Os problemas de garantia de escoamento em tubulações de óleo e gás associados a hidratos de gás têm sido resolvidos tradicionalmente pela implementação de estratégias de “prevenção de hidratos”, ou seja, técnicas de remoção de água, isolamento e injeção de inibidores termodinâmicos. Para reduzir os custos de desenvolvimento e de operação na indústria, a técnica conhecida como “gestão de hidratos” vem se tornando uma alternativa viável. As estratégias de “gestão de hidratos” diferem da usual “prevenção de hidratos” uma vez que, ao invés de focarem na prevenção da formação de hidratos, tais estratégias objetivam minimizar o risco de obstrução e garantir o escoamento utilizando técnicas que permitem o transporte de suspensões de hidrato estáveis com o óleo produzido em condições de escoamento multifásico. A fim de implantar com segurança estratégias de gestão de hidratos, é necessário compreender mecanismos e processos ligados à formação e acumulação de hidrato em diferentes sistemas multifásicos, compostos por gás, óleo e água. Diversos experimentos objetivando aumentar o conhecimento dos diferentes processos resultando resultantes em condições de formação de bloqueio foram realizados. Utilizou-se uma célula de balanço com janela de visualização para mensurar e observar os vários estágios de formação, deposição e acumulação de hidratos em situações de mistura e movimento contínuos induzidos pela oscilação da célula. Os experimentos foram realizados em um cenário de gás limitado, considerando combinações de fluidos provenientes de uma mistura de gases v metano e etano, água e óleo mineral ou condensado como hidrocarboneto líquido. Os efeitos da adição de monoetilenoglicol (MEG) e um antiaglomerante modelo (AA) também foram estudados em alguns dos experimentos. Foram mensurados e observados vários estágios de formação e acumulo de hidratos com mistura contínua como um fator de várias variáveis (temperatura, pressão, presença de inibidores termodinâmicos e antiaglomerantes). Foram identificados fenômenos como deposição, desprendimento, crescimento de partículas de hidrato, aglomeração e formação de leito poroso. Neste trabalho, observou-se uma menor tendência de deposição em superfícies molhadas com óleo mineral, em comparação com as superfícies expostas ao condensado ou à fase gasosa. Contudo, a deposição de hidrato também foi observada no sistema de óleo, principalmente em superfícies expostas à fase gasosa. A formação de hidrato em um experimento com óleo mineral, 30% água de volume liquido e antiaglomerante resultou em suspensão de hidratos transportável. Tanto o condensado como o óleo mineral não eram emulsionantes, mas a dispersão, estabilizada por cisalhamento das fases líquidas, foi criada antes da formação de hidrato, através da mistura induzida pelo movimento da célula. A dispersão das fases de óleo e água parecia estar completamente separada durante o escoamento constante devido ao início da formação de hidrato. Uma análise da porosidade foi realizada com base na avaliação visual da aparência de hidratos em imagens capturadas a partir das gravações de vídeo dos experimentos e da quantidade calculada de fase hidrato no sistema. Os depósitos de hidrato com alta porosidade formam-se em condições com um alto gradiente de temperatura entre os líquidos e a superfície, e condições de sub-resfriamento elevadas, sofrendo então desprendimento devido à absorção de água, ao peso do depósito e ao cisalhamento dos fluidos sobre depósito. No entanto, a análise dos experimentos com água pura demonstrou que o desprendimento não foi detectado em uma limitada janela operacional, definida por ambos o sub-resfriamento inferior a 4° C e o gradiente de temperatura na célula inferior a 1° C. A existência em potencial de uma janela operacional vi para condições sem desprendimento pode ser valiosa para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão de hidratos para a produção sem ocorrência de bloqueios. Esta tese correlaciona os fenômenos observados (tais como deposição, desprendimento, aglomeração, leito poroso) com parâmetros como sub-resfriamento, porosidade e tipo de hidrocarboneto líquido no sistema. Um modelo conceitual revisado para a formação e acumulação