abstract: Due to the lack of understanding of soil thermal behavior, rules-of-thumb and generalized procedures are typically used to guide building professionals in the design of ground coupled heat pump systems. This is especially true when sizing the ground heat exchanger (GHE) loop. Unfortunately, these generalized procedures often encourage building engineers to adopt a conservative design approach resulting in the gross over-sizing of the GHE, thus drastically increasing their installation cost. This conservative design approach is particularly prevalent for buildings located in hot and arid climates, where the soils are often granular and where the water table tends to exist deep below the soil surface. These adverse soil conditions reduce the heat dissipation efficiency of the GHE and have hindered the adoption of ground coupled heat pump systems in such climates. During cooling mode operation, heat is extracted from the building and rejected into the ground via the GHE. Prolonged heat dissipation into the ground can result in a coupled flow of both heat and moisture, causing the moisture to migrate away from the GHE piping. This coupled flow phenomenon causes the soil near the GHE to dry out and results in the degradation of the GHE heat dissipation capacity. Although relatively simple techniques of backfilling the GHE have been used in practice to mitigate such coupled effects, methods of improving the thermal behavior of the backfill region around the GHE, especially in horizontal systems, have not been extensively studied. This thesis presents an experimental study of heat dissipation from a horizontal GHE, buried in two backfill materials: (1) dry sand, and (2) wax-sand composite mixture. The HYDRUS software was then used to numerically model the temperature profiles associated with the aforementioned backfill conditions, and the influence of the contact resistance at the GHE-backfill interface was studied. The modeling strategy developed in HYDRUS was proven to be adequate in predicting the thermal performance of GHE buried in dry sand. However, when predicting the GHE heat dissipation in the wax-sand backfill, significant discrepancies between model prediction and experimental results still exist even after calibrating the model by including a term for the contact resistance. Overall, the thermal properties of the backfill were determined to be a key determinant of the GHE heat dissipation capacity. In particular, the wax-sand backfill was estimated to dissipate 50-60% more heat than dry sand backfill. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Design 2012

Cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du projet APSTRAM (Allègement et Performance des STRuctures Acier Marine) de l’IRT Jules Verne, s’intéresse à l’endommagement en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles d’un acier ferritique à haute limite d’élasticité HC360LA. La première partie de ce travail est dédiée à la réalisation d’essais de fatigue à contrainte imposée avec différents rapports de charge et différentes conditions initiales (fixées à partir d’un éventuel pré-écrouissage). Ces essais montrent que le pré-écrouissage, obtenu par traction uniaxiale, permet d’augmenter significativement la résistance à la fatigue. Aussi, un effort expérimental est fait pour estimer à partir des mesures de force, d’élongation et de température comment l’énergie de déformation est soit dissipée en chaleur, soit stockée dans le matériau par écrouissage. Les résultats ainsi obtenus montrent qu’il existe à l’échelle macroscopique une corrélation entre l’énergie dissipée et le nombre de cycles à rupture indépendamment des conditions initiales et des conditions de chargement. Cela souligne donc l’importance de la plasticité dans le processus d’endommagement en fatigue de l’acier HC360LA. Un modèle polycristallin de comportement et d’endommagement en fatigue est ensuite proposé. Il repose sur la formulation d’une loi de comportement à l’échelle cristalline qui utilise les ingrédients de la mécanique de l’endommagement pour décrire la dégradation progressive des propriétés mécaniques. La loi de comportement est établie de sorte à considérer le couplage de l’endommagement avec la plasticité, le caractère anisotrope de l’endommagement et l’influence de l’anisotropie des propriétés élastiques. Elle est ensuite implémentée dans un modèle d’homogénéisation afin de prendre en compte le caractère polycristallin de l’acier HC360LA. Le modèle proposé est finalement utilisé pour étudier le comportement en fatigue à l’échelle microscopique. Il permet d’abord de montrer que l’endommagement de fatigue est un processus extrêmement localisé qui ne concerne que quelques cristaux d’orientation particulière. De ce fait, si une diminution de la rigidité est localement observée, les propriétés élastiques macroscopiques sont peu influencées par l’endommagement. Aussi, le modèle permet de souligner que la contribution de l’endommagement à la dissipation de chaleur est négligeable devant celle de la plasticité. La corrélation entre le nombre de cycles à rupture et l’énergie dissipée n’existe donc que parce que l’endommagement de fatigue est le résultat de l’accumulation de déformation plastique. / The present work, which is integrated in the IRT Jules Verne APSTRAM project, focuses on the high cycle fatigue behavior of a ferritic high-strength low-alloy steel (HC360LA). First, different stress-controlled cyclic tests are carried out to study the influence of loading conditions and pre-straining on the fatigue behavior. According to the experimental results, a uniaxial tension pre-straining allows for a significant increase of the fatigue strength. Using the experimental dataset (force, elongation and temperature), an important effort is made to estimate the fraction of strain energy that is either dissipated into heat or stored within the material during cyclic tests. The strong correlation between the number of cycles to failure and heat dissipated energy emphasizes the importance of plasticity in the process driving to fatigue failure. Second, a polycrystalline model is proposed to describe the fatigue behavior of metallic materials in the high cycle fatigue regime. To consider the anisotropy of plastic properties, the constitutive model is developed at the grain scale within a crystal plasticity framework. It uses continuum damage mechanics to describe the progressive degradation of mechanical properties within an anisotropic context. The constitutive model is then integrated within a self-consistent formulation to consider the polycrystalline nature of metallic materials. Finally, the proposed model allows for investigating the fatigue behavior of the HC360LA steel at a microscopic scale. Damage is found to be highly localized in some specific grains. As a result, while fatigue damage results in a progressive decrease of elastic stiffness at the crystal scale, the elastic properties are not significantly affected at the macroscopic scale. Also, the contribution of damage to heat dissipation is negligible. The correlation between energy dissipation and fatigue failure is therefore a consequence of the strong coupling between plasticity and damage.

No description available.

Ultra-sensitive photodetectors on-board space missions need very low temperatures to keep a good resolution. Cryo-coolers, such as pulse-tubes, help maintaining these conditions within a cryostat. In return however, they generate micro-vibrations. These micro-vibrations dissipate enough heat to cause temperature fluctuations at the detector's support, thus lowering the detector's resolution. The first objective is to establish a test bench almost from scratch. The test bench includes a dummy representing the detector's support. The next objectives is to verify that we can measure heat dissipation at the dummy, corresponding to very low values of power ; and finally, to find a link between mechanics and heat dissipation. The dummy consists of a mass suspended by Kevlar chords and is mounted on the cold plate of a cryostat. From the cryostat enclosure, we were able to generate micro-vibrations at the suspended mass and to carry out acceleration and temperature measurements. At 4 K, we were able to measure heat dissipation only around the suspended mass resonance modes. As a first quantitative result, we found that an acceleration of thousands µg (g is the gravitational acceleration) on the cold plate dissipates hundreds of nano-watts. However, these are preliminary results and we will need to improve the test bench for future measurement campaigns. / Ultrakänsliga fotodetektorer ombord rymduppdrag behover mycket låga temperaturer för att hålla en rätt upplösning. Kryokylare, såsom pulse-tubes, hjälper att upprätthålla dessa förhållanden i en kryostat. I gengäld genererar de dock mikrovibrationer. Dessa mikrovibrationer släpper ut tillräckligt med värme för att orsaka temperatursvängningar vid detektorns stöd, vilket sänker detektorns upplösning. Det första målet är att upprätta en testbänk från grunden. Testbänken innehåller en dummy som representerar detektorns stöd. Nästa mål är att kontrollera att vi kan mäta värmeavledning vid dummy, vilket motsvarar mycket låga effektvärden. Sista mål är att hitta en länk mellan mekanik och värmeavledning. Dummy består av en massa som är upphängd av Kevlar och är monterad på en kryostats kallplatta. Från kryostathöljet kunde vi generera mikrovibrationer vid den upphängda massan och genomföra accelerations- och temperaturmätningar. Vid 4 K kunde vi bara mäta värmeavledning runt upphängda massans resonanslägen. Som ett första kvantitativt resultat, upptäckte vi att en acceleration på tusentals µg (g är tyngdaccelerationen) på kylplattan försvinner hundratals nanowatt. Detta är dock preliminära resultat och vi kommer att behöva förbättra testbänken för framtida mätkampanjer.

