Characteristics of impinging-jet atomizers in the context of application in liquid propulsion systems are studied in this thesis. A review of past studies on impinging jets revealed the necessity of a correlation in terms of injector parameters for predicting Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of a spray. So, an experimental study of atomization in doublet and triplet impinging jet injectors is conducted using water as the stimulant? The major injector parameters considered are orifice diameter, impingement angle and jet velocity. Relative influences of these parameters are explained in terms of a single parameter, specific normal momentum. SMD of the spray reduces as specific normal momentum is increased. A universal expression between non-dimensional SMD and specific normal momentum is obtained, which satisfactorily predicts SMD in doublets as well as triplets. Noting that practical impinging injectors are likely to have skewness (partial impingement), the study is extended to understand the behavior of such jets. In perfectly impinging doublet, a high aspect ratio ellipse-like mass distribution pattern is obtained with major axis normal to the plane of two jets whereas in skewed jets the major axis turns from its normal position. A simple correlation is obtained, which shows that this angle of turn is a function of skewness fraction and impingement angle only and is independent of injection velocity. Experimental data from both mass distribution and photographic technique validate this prediction. SMD is found to decrease as skewness is increased. This may be the combined effect of shearing of liquid sheet at the point of impingement and more sheet elongation. Hence, skewness turns out to be an important parameter in controlling drop size.

Gas turbine reheat thrust augmenters known as afterburners are used to provide additional thrust during emergencies, take off, combat, and in supersonic flight of high-performance aircrafts. During the course of reheat development, the most persistent trouble has been the onset of high frequency combustion instability, also known as screech, invariably followed by rapid mechanical failure. The coupling of acoustic pressure upstream of the flame stabilizer with in-phase heat-release downstream, results in combustion instability by which the amplitude at various resonant modes — longitudinal (buzz — low frequency), tangential or radial (screech — high frequency) – amplifies leading to deterioration of the afterburner components. Various researchers in early 1950s have performed extensive testing on straight jet afterburners, to identify screech frequencies. Theoretical and experimental work at test rig level has been reported in the case of buzz to validate the heat release combustion models. In this work, focus is given to study the high frequency tangential combustion instability by vibro-acoustic software and the tests are conducted on the scaled bypass flow afterburner for confirmation of predicted screech frequencies. The wave equation for the afterburner is solved taking the appropriate geometry of the afterburner and taking into account the factors affecting the stability. Nozzle of the afterburner is taken into account by using the nozzle admittance condition derived for a choked nozzle. Screech liner admittance boundary condition is imposed and the effect on acoustic attenuation is studied. A new combustion model has been proposed for obtaining the heat release rate response function to acoustic oscillations. Acoustic wave – flame interactions involve unsteady kinetic, fluid mechanic and acoustic processes over a large range of time scales. Three types of flow disturbances exist such as : vortical, entropy, and acoustic. In a homogeneous, uniform flow, these three disturbance modes propagate independently in the linear approximation. Unsteady heat release also generates entropy and vorticity disturbances. Since flow is not accelerated in the region of uniform area duct, vortical and entropy disturbances are treated as in significant, as these disturbances are convected out into atmosphere like an open-ended tube, but these are considered in deriving the nozzle admittance condition. Heat release fluctuations that arise due to fluctuating pressure and temperature are taken into consideration. The aim is to provide results on how flames respond to pressure disturbances of different amplitudes and characterised by different length scales. The development of the theory is based on large activation energy asymptotics. One-dimensional conservation equations are used for obtaining the response function for the heat release rate assuming the laminar flamelet model to be valid. The estimates are compared with the published data and deviations are discussed. The normalized acoustic pressure variation in the afterburner is predicted using the models discussed earlier to provide an indication of the resonant modes of the pressure oscillations and the amplification and attenuation of oscillations caused by the various processes. Similar frequency spectrum is also obtained experimentally using a test rig for a range of inlet mean pressures and temperatures with combustion and core and bypass flows simulated, for confirmation of predicted results. Without the heat source only longitudinal acoustic modes are found to be excited in the afterburner test section. With heat release, three additional tangential modes are excited. By the use of eight probes in the circumferential cross section of afterburner it was possible to identify the tangential modes by their respective phase shift in the experiments. Comparison of normalized acoustic pressure and phase with and without the incorporation of perforate liner is made to study the effectiveness of the screech liner in attenuating the amplitude of screech modes. By the analysis, conclusion is drawn about modes that get effectively attenuated with the presence of perforate liner. Parametric study of screech liner porosity factor of 1.5 % has not shown appreciable attenuation. Whereas with 2.5 % porosity significant attenuation is noticed, but with 4 % porosity, the gain is very minimal. Hence, the perforate screech liner with the porosity of 2.5 % is finalized. From the rig runs, first pure screech tangential mode and second screech coupled tangential modes are captured. The theoretical frequencies for first and second tangential modes with their phases are comparable with experimental results. Though third tangential mode is predicted, it was not excited in the experiments. There was certain level of deviation in the prediction of these frequencies, when compared to the experimentally obtained values. For this test section of length to diameter ratio of 5, no radial modes are encountered both in the analysis and experiments in the frequency range of interest. In summary, an acoustic model has been developed for the afterburner combustor, taking into account the combustion response, the screech liner and the nozzle to study the acoustic instability of the afterburner. The model has been validated experimentally for screech frequencies using a model test rig and the results have given sufficient confidence to apply the model for full scale afterburners as a predictive design tool.

