbo dalyje aptariama teisė į nemokamą gydymą tarptautiniu lygmeniu, kalbama apie skirtingas užsienio valstybių sistemas sveikatos priežiūros sektoriuje, požiūrį į žmogų ir jo teises. Taip pat analizuojama situacija Lietuvoje, ką reglamentuoja Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija ir kiti tarptautiniai teisės aktai. Trečioje darbo dalyje pateikiama privalomojo sveikatos draudimo samprata bei jo reikšmė. Akcentuojami privalomojo sveikatos draudimo privalumai ir trūkumai. Taip pat pateikiami atlikto tyrimo rezultatai, padėję atskleisti nagrinėjamos temos problematiką. Darbe nagrinėjama keturių pažangių pasaulio šalių - Australijos, Kanados, Lenkijos ir Vokietijos sveikatos priežiūros sistemos modeliai, plėtojimosi istorija bei teisinis reglamentavimas. Išsamiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary In the Master’s final thesis “Does Lithuania violate human rights by refusing to provide treatment for people free of charge?” are analyzed the obligation of the State, set by Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and problems in the health system. The right to free of charge treatment belongs to the group of social human rights. The implementation of this group of human rights usually depends on the economic situation of the state and, in particular, right to free charge treatment depends on the health protection policy of the state. Health care systems are criticized around a world. By reason of expensive medical technologies and medicine as such, require huge sums of money, which is scare. Patient’s needs and expectations for health care, health and quality of life are growing. Patients become more aware and demanding on health care. In these conditions health care quality helps to save resources and better meets patient’s needs and expectations. Globalization and privatization processes determine expansion of health care services and patient’s market. The Constitution was adopted by referendum on the 25th of October 1992. Since these days continues a period of biggest changes: a new system of social, economical, political relations was settled. The right of to free of charge health protection is established in Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which determines that the state shall take care of people’s health and... [to full text]