No description available.

No description available.

To keep downsizing transistors, new materials must be explored since traditional 3D materials begin to experience tunneling and other problematic physical phenomena at small sizes. 2D materials are appealing due to their thinness and bandgap. The relatively weak van der Waals forces between layers in 2D materials allow easy exfoliation and device fabrication but they also result in poor heat transfer to the substrate, which is the main path for heat removal. The impaired thermal coupling is exacerbated in few-layer devices where heat dissipated in the layers further from the substrate encounters additional interlayer thermal resistance before reaching the substrate, which results in self-heating and degradation of mobility. This study explores the electro-thermal properties of five materials (MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2, and 2D black phosphorous) which have been identified as possible replacements for Si in future sub-5-nm channel-length devices. We have developed a coupled electro-thermal model to calculate device mobility. The carrier wavefunctions and distribution are obtained from solving the coupled Schrodinger and Poisson equations in the cross-plane direction. The screening length is then calculated from the screening wavenumber. We calculate TBC for each layer in the stack into the substrate from a model based on first-principles phonon dispersion. We determine the local temperature in each layer from a ratio of its dissipated energy and its TBC. We simulate various devices with self-heating (Delta T does not equal 0, where Delta T is the temperature rise of the few-layer device) under several parameters and examined the effects on mobility and change in device temperature. The effects are compared to the isothermal case (Delta T = 0). We observe that self-heating has a significant effect on temperature rise, layer-wise drain current, and effective mobility. Black phosphorous performs the best electrothermally and WS2 performs the worst overall. This thesis will inform future thermally aware designs of nanoelectronic devices based on 2D materials.

A gun barrels performance can only be considered satisfactory provided there is sufficient heat-dissipation, thus not hindering the tactical use of the unit and the weapon itself. The added energy to the barrel can potentially permanently change the material structure of the steel and create a hazard.The thesis evaluates air cooling concepts relative to a barrel blank to assess its ability to handle heat flow and heat flux. The concepts have been designed in such a way that the ergonomic and practical weight limitations of a soldier have been taken into account. The results will provide a basis for future product development.The scientific work was limited to the section of the barrel nearest to the bore where the majority of the heat will be concentrated, hence that section with the biggest need for heat dissipation. For this to be done an assumption was made that the heat can only dissipate radially. The metal in this short section of the barrel is assumed to be heated equally along the barrel axis relative to the surrounding sections. The thesis was divided in two parts, a literature study and one with a deductive approach, where the research resulted in calculations in an iterative process.The calculations determined the cooling and heating time for each concept. Finally, the heat flow in and out was calculated.Based on the information that the calculations provided, a comparison could be done and an assessment for each concept to be a potential solution if it were to be applied in a sustained fire role. The conclusion was that an air cooled concept could never provide the heat flux needed to sufficiently cool a barrel in a sustained fire role due to all the thermal energy added for each shot fired.The composite concept that was evaluated has great potential in a lightweight weapon system. It provides quadruple cooling capability with no additional weight. It also has good potential for future development of the concept.