Electric power has become a basic necessity of human life. The major share of electric power comes from fossil fuel which results in global warming and pollution. A share of generated power comes from nuclear power which is equally dangerous. Big hydro projects take away lots of fertile land. The continuous usage of fossil fuel also poses a threat of petroleum and coal getting over in the near future. The only way out of this energy scarcity is to depend more and more on renewable sources like solar, wind and micro-hydro. At present, instead of having preference over any particular source of renewable energy, effort should be made to extract power from every possible energy source available in whatever form it is and use it in an optimal way. Like any renewable energy sources, the wind power contains large potential for harnessing energy that has been well understood hundreds of years ago. The importance of wind power generation has come to focus recently both at installation and research level and lot of activities are being carried out for efficient use of wind energy. There are different types of wind turbine designs available in the literature. But the most commercially used model is the two or three blade horizontal axis propeller type wind turbine. Research has shown that variable speed operation of this type of turbine is advantageous over fixed speed operation in terms of total energy synthesis. The most commonly used machines for wind power conversion are synchronous machine, squirrel cage induction machine and slip ring induction machine (SRIM). Variable speed operation using synchronous machine or squirrel cage induction machine requires large ratings of the power converters. However, SRIM based variable speed wind generator is advantageous over other schemes due to its inherent advantages like lower power rating for the converters, higher energy capture and the flexibility of sharing reactive power between the stator and the rotor. SRIM is used for both grid connected and stand alone applications and have been reported in the literature. The grid connected applications have received major attention in the literature whereas there are only a very few instances of its stand alone counterparts. There are many places both within and outside India where utility grid has not yet reached or the available grid is very weak. Moreover, in many of the places, the transmission line is so long that the losses in the system are extremely high. Isolated wind power generation can be of great advantage in such places where the available wind power is harnessed and utilized locally. This has been the motivation to go for proposing an isolated wind power generation scheme in this thesis. The proposed scheme is designed to supply power to the load even when very low or no wind power is available. Therefore, a battery bank is also a part of the system. The power converter assembly of the proposed scheme has three major components. One is the rotor side converter which is connected to the rotor terminals of the SRIM. The second one is the stator side converter with output LC filter which is connected to the stator side. These two converters share a common DC link which is interfaced to the battery bank through a multi phase bi-directional fly-back DC-DC converter. Fig. 1. Overall block diagram of the proposed stand alone wind power generator Functionally, this thesis proposes a system as shown in Fig. 1, which has primarily two components with multiple energy ports viz. (i) the SRIM is one triple energy port component and (ii) the proposed power conditioner is another triple energy port component. The SRIM device consists of (i) a mechanical energy port that is interfaced with the windmill shaft (ii) an AC port through the stator windings that is interfaced with the micro-grid/load and (iii) a third port which is also an AC port through the rotor windings of the SRIM that interfaces with an AC port of the proposed power conditioner. The proposed power conditioner is another triple energy port device which consists of (i) a DC energy port that interfaces with a battery/accumulator, (ii) an AC port that interfaces with the rotor windings of the SRIM and (iii) another AC port that generates the micro-grid that is connected to the load and the stator port of the SRIM. The proposed power conditioner provides the frame work for managing the energy flow from the mechanical port of the SRIM to the rotor and accumulator as well as from the mechanical port to the stator/load and accumulator. Further, energy interaction can also take place between the stator and the rotor externally through the power conditioner. The power interfaces on all three energy ports of the proposed power conditioner poses several challenges that have been discussed in this thesis. This thesis focuses on developing schemes to solve these challenges as explained below. Speed sensorless control is a natural choice for slip ring induction machine because of the flexibility of sensing both stator and rotor currents. There are different methods proposed in the literature which deal with the speed sensorless control of slip ring induction machine. However, the elimination of the measurement noise in the flux position estimation is not sufficiently addressed. It is important to address this issue as this would lead to deterioration in rotor side control of SRIM if the measurement noise is not eliminated. Primarily, the schemes which use