de hidratos em sistemas não emulsionantes, que inclui mecanismos de separação de fases, aglomeração e deposição, foi desenvolvido com base nos resultados dos experimentos. / Potential flow assurance problems in oil and gas pipelines related to gas hydrates have traditionally been resolved by implementing hydrate avoidance strategies, such as water removal, insulation, and injection of thermodynamic inhibitors. As a means of lowering development and operational costs in the industry, hydrate management is becoming a more viable approach. “Hydrate Management” strategies differ from standard “Hydrate Avoidance” in the fact that, instead of focusing on preventing hydrate formation, these strategies focus on minimizing the risk of plugging and ensuring flow using methods that allow transportability of hydrate slurries with the hydrocarbon production fluids in multiphase flow conditions where hydrates are stable. In order to safely implement hydrate management strategies, it is required to understand mechanisms and processes connected to hydrate formation and accumulation in different multiphase systems involving gas, oil and water. A number of experiments have been performed using a visual rocking cell to measure and observe the various stages of hydrate formation, deposition and accumulation during continuous mixing and motion induced by the oscillation of the rocking cell to increase insight into the different processes leading to hydrate plug conditions. The experiments were performed in a gas-limited scenario considering the fluid combinations consisting of methaneethane gas mixture, water and mineral oil or condensate as hydrocarbon liquid. The effects of ii added monoethylene glycol (MEG) and a model anti-agglomerant (AA) were also studied in some of the experiments. Various stages of hydrate formation and accumulation were measured and observed under continuous mixing, as a function of several variables: temperature, pressure, presence of thermodynamic inhibitors and anti-agglomerants. Phenomena such as deposition, sloughing, hydrate particle growth, agglomeration and bedding were identified. In this work, a lower tendency of the hydrate to deposit on mineral oil wetted surfaces was observed, as compared to surfaces exposed to the condensate or the gas phase. Nevertheless, hydrate deposition was also observed in the oil system, mainly at surfaces only exposed to the gas phase. Hydrate formation in an experiment with mineral oil, 30% water cut and anti-agglomerant resulted in transportable hydrate slurry. Both the condensate and mineral oil tested were non-emulsifying, but shear-stabilized dispersion of the liquid phases was created prior to hydrate formation by mixing induced by the motion of the cell. The dispersion of the oil and water phases appeared to completely phase-separate during constant flow due to the incipient hydrate formation. A porosity analysis was performed based on analysis of visual appearance of hydrates in images captured from the video recordings of the experiments and calculated amount of hydrate phase in the system. Highly porous hydrate deposits formed in conditions with a large temperature gradient between the bulk and the surface, and high subcooling conditions, then suffering from sloughing due to the wetting and weight of the deposit and the shear of the fluids on the deposit. However, analysis of the experiments with fresh water demonstrated that sloughing was not detected in a narrow operational window defined by both subcooling lower than 4 °C and temperature gradient in the cell lower than 1 °C. The potential existence of an operational window for conditions without sloughing might be valuable for development of hydrate management strategies for blockage-free production. iii This thesis presents relationships between the phenomena observed (such as deposition, sloughing, glomeration, bedding) and parameters, such as subcooling, porosity and type of liquid hydrocarbon in the system. A revised conceptual model for hydrate formation and accumulation in non-emulsifying systems, which includes phase separation, agglomeration and deposition related mechanisms, has been developed based on the results from the experiments.