With diminishing returns in performance with scaling of traditional transistor devices, there is a growing need to understand and improve potential replacements technologies. Sufficient reliability has not been established in these devices and additional redundancy through use of fault tolerance and error correction codes are necessary. There is a price to pay in terms of energy and area, with this additional redundancy. It is of utmost importance to determine this energy cost and relate it to the increased reliability offered by the use of error correction codes. In this thesis, we have determined the lower bound for energy dissipation associated with error correction using a linear (n,k) block code. The bound obtained is implementation independent and is derived from fundamental considerations and it allows for quantum effects in the channel and decoder. We have also developed information theoretic efficacy measures that can quantify the performance of the error correction and their relationship to the corresponding energy cost.

With the growing demand of compact radio transmitters, so do the need for silent and efficient thermal management systems. Given the restricted form-factor, ensuring robustness of a unit with a detachable fan tray imposes a challenge. In this thesis the authors were tasked with creating a new design solution where the robustness, thermal and noise performance of the cooling system is revised. The project was initiated with an investigation of the baseline product, the AIR5322, to identify areas of in need of improvement. The initial goal was to design an integrated fan tray that would not require in-field maintenance. A literature study was performed to evaluate common integrated cooling solutions in compact electronic devices, which was then followed by concept generation study. These were then ranked based on Pugh’s selection method. An integrated solution was deemed not feasible due to the average lifespan of common fans used in this type of product. A CAD model of said design was created, for which a prototype was manufactured by Ericsson. The final design consisted of a set of 80mm Noctua (NF-A8) fans in a new fan tray, retrofitted onto a modified stock AIR5322 heatsink. Experimental tests were conducted where heat dissipation, noise generation and mechanical robustness was tested. The results concluded that the prototype design managed to reduce the temperature of the entire unit, up to 17°C cooler and lower the sound levels by up to 18 dB. The prototype, despite halving the number of fans, retained the single fan failure redundancy, as running just one fan allowed for performance that was equal to or better than the reference solution at full capacity. The prototype was deemed robust enough to withstand the drop test, which was performed at −18°C. Additional work would include to incorporate fans with an appropriate IP rating and to fully complete the testing using a climate chamber and performing impact testing. / Med den växande efterfrågan på kompakta radiosändare ökar också behovet av tysta och effektiva kylsystem. Givet den begränsade formfaktorn innebär det en utmaning att säkerställa robustheten hos en enhet med en löstagbar fläktlåda. I denna avhandling fick författarna i uppdrag att skapa en ny designlösning där kylsystemets robusthet, termisk prestada och ljudprestanda revideras. Projektet inleddes med en undersökning av basprodukten, AIR5322, för att identifiera eventuella förbättringsområden. Det ursprungliga målet var att designa en integrerad fläktlåda som inte skulle kräva fältetunderhåll. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att utvärdera vanliga integrerade kyllösningar i kompakta elektroniska enheter, som sedan följdes av konceptgenerering. Dessa utvärderades sedan och rangordnades utifrån Pughs urvalsmetod. En integrerad lösning ansågs inte möjlig på grund av den genomsnittliga livslängden för typiska fläktar som används i liknande produkter. En CAD-modell av denna design skapades, för vilken en prototyp tillverkades av Ericsson. Den slutliga designen bestod av en uppsättning 80 mm Noctua (NF-A8) fläktar i en ny fläktlåda som monterades i en modifierad kylfläns för AIR5322. Experimentella tester där värmeavledning, bullergenerering och mekanisk robusthet testades. Med resultaten kunde följande slutsats dras: prototypdesignen lyckades sänka temperaturen på hela enheten med upp till 17°C och sänka ljudnivåerna med upp till 18 dB. Prototypen visade sig ha en fläkt vara termiskt redundant, eftersom en fläkt igång resulterade i en prestanda som var lika med eller bättre än referenslösningen. Prototypen ansågs vara robust nog att motstå falltestet, som utfördes med prototypen nedkyld til −18°C. Ytterligare arbete som kan vara till nytta för detta projekt skulle vara att införliva fläktar med en lämplig IP-klassning och att fullständigt testa prototypen med klimattester och slagtester.