algebraic relation between the estimated rotor current in stator reference frame and the sensed rotor current, are prone to measurement noise. On the other hand, the schemes, which use rotor back-emf integration, are affected by DC drift problems, though they are not much affected by measurement noise. The proposed stator flux position estimation scheme incorporates the benefits obtained from both the above schemes while eliminating the disadvantages inherent to them. The rotor flux position is estimated by integrating the rotor back-electromotive force. The stator flux is then obtained from the rotor flux estimate. This integration mechanism leads to several problems like dc drift and lack of error decaying mechanism. This estimation scheme solves the above problems including reduction in the propagation of noise in the sensed current to the estimated rotor side unit vectors. On the implementation front, this scheme also eliminates the need for differentiating the unit vectors for estimating slip frequency. This makes the proposed flux estimator very robust. The proposed scheme is simulated and experimentally verified. There is an internal DC bus within the proposed power conditioner that manages the energy flow through the three energy ports. The internal DC bus is interfaced to an external accumulator or battery through a power interface called the multi phase bi-directional dc-dc converter. It is generally advantageous to have the motor rated for higher voltages in order to achieve better efficiencies for a given power rating as compared to low voltage motors. This implies higher DC bus voltage. On the other hand, it is advantageous to have the battery bank rated for low voltage in order to improve the volumetric efficiency which is better at lower battery bank voltages. Both these are contradictory requirements. The above problem is solved in this thesis by proposing a multi power port topology using a bidirectional fly-back converter that is capable of handling multiple power sources and still maintain simplicity and features like high gain, wide load variations and lower output current ripple. As a spin-off, the scheme can handle parallel energy transfer from even a eutectic combination of batteries without any additional control circuitry for parallel operation. Further, the scheme also incorporates a novel transformer winding technique which significantly reduces the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor. The proposed multi-port bidirectional converter is analyzed by including non-idealities like leakage inductance. The DC bus voltage regulation requirement is not very stringent because it is not directly fed to any load. Therefore, hysteresis voltage regulation with small proportional correction is used for DC bus voltage control. The proposed converter is built and experimentally verified in the proposed system as well as in a hybrid-electric vehicle prototype. The third port of the proposed power conditioner interfaces with the stator of the SRIM and the load. The stator/load needs to be connected to a stiff micro-grid. The control requirement of the micro-grid is very stringent because, even for a sudden variation in the wind speed or the load, the grid voltage magnitude and frequency should not change. The dynamic response of the grid voltage controller has to be very fast. Moreover, the grid voltage must be balanced in presence of unbalanced loading. This thesis proposes a converter called the stator side converter along with three phase L-C filter at its output to form the micro-grid. A generalized control scheme is proposed wherein the negative sequence components and the harmonics can be eliminated at the micro-grid by means of feed-forward compensators included in the fundamental positive synchronous reference frame alone. The theoretical foundation for this scheme is developed and discussed in the thesis. In isolated locations linear loads constitute a significant percentage of the total load. Therefore, on the implementation front, only the compensation of fundamental negative sequence is demonstrated. One more necessity for compensating the fundamental negative sequence is that, the SRIM offers only leakage impedance to the fundamental negative sequence components resulting in high fundamental negative sequence current even for a small fundamental negative sequence voltage present at the micro-grid. The proposed scheme ensures balanced three phase currents at the SRIM windings and the full unbalanced current is provided from the stator side converter. This scheme is validated both by simulation and experimentation. The proposed power conditioner is integrated and used in the implementation of the entire wind power generation scheme that is proposed in the thesis. The maximum power point tracking of the wind power unit is also incorporated in the proposed system. The simulation and experimental results are also presented. Finally, the engineering issues involved in the implementation of the proposed scheme are discussed in detail highlighting the hardware configuration and the equipments used. The wind turbine is emulated using a chopper controlled DC motor. The shaft torque of the DC motor is controlled to give the Cp−λ characteristic of a typical windmill. The control issues of the DC machine to behave as a wind turbine are also explained. Finally the thesis is concluded by a statement of potentials and possibilities for future work in this research area.