No presente trabalho é apresentada a modelagem e solução numérica da convecção mista em cavidade aquecida por baixo com o topo deslizante, preenchida com meio poroso heterogêneo e homogêneo. Na abordagem heterogênea, o domínio do sólido é representado por blocos condutores de calor igualmente espaçados; a fase fluido circunda os blocos, limitada pelas paredes da cavidade. A abordagem homogênea ou poro-contínua é caracterizada através da porosidade e da permeabilidade da cavidade. As equações de conservação da massa, quantidade de movimento e energia são obtidas, adimensionalizadas e generalizadas de modo a representarem tanto o modelo contínuo quanto o poro-contínuo. A solução numérica é obtida através do método dos volumes finitos. As equações são discretizadas via esquema QUICK e é utilizado o algoritmo SIMPLE para o acoplamento pressão - velocidade. Visando o regime laminar, os parâmetros do escoamento são mantidos no intervalo de 102≤Re≤103 e 103≤Ra≤106 tanto para a abordagem heterogênea, quanto para a homogênea. Nas configurações testadas para o modelo contínuo, 9, 16, 36 e 64 blocos são considerados para cada combinação de Re e Ra e a porosidade microscópica é mantida constante φ=0,64 . No modelo poro-contínuo o número de Darcy (Da) é definido em função do número de blocos da cavidade heterogênea e da porosidade φ. Resultados numéricos do estudo comparativo entre a abordagem microscópica e a macroscópica são apresentados. Como resultado, correlações para o Nusselt médio para os modelos contínuo e poro-contínuo são obtidas em função do Ra modificado para cada Re. / In this work is presented mixed convection heat transfer inside a lid-driven cavity heated from below and filled with heterogeneous and homogeneous porous medium. In the heterogeneous approach, the solid domain is represented by heat conductive equally spaced blocks; the fluid phase surrounds the blocks being limited by the cavity walls. The homogeneous or pore-continuum approach is characterized by the cavity porosity and permeability. Generalized mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are obtained in dimensionless form to represent both the continuum and the pore-continuum models. The numerical solution is obtained via the finite volume method. QUICK interpolation scheme is set for numerical treatment of the advection terms and SIMPLE algorithm is applied for pressure-velocity coupling. Aiming the laminar regime, the flow parameters are kept in the range of 102≤Re≤103 and 103≤Ra≤106 for both the heterogeneous and homogeneous approaches. In the tested configurations for the continuous model, 9, 16, 36, and 64 blocks are considered for each combination of Re and Ra being the microscopic porosity set as constant φ=0,64 . For the pore-continuum model the Darcy number (Da) is set according to the number of blocks in the heterogeneous cavity and the φ. Numerical results of the comparative study between the microscopic and macroscopic approaches are presented. As a result, average Nusselt number equations for the continuum and the pore continuum models as a function of Ra and Re are obtained.

La simulation multiphysique de l'interaction rayonnement-matière, des effets thermiques et mécaniques induits dans un matériau nanostructuré à un intérêt notamment lorsqu'il s'agit d'élaborer des capteurs voire de les optimiser. En effet, les effets thermiques peuvent être utilisés pour des applications chimiques ou biologiques et les dilatations mécaniques peuvent influer sur la durabilité du capteur et sur son efficacité. A l’échelle nanométrique, les longueurs caractéristiques des effets thermo-électro-magnétique-mécaniques ne sont pas du même ordre de grandeur et la simulation éléments finis doit être adaptée à chaque problème avec un contrôle adapté à l'erreur de la solution physique. Une procédure utilisant un remailleur adaptatif 3D Optiform et Comsol Multiphysics permet une relaxation du maillage ou un raffinement adapté afin d'accélérer la résolution (RAM et CPU) et améliorer la solution physique. Des simulations numériques des nano-objets de formes simples et des nanoantennes pour lesquelles l'exaltation du champ électromagnétique est localisée dans des zones de quelques nanomètres, alors que le gradient de température est beaucoup plus homogène dans le domaine de calcul et les dilatations sont nanométriques sont effectuées / Multiphysics simulation of light-matter interaction, induced temperature and dilation in nanostructures is of interest especially when it comes to develop or optimize sensors. Indeed, thermal effects can be used for chemical or biological applications, and mechanical dilation can affect the durability of the sensor and its effectiveness.However, the characteristic lengths of electromagnetic fields, temperature and dilation are not of the same magnitude and the mesh used in a finite element multiphysics model must be adapted to each problem. An efficient numerical model for controlling the error in the computational domain is necessary while allowing the relaxation or the refinement of the mesh, in order to decrease the computational time and memory.The purpose of this thesis is to show that the adaptation loop of the mesh for solving a multiphysics 3D problem using Comsol Multiphysics in OPTIFORM mesher, based on the error estimation of the physical solution, is more efficient than a conventional remeshing process.The proposed procedure is applied to simulate nano-objects with simple shapes and to nanoantennas for which the confinement of the electromagnetic field is localized on a few nanometers, while the gradient of the temperature is much smoother in the computational domain but leading to nanoscale dilation