Capillary pumped loop (CPL) and loop heat pipe (LHP), are two-phase heat transport devices which rely on surface tension induced by a fine pore wick to drive a working fluid in a loop. These are based on a working principle similar to that of heat pipes -closed evaporation and condensation cycle being maintained by capillary pumping. CPLs and LHPs are gaining importance as a part of the thermal control system of modern high power spacecraft, electronic thermal management, cryogenics, etc. A mathematical model to simulate the thermo-hydraulic performance of CPLs and LHPs is developed to aid in the design of such a spacecraft thermal control system. In this study a unified mathematical model to estimate thermal and hydraulic performance of a CPL and an LHP -with a two-phase or a hard-filled reservoir is presented. The steady state model is based on conservation of energy and mass in the system. Heat exchanges between the loop and the surroundings and pressure drops in the loop are calculated. The constant conductance regime in a CPL or an LHP occurs when the reservoir is hard-filled. It also occurs in an LHP if the condenser is fully utilised. The heat leak across the wick becomes significant in a hard-filled LHP since the core is no longer saturated and hence the mass flow rate must be calculated using an energy balance on the outer surface of the wick. Theoretical studies indicate that the core of a hard-filled CPL and LHP is always sub-cooled. Hard-filled LHPs (with a bayonet) cannot be operated under all conditions. If the heat exchange between the compensation chamber (of an LHP with bayonet) and the ambient is small then such an LHP will not deprime if the hard-filling occurs before the condenser opens. Deprime due to hard-filling is not expected if it occurs after the condenser opens. A laboratory model is built to demonstrate the operation of these two devices and to correlate the theoretical predictions with the experimental observations. The CPL/LHP laboratory model is fabricated and designed so that different evaporator and reservoir designs can be integrated into the test-rig and tested with different working fluids. Experiments are conducted on a three-port CPL with a tubular axially grooved (TAG) evaporator. This CPL is operated with three different fluids -namely -Ammonia, Acetone and R134a. The CPL is operated for heat loads in the range of 75W to 400W with sink temperatures of -10◦C and 0◦C. The influence of reservoir temperature (35◦C and 43◦C) is also studied. The TAG evaporator is modified to operate in an LHP mode with R134a as the working fluid with heat loads in the range of 75W to 150W. This LHP does not exhibit typical “√” shaped operating characteristic due to large liquid inventory in the compensation chamber (CC). The R134a based LHP results suggest that large liquid inventory (in the CC) and absence of secondary wick significantly influence the thermal coupling between the core and the compensation chamber. Experiments are also conducted with a flat plate (FP) evaporator, in LHP operating mode, with Ammonia as the working fluid. This LHP can transport heat loads from 25W to 300W with a sink temperature at -15◦C. The experimental results indicate that ammonia is the best working fluid (moderate temperature regime) among all the working fluids tested, and that evaporation heat transfer coefficients in sintered Ni-wick are better. The correlation of the predicted temperatures on the transport lines and the saturation temperature (in LHPs) with the observations is good. Some of the salient conclusions from these experiments are that mass of charge can significantly influence the operating characteristics of a TAG LHP, even though the fluid in the CC is in two-phase condition. Theoretical predictions can be significantly affected when thermal and hydraulic development lengths in the condenser are comparable with the length of the sub-cooling section.

The principal goal of this thesis is to develop a systematic method for the design of composite heat sinks (CHSs) that serve as passive and transient cooling devices for microelectronics. This is accomplished by posing the CHS design problem as a topology optimization problem wherein a phase-change material and a high-conductivity material are to be optimally distributed. Two different types of formulations are proposed. The first one aims to maximize the time of operation before a tolerable temperature is reached at the interface between a heat source and the CHS. The second one aims to minimize the maximum temperature across the heating interface for a given time of operation. The two materials are interpolated in topology optimization using the usual mixture law with penalty. The phase-change is modeled using the apparent heat capacity method in which the specific heat is taken as a nonlinear function of the temperature so that the latent heat absorption is accounted for at the melting point. The ensuing new transient topology optimization problem involving an interpolated material property that depends on the state variable is solved using continuous optimization algorithm. The validity of the phase-change modeling is verified with a one dimensional model as well as experimentation. Analytical sensitivity analysis is derived and verified with the finite difference derivatives. Several examples are solved to illustrate the intricacies of the problem and the effectiveness and the limitations of the proposed design method. Prototypes of an intuitively conceived CHS and optimized one are made. An experimental setup is devised to test the two prototypes. Based on the insight gained from the experiments, an improved conduction model is studied to also incorporate convective heat transfer also into the model.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Mechanical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thermal characterization of electronic cabinets is becoming increasingly important, due to growing power dissipation and compact packaging. Usually, multiple length scales of interest and modes of heat transfer are simultaneously present. A steady reduced order thermal modeling framework for electronic cabinets was developed to provide an efficient method to model thermal transport across multiple length scales. This methodology takes advantage of compact modeling at the chip or component level and reduced order modeling at subsystem and cabinet levels. Compact models, which were incorporated into system level simulation, were created for components, and reduced order models (ROMs) were developed using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for subsystems and system. An efficient interfacial coupling scheme was developed using the concept of flow network modeling to couple the heat and mass flow rates and pressure at each interface, when interconnecting ROMs together to simulate the entire system. Thermal information was then subsequently extracted from the global modeling and applied to the component model for detailed simulation. A boundary profile-matching scheme for ROM of each subsystem was developed to broaden the applicability of the multi-scale thermal modeling methodology. The output profiles of the subsystem upstream can be transferred to the input profiles of the subsystems downstream by adding necessary flow straightening ducts during the snapshots generation process. A general method to create dynamic multi-layer compact models for components and modules was developed. These dynamic compact models were incorporated into enclosure level simulation. The dynamic reduced order model for the enclosure was developed using POD. The transient multi-scale thermal modeling approach was illustrated through an electronic enclosure with insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module. The multiscale thermal modeling methodology presented here was validated through experiments conducted on a simulated electronic cabinet and the test vehicle with hybrid cooling technique. The latter incorporated double-sided cooling with hybrid forced air convection, thermoelectric cooling, and micro-channel liquid cooling. The overall multi-scale modeling framework was able to reduced numerical models containing 107 DOF down to around 102, while still retaining an approximation accuracy of around 90% in prediction of chip junction temperature rises, compared to measurements.