Current-Controlled Pulse Width Modulated (CC-PWM) Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) are extensively employed in high performance drives (HPD) because of the considerable advantages offered by them, such as, excellent dynamic response and inherent over-current protection, as compared to the voltage-controlled PWM (VC-PWM) VSIs. Amongst the different types of CC-PWM techniques, hysteresis current controllers offer significant simplicity in implementation. However, conventional type of hysteresis controllers (with independent comparators) suffers from some well-known drawbacks, such as, limit cycle oscillations (especially at lower speeds of operation of machine), overshoot in current error, generation of sub-harmonic components in the current, and random (non-optimum) switching of inverter voltage vectors. Common problems associated with the conventional, as well as current error space phasor based hysteresis controllers with fixed bands (boundary), are the wide variation of switching frequency in the fundamental output cycle and variation of switching frequency with the change in speed of the load motor. These problems cause increased switching losses in the inverter, non-optimum current ripple, excess harmonics in the load current and subsequent additional machine heating. A continuously varying parabolic boundary for the current error space phasor is proposed previously to get the switching frequency variation pattern of the output voltage of the hysteresis controller based PWM inverter similar to that of voltage controlled space vector PWM (VC SVPWM) based VSI. But the major problem associated with this technique is the requirement of two outer parabolas outside the current error space phasor boundary for the identification of sector change which gives rise to some switching frequency variations in one fundamental cycle and over the entire operating speed range. It also introduces 5th and 7th harmonic components in the voltage causing 5th and 7th harmonic currents in the induction motor. These harmonic currents causes 6th harmonic torque pulsations in the machine. This thesis proposes a new technique which replaces the outer parabolas and uses current errors along orthogonal axes for detecting the sector change, so that a fast and accurate detection of sector change is possible. This makes the voltage harmonic spectrum of the proposed hysteresis controller based inverter exactly matching with that of a constant switching frequency SVPWM based inverter. This technique uses the property that the current error along one of the orthogonal axis changes its direction during sector change. So the current error never goes outside the parabolic boundary as in the case of outer parabolas based sector change technique. So the proposed new technique for sector change eliminates the 5th and 7th harmonic components from the applied voltage and thus eliminates the 5th and 7th harmonic currents in the motor. So there will be no introduction of 6th harmonic torque pulsations in the motor. Using the proposed scheme for sector change and parabolic boundary for current error space phasor, simulation study was carried out using Matlab-Simulink. Simulation study showed that the switching frequency variations in a fundamental cycle and over the entire speed range of the machine upto six step mode operation is similar to that of a VC-SVPWM based VSI. The proposed hysteresis controller is experimentally verified on a 3.7 kW IM drive fed with a two-level VSI using vector control. The proposed current error space phasor based hysteresis controller providing constant switching frequency is completely implemented on the TI TMS320LF2812 DSP controller platform. The three-phase reference currents are generated depending on the frequency command and the controller is tested with drive for the entire operating speed range of the machine in forward and reverse directions. Steady state and transient results of the proposed drive are presented in this thesis. This thesis also proposes a new hysteresis controller which eliminates parabolic boundary and replaces it with a simple online computation of the boundary. In this proposed new hysteresis controller the boundary computed in the present sampling interval is used for identifying next vector to be switched. This thesis gives a detailed mathematical explanation of how the boundary is computed and how it is used for selecting vector to be switched in a sector. It also explains how the sector in which stator voltage vector is present is determined. The most important part of this proposed hysteresis controller is the estimation of stator voltages along alpha and beta axes during active and zero vector periods. Estimation of stator voltages are carried out using current errors along alpha and beta axes and steady state equivalent circuit of induction motor. Using this estimated stator voltages along alpha and beta axes, instantaneous phase voltages are computed and used for finding individual voltage vector switching times. These switching times are used for the computation of hysteresis boundary for individual vectors. So the hysteresis boundary for individual vectors are exactly calculated and used for vector change detection, making phase voltage harmonic spectrum exactly similar to that of constant switching frequency VC SVPWM inverter. Sector change detection is very simple, since we have the estimated stator voltages along alpha and beta axes to give exact position of stator voltage vector. Simulation study to verify the steady state as well as transient performance of the proposed controller based VSI fed IM drive is carried out using Simulink tool box of Matlab Simulation Software. The proposed hysteresis controller is experimentally verified on a 3.7 kW IM drive fed with a two-level VSI using vector control. The proposed current error space phasor based hysteresis controller providing constant switching frequency profile for phase voltage is implemented on the TI TMS320LF2812 DSP controller platform. The three-phase reference currents are generated depending on the frequency command and the proposed hysteresis controller is tested with drive for the entire operating speed range of the machine in forward and reverse directions. Steady state and transient results of the proposed drive are presented for different operating conditions.

No description available.

Multilevel voltage source inverters have been receiving more and more attention from the industry and academia as a choice for high voltage and high power applications. The high voltage multilevel inverters can be constructed with existing low voltage semiconductor switches, which already have a mature technology for handling low voltages, thus improving the reliability of the overall inverter system. These multilevel inverters generate the output voltage in the form of multi-stepped waveform with smaller amplitude. This will result in less dv/dt at the motor inputs and electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by switching is considerably less. Because of the multi-stepped waveform, the instantaneous error in the output voltage will be always less compared to the conventional two-level inverter output voltage. It will reduce the unwanted harmonic content in the output voltage, which will enable to switch the inverter at lower frequencies. Many interesting multi level inverter topologies are proposed by various research groups across the world from industry and academic institutions. But apart from the conventional 3-level NPC and H-bridge topology, others are not yet highly preferred for general high power drives applications. In this respect, two different five-level inverter topologies and one three-level inverter topology for high power induction motor drive applications are proposed in this work. Existing knowledge from published literature shows that, the three-level voltage space vector diagram can be generated for an open-end winding induction motor by feeding the motor phase windings with two two-level inverters from both sides. In such a configuration, each inverter is capable of assuming 8 switching states independent of the other. Therefore a total of 64 switching combinations are possible, whereas the conventional NPC inverter have 27 possible switching combinations. The main drawback for this configuration is that, it requires a harmonic filter or isolated voltage source to suppress the common mode currents through the motor phase winding. In general, the harmonic filters are not desirable because, it is expensive and bulky in nature. Some topologies have been presented, in the past, to suppress the common mode voltage on the motor phase windings when the both inverters are fed with a single voltage source. But these schemes under utilize the dc-link voltage or use the extra power circuit. The scheme presented in chapter-3 eliminates the requirement of harmonic filter or isolated voltage source to block the common mode current in the motor phase windings. Both the two-level inverters, in this scheme, are fed with the same voltage source with a magnitude of Vdc/2 where Vdc is the voltage magnitude requires for the NPC three-level inverter. In this scheme, the identical voltage profile winding coils (pole pair winding coils), in the four pole induction motor, are disconnected electrically and reconnected in two star groups. The isolated neutrals, provided by the two star groups, will not allow the triplen currents to flow in the motor phase windings. To apply identical fundamental voltage on disconnected pole pair winding, decoupled space vector PWM is used. This PWM technique eliminates the first center band harmonics thereby it will allow the inverters to operate at lower switching frequency. This scheme doesn’t require any additional power circuit to block the triplen currents and also it will not underutilize the dc-bus voltage. A five-level inverter topology for four pole induction motor is presented in chapter-3. In this topology, the disconnected pole pair winding coils are effectively utilized to generate a five-level voltage space vector diagram for a four pole induction motor. The disconnected pole pair winding coils are fed from both sides with conventional two-level inverters. Thereby the problems like capacitor voltage balancing issues are completely eliminated. Three isolated voltage sources, with a voltage magnitude of Vdc/4, are used to block the triplen current in the motor phase windings. This scheme is also capable of generating 61 space vector locations similar to conventional NPC five-level inverter. However, this scheme has 1000 switching combinations to realize 61 space vector locations whereas the NPC five-level inverter has 125 switching combinations. In case of any switch failure, using the switching state redundancy, the proposed topology can be operated as a three-level inverter in lower modulation index. But this topology requires six additional bi-directional switches with a maximum voltage blocking capacity of Vdc/8. However, it doesn’t require any complicated control algorithm to generate the gating pulses for bidirectional switches. The above presented two schemes don’t require any special design modification for the induction machine. Although