CAPES / O escoamento em golfadas consiste na passagem intermitente de pistões de líquido e bolhas alongadas, sendo comum nas linhas de produção de petróleo e na indústria nuclear. Muitas pesquisas têm sido feitas nessa área, e mesmo assim, o entendimento desse padrão de escoamento ainda não está completamente esclarecido na literatura. Existem algumas dificuldades na modelagem do fenômeno de formação das golfadas e influência da mudança de direção. Além disso, o regime intermitente em escoamento descendente e a transição para o regime estratificado têm sido pouco estudados. Em um trabalho recente, Conte (2014) utilizou um modelo Lagrangiano, baseado no modelo de dois fluidos para o caso unidimensional e isotérmico, para simular a iniciação das golfadas. A desvantagem é o custo computacional relativamente elevado. Outra metodologia para simular a evolução das golfadas, também Lagrangiana e unidimensional, é o modelo de seguimento de pistões de Rodrigues (2009). A mesma possui um baixo custo computacional, porém necessita que as propriedades do escoamento na entrada da tubulação sejam conhecidas. A finalidade deste trabalho é apresentar uma metodologia para o acoplamento dos modelos de captura de golfadas e de seguimento de pistões e implementar uma rotina computacional capaz de trabalhar com ambos os modelos simultaneamente. Será possível simular a iniciação das golfadas na entrada da tubulação, e acompanhar o desenvolvimento das mesmas a um custo computacional mais baixo. Para isso, utiliza-se o modelo de captura de golfadas para simular a formação dos pistões e os efeitos quando há mudança de direção na tubulação. Já o modelo de seguimento de pistões rastreia as células unitárias em trechos retos. A metodologia híbrida proposta neste trabalho se mostrou capaz de prever as principais variáveis do escoamento em qualquer posição da tubulação: comprimentos da bolha e do pistão, frequência das golfadas, pressão e fração de vazio na região da bolha. Uma boa concordância nos resultados foi observada, juntamente com um custo computacional inferior a 50% da metodologia híbrida em relação à de captura de golfadas. Pode-se também inicializar o programa com dados experimentais na entrada da tubulação utilizando o modelo de seguimento de pistões, e utilizar o modelo de captura de golfadas para avaliar a influência quando há mudança de direção de horizontal para descendente. Para esse segundo caso, os resultados foram comparados com dados experimentais, observando-se que a metodologia foi capaz de prever os casos em que há transição para o escoamento estratificado. / The slug flow consists of the intermittent repetition of liquid slugs and elongated bubbles, and it is a common flow regime in oil production and nuclear industry. Even though many studies have been conducted, the understanding of this flow pattern is not yet completely understood in the literature. There are some difficulties in modeling the phenomenon of slug initiation and influence of the change of direction. In addition, the intermittent downward flow and the transition to the stratified regime is not well understood. In a recent work, Conte (2014) used a Lagrangian model, based on the two-fluid model for the one-dimensional and isothermal case, to simulate the slug initiation. The disadvantage is the relatively high computational time. Another methodology to simulate the evolution of slugs, also Lagrangian and one-dimensional, is the Rodrigues (2009) slug tracking model. It has a low computational cost, but requires the properties of the flow at the inlet of the pipeline to be known. The purpose of this work is to present a methodology for the coupling of the slug capturing and slug tracking models and to implement a computational routine capable of working with both models simultaneously. It will be possible to simulate the slug initiation at the entrance of the pipeline, and to follow the development of the slugs at a lower computational cost. In order to do that, the slug capturing model is used to simulate the formation of the slugs and the effects when there is change of direction in the pipe. The slug tracking model tracks the unit cells in straight sections. The hybrid methodology proposed in this work was able to predict the main flow variables at any position in the pipeline: bubble and slug lengths, slug frequency, pressure and void fraction in the bubble region. A good agreement in the results was observed, along with a computational cost of less than 50% of the hybrid methodology in relation to a pure slug capturing. It is also possible to start-up the program with experimental data at the inlet of the pipeline using the slug tracking model, and to use the slug capturing to evaluate the influence when there is a change of direction from horizontal to descending. For this second case, the results were compared with experimental data, observing that the methodology was able to predict the cases in which there is transition to the stratified flow.

Os problemas de garantia de escoamento em tubulações de óleo e gás associados a hidratos de gás têm sido resolvidos tradicionalmente pela implementação de estratégias de “prevenção de hidratos”, ou seja, técnicas de remoção de água, isolamento e injeção de inibidores termodinâmicos. Para reduzir os custos de desenvolvimento e de operação na indústria, a técnica conhecida como “gestão de hidratos” vem se tornando uma alternativa viável. As estratégias de “gestão de hidratos” diferem da usual “prevenção de hidratos” uma vez que, ao invés de focarem na prevenção da formação de hidratos, tais estratégias objetivam minimizar o risco de obstrução e garantir o escoamento utilizando técnicas que permitem o transporte de suspensões de hidrato estáveis com o óleo produzido em condições de escoamento multifásico. A fim de implantar com segurança estratégias de gestão de hidratos, é necessário compreender mecanismos e processos ligados à formação e acumulação de hidrato em diferentes sistemas multifásicos, compostos por gás, óleo e água. Diversos experimentos objetivando aumentar o conhecimento dos diferentes processos resultando resultantes em condições de formação de bloqueio foram realizados. Utilizou-se uma célula de balanço com janela de visualização para mensurar e observar os vários estágios de formação, deposição e acumulação de hidratos em situações de mistura e movimento contínuos induzidos pela oscilação da célula. Os experimentos foram realizados em um cenário de gás limitado, considerando combinações de fluidos provenientes de uma mistura de gases v metano e etano, água e óleo mineral ou condensado como hidrocarboneto líquido. Os efeitos da adição de monoetilenoglicol (MEG) e um antiaglomerante modelo (AA) também foram estudados em alguns dos experimentos. Foram mensurados e observados vários estágios de formação e acumulo de hidratos com mistura contínua como um fator de várias variáveis (temperatura, pressão, presença de inibidores termodinâmicos e antiaglomerantes). Foram identificados fenômenos como deposição, desprendimento, crescimento de partículas de hidrato, aglomeração e formação de leito poroso. Neste trabalho, observou-se uma menor tendência de deposição em superfícies molhadas com óleo mineral, em comparação com as superfícies expostas ao condensado ou à fase gasosa. Contudo, a deposição de hidrato também foi observada no sistema de óleo, principalmente em superfícies expostas à fase gasosa. A formação de hidrato em um experimento com óleo mineral, 30% água de volume liquido e antiaglomerante resultou em suspensão de hidratos transportável. Tanto o condensado como o óleo mineral não eram emulsionantes, mas a dispersão, estabilizada por cisalhamento das fases líquidas, foi criada antes da formação de hidrato, através da mistura induzida pelo movimento da célula. A dispersão das fases de óleo e água parecia estar completamente separada durante o escoamento constante devido ao início da formação de hidrato. Uma análise da porosidade foi realizada com base na avaliação visual da aparência de hidratos em imagens capturadas a partir das gravações de vídeo dos experimentos e da quantidade calculada de fase hidrato no sistema. Os depósitos de hidrato com alta porosidade formam-se em condições com um alto gradiente de temperatura entre os líquidos e a superfície, e condições de sub-resfriamento elevadas, sofrendo então desprendimento devido à absorção de água, ao peso do depósito e ao cisalhamento dos fluidos sobre depósito. No entanto, a análise dos experimentos com água pura demonstrou que o desprendimento não foi detectado em uma limitada janela operacional, definida por ambos o sub-resfriamento inferior a 4° C e o gradiente de temperatura na célula inferior a 1° C. A existência em potencial de uma janela operacional vi para condições sem desprendimento pode ser valiosa para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão de hidratos para a produção sem ocorrência de bloqueios. Esta tese correlaciona os fenômenos observados (tais como deposição, desprendimento, aglomeração, leito poroso) com parâmetros como sub-resfriamento, porosidade e tipo de hidrocarboneto líquido no sistema. Um modelo conceitual revisado para a formação e acumulação de hidratos em sistemas não emulsionantes, que inclui mecanismos de separação de fases, aglomeração e deposição, foi desenvolvido com base nos resultados dos experimentos. / Potential flow assurance problems in oil and gas pipelines related to gas hydrates have traditionally been resolved by implementing hydrate avoidance strategies, such as water removal, insulation, and injection of thermodynamic inhibitors. As a means of lowering development and operational costs in the industry, hydrate management is becoming a more viable approach. “Hydrate Management” strategies differ from standard “Hydrate Avoidance” in the fact that, instead of focusing on preventing hydrate formation, these strategies focus on minimizing the risk of plugging and ensuring flow using methods that allow transportability of hydrate slurries with the hydrocarbon production fluids in multiphase flow conditions where hydrates are stable. In order to safely implement hydrate management strategies, it is required to understand mechanisms and processes connected to hydrate formation and accumulation in different multiphase systems involving gas, oil and water. A number of experiments have been performed using a visual rocking cell to measure and observe the various stages of hydrate formation, deposition and accumulation during continuous mixing and motion induced by the oscillation of the rocking cell to increase insight into the different processes leading to hydrate plug conditions. The experiments were performed in a gas-limited scenario considering the fluid combinations consisting of methaneethane gas mixture, water and mineral oil or condensate as hydrocarbon liquid. The effects of ii added monoethylene glycol (MEG) and a model anti-agglomerant (AA) were also studied in some of the experiments. Various stages of hydrate formation and accumulation were measured and observed under continuous mixing, as a function of several variables: temperature, pressure, presence of thermodynamic inhibitors and anti-agglomerants. Phenomena such as deposition, sloughing, hydrate particle