the schemes are presented for four pole induction motor, this technique can be easily extend to the induction motor with more than four poles and thereby the number of voltage levels on the phase winding can be further increased. An alternate five-level inverter topology for an open-end winding induction motor is presented in chapter-4. This topology doesn’t require to disconnect the pole pair winding coils like in the previous propositions. The open-end winding induction motor is fed from one end with a two-level inverter in series with a capacitor fed H-bridge cell, while the other end is connected to a conventional two-level inverter to get a five voltage levels on the motor phase windings. This scheme is also capable of generating a voltage space vector diagram identical to that of a conventional five-level inverter. A total of 2744 switching combinations are possible to generate the 61 space vector locations. With such huge number switching state redundancies, it is possible to balance the H-bridge capacitor voltage for full modulation range. In addition to that, the proposed topology eliminates eighteen clamping diode having different voltage ratings compared to the NPC inverter. The proposed topology can be operated as a three-level inverter for full modulation range, in case of any switch failure in the capacitor fed H-bridge cell. All the proposed topologies are experimentally verified on a 5 h.p. four pole induction motor using V/f control. The PWM signals for the inverters are generated using the TMS320F2812 and GAL22V10B/SPARTAN XC3S200 FPGA platforms. Though the proposed inverter topologies are suggested for high-voltage and high-power industrial IM drive applications, due to laboratory constraints the experimental results are taken on the 5h.p prototypes. But all the proposed schemes are general in nature and can be easily implemented for high-voltage high-power drive applications with appropriate device ratings.

No description available.

No description available.

The present work is concerned with fundamental studies on the liquid fuel transport in the intake manifold of small carburetted engines. This work is motivated by the need for development of technologies to meet the stringent cold-start emission norms that are to be prescribed for two-wheelers in particular. More specifically, visualization studies conducted in a transparent manifold made of quartz in a small four-stroke 110-cc two-wheeler engine have shown the presence of gasoline films on the walls of the inlet manifold under cold start conditions. Advanced Laser diagnostic techniques such as Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) have been utilized to measure the thickness of the fuel films. The Sauter Mean Diameter for the fuel droplets at the carburettor exit is measured using Laser Shadowgraphy technique. It is observed that the films are present both at idling conditions and under load. This large amount of liquid fuel entering the engine leads to incomplete combustion and higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons. A detailed analysis of the effects of heating the inlet manifold has been performed. The potential of this manifold heating strategy in reducing hydrocarbon emissions has been assessed and found to be promising. In addition, a need of proper control of the fuel exiting the carburettor is shown to reduce emissions and increase fuel efficiency.

This thesis deals with the modelling, simulation and control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSM) used specially in electric and hybrid vehicles. With the availability of fast semiconductor switches and high speed processors, Vector controlled drives are gaining popularity. One disadvantage of this type of control however, is the need for high cost, high resolution sensors (encoders) for determining the rotor position. Position sensorless schemes have evolved over a decade and this thesis addresses this issue. Two schemes have been proposed for the elimination of encoders in vector controlled drives. One is a semi-sensored scheme wherein a combination of low cost hall sensors and a digital position estimator gives the position information. In the second scheme, a reduced order observer called Luenbuerger observer has been used to estimate speed and rotor angle. The problem of finding rotor angle at standstill has also been dealt with. This thesis also discusses the difference in simulating a BLDC (Brushless DC) and PMSM machine. An experimental set-up consisting of MOSFET inverter and TMS320LF2407 DSP based digital controller was developed in the laboratory to implement the control algorithms. Two PMSM machines were procured from a two-wheeler manufacturer to set up the rig. Simulations were done in MATLAB/ Simulink (Off-line) and Xilinx XC3S400 (in real-time) to verify the concepts. Simulation and experimental results are finally compared.