growth, agglomeration and bedding were identified. In this work, a lower tendency of the hydrate to deposit on mineral oil wetted surfaces was observed, as compared to surfaces exposed to the condensate or the gas phase. Nevertheless, hydrate deposition was also observed in the oil system, mainly at surfaces only exposed to the gas phase. Hydrate formation in an experiment with mineral oil, 30% water cut and anti-agglomerant resulted in transportable hydrate slurry. Both the condensate and mineral oil tested were non-emulsifying, but shear-stabilized dispersion of the liquid phases was created prior to hydrate formation by mixing induced by the motion of the cell. The dispersion of the oil and water phases appeared to completely phase-separate during constant flow due to the incipient hydrate formation. A porosity analysis was performed based on analysis of visual appearance of hydrates in images captured from the video recordings of the experiments and calculated amount of hydrate phase in the system. Highly porous hydrate deposits formed in conditions with a large temperature gradient between the bulk and the surface, and high subcooling conditions, then suffering from sloughing due to the wetting and weight of the deposit and the shear of the fluids on the deposit. However, analysis of the experiments with fresh water demonstrated that sloughing was not detected in a narrow operational window defined by both subcooling lower than 4 °C and temperature gradient in the cell lower than 1 °C. The potential existence of an operational window for conditions without sloughing might be valuable for development of hydrate management strategies for blockage-free production. iii This thesis presents relationships between the phenomena observed (such as deposition, sloughing, glomeration, bedding) and parameters, such as subcooling, porosity and type of liquid hydrocarbon in the system. A revised conceptual model for hydrate formation and accumulation in non-emulsifying systems, which includes phase separation, agglomeration and deposition related mechanisms, has been developed based on the results from the experiments.

No presente trabalho é apresentada a modelagem e solução numérica da convecção mista em cavidade aquecida por baixo com o topo deslizante, preenchida com meio poroso heterogêneo e homogêneo. Na abordagem heterogênea, o domínio do sólido é representado por blocos condutores de calor igualmente espaçados; a fase fluido circunda os blocos, limitada pelas paredes da cavidade. A abordagem homogênea ou poro-contínua é caracterizada através da porosidade e da permeabilidade da cavidade. As equações de conservação da massa, quantidade de movimento e energia são obtidas, adimensionalizadas e generalizadas de modo a representarem tanto o modelo contínuo quanto o poro-contínuo. A solução numérica é obtida através do método dos volumes finitos. As equações são discretizadas via esquema QUICK e é utilizado o algoritmo SIMPLE para o acoplamento pressão - velocidade. Visando o regime laminar, os parâmetros do escoamento são mantidos no intervalo de 102≤Re≤103 e 103≤Ra≤106 tanto para a abordagem heterogênea, quanto para a homogênea. Nas configurações testadas para o modelo contínuo, 9, 16, 36 e 64 blocos são considerados para cada combinação de Re e Ra e a porosidade microscópica é mantida constante φ=0,64 . No modelo poro-contínuo o número de Darcy (Da) é definido em função do número de blocos da cavidade heterogênea e da porosidade φ. Resultados numéricos do estudo comparativo entre a abordagem microscópica e a macroscópica são apresentados. Como resultado, correlações para o Nusselt médio para os modelos contínuo e poro-contínuo são obtidas em função do Ra modificado para cada Re. / In this work is presented mixed convection heat transfer inside a lid-driven cavity heated from below and filled with heterogeneous and homogeneous porous medium. In the heterogeneous approach, the solid domain is represented by heat conductive equally spaced blocks; the fluid phase surrounds the blocks being limited by the cavity walls. The homogeneous or pore-continuum approach is characterized by the cavity porosity and permeability. Generalized mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are obtained in dimensionless form to represent both the continuum and the pore-continuum models. The numerical solution is obtained via the finite volume method. QUICK interpolation scheme is set for numerical treatment of the advection terms and SIMPLE algorithm is applied for pressure-velocity coupling. Aiming the laminar regime, the flow parameters are kept in the range of 102≤Re≤103 and 103≤Ra≤106 for both the heterogeneous and homogeneous approaches. In the tested configurations for the continuous model, 9, 16, 36, and 64 blocks are considered for each combination of Re and Ra being the microscopic porosity set as constant φ=0,64 . For the pore-continuum model the Darcy number (Da) is set according to the number of blocks in the heterogeneous cavity and the φ. Numerical results of the comparative study between the microscopic and macroscopic approaches are presented. As a result, average Nusselt number equations for the continuum and the pore continuum models as a function of Ra and Re are obtained.