Orientadores: Luis Augusto Barbosa Cortez, Clement Vigneault / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T00:43:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pacco_HonoratoCcalli_D.pdf: 2218807 bytes, checksum: 9f384addc930a54138830ae79ac34adf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O tomate destinado tanto ao consumo de mesa, in natura, quanto à produção industrial, é uma hortaliça consumida o ano inteiro, sendo o Brasil um grande produtor, nas regiões Centro Sul e em algumas regiões do Nordeste e Sul do país. Mas as perdas pós-colheita superam 50 % durante o processo de colheita e de pós-colheita. Estas perdas são principalmente de tipos mecânica, fisiológica ou patológica. Portanto a utilização de uma tecnologia apropriada, como neste caso a concepção de um sistema de bomba de calor água/água em cascata, permitirá reduzir consideravelmente as perdas da pós-colheita dos tomates. Utilizando o sistema em conjunto, circuito de baixa e alta pressão na produção de água gelada (2°C) e quente (90°C), pode ser aproveitado para realizar as operações de resfriamento rápido por água gelada por aspersão, tipo chuveiro para tomates em estado de maturação verde maduro antes da embalagem para seu transporte em sistemas refrigerados para os mercados de comercialização em condições de qualidade exigida pelo consumidor. Ao mesmo tempo com a utilização do lado de alta pressão (alta temperatura) do sistema em estudo será possível a produção de uma fonte quente para atingir temperaturas (60 e 75°C) programadas no secador de bandejas e assim realizar a operação de secagem de tomates, previamente pré-tratados (redução de tamanho e eliminação de sementes) com fins de obter uma melhor transferência de calor no produto, e com a conseqüente eliminação de grande quantidade de água contida, reduzindo seu peso e volume, permitindo melhor conservação por tempo mais prolongado, fácil transporte e econômico. Para a determinação do melhor desempenho do sistema de bomba de calor indicado, foram realizados ensaios com a finalidade de encontrar o fluido refrigerante que atinja o melhor coeficiente de performance no ciclo de baixa e alta pressão, em base na melhor capacidade de trabalho na temperatura (abaixo de 0°C) de evaporação e condensação (perto de 90°C), e também com considerações de custo - beneficio. Assim foram testados os fluidos refrigerantes como o MP39, o R22, o R600 e R600a. O R22 mostrou melhor eficiência no circuito de baixa pressão, enquanto que o R600 teve melhor performance no circuito termodinâmico de alta pressão. Depois da escolha do melhor fluido refrigerante, se realizou a operação de resfriamento dos tomates, utilizando o sistema desenvolvido, onde o produto resfriado teve os mesmos resultados quando resfriado em outro sistema de bomba de calor convencional. Realizada a operação de secagem de tomates pré-tratados no sistema de bomba de calor, mostrou-se que o secador de bandejas operando com uma fonte de calor produzida pelo circuito da alta pressão ou de alta temperatura, atingiram-se as características de um produto seco em secador de bandejas com fonte de calor aquecida por resistência elétrica. Com estes resultados os objetivos planejados foram atingidos, mostrando a redução de consumo de energia no resfriamento e secagem de tomates (30%) e com boa qualidade de sabor, cor e umidade no produto final que o consumidor aceitaria. O sistema seria de muita utilidade para os produtores e distribuidores de tomates no Brasil / Abstract: Tomato fruits are destined for consumption all around the year either in their natural form or as industrial product. Brazil is one the largest producers of tomato and its production is mainly located in the Center South regions and some northeast regions the country. Brazil also faces postharvest losses surpassing 50% of the production. The origin of these losses is mainly from mechanical, physiological or pathological injuries. The use of appropriate technologies, in the present case, the conception of an in-cascade water to water heat pump system could allow considerably reducing these losses. The system presented is and inset low and high pressure cycles to generate simultaneously cold and warm water to meet the requirement of fast cooling and drying system. The low pressure cycle generate the cold water for an aspersion hydrocooling system to cool down tomato fruits before being transported and commercialized to meet the increasing demand of the consumer for produce of high quality. At the same time, the high-pressure and high temperature cycle of the system produce heat stored in a form of hot water to produce air at the required temperature for drying tomato fruits previously cut and eliminating seed to eliminate a large amount of water contained in the produce, thus by reducing the weight and volume. Such dried tomato fruits better allow more time to be commercialized and used generating better economic returns and easier transportation. For obtaining optimum performance of the heat pump system, testes were carried out to determine the best cooling fluid, reaching the maximum coefficient of performance (COP). The R22 showed the best efficiency in the cycle of low pressure, while the R600 had better performance in the high-pressure thermodynamic cycle. Using these two fluid, the developed system was operated for cooling tomatoes and showed the same the results than conventional cooler but with better COP. Drying tomato operation using this incascade heat pump system revealed that the batch drier operating with the high-pressure or high temperature heat source cycle produced the same characteristics of dry product than drying batches of tomato fruits with electric resistance heat source. With these results the present objectives were reached, showing an important reduction of energy required for cooling and drying tomato fruits simultaneously and producing of good quality food, a product that the eventual consumer would accept. This system will be of much utility for the producers and processors of tomato in the entire Brazil / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Denna uppsats tar sitt avstamp från en gammal rapport vid namn ”Samkörning mellan värmepumpar och fjärrvärme. – Bostadsrättsföreningen Bogården” från 2008. Denna rapport behandlar en undercentral vari det fanns risk för spridning av legionellabakterier. Rapporten från 2008 mynnade ut i åtgärdsförslag som togs i beaktande av Brf. Bogården och insatser genomfördes senare av SWECO i form av en nyprojektering av hela anläggningen. Följden av detta blev att undercentralen 2012 byggdes om helt och hållet och nya styr- och reglerflöden inrättades. I detta arbete presenteras en bred bild av energiläget i världen och i Sverige för att sedan rikta fokus ner till Gävle och undercentralen i Brf. Bogården. I denna studie så genomfördes flertalet observationstillfällen där noteringar gjordes för att se hur anläggningen och dess styr- och reglerflöden tedde sig. Bieffekten av besöken bestod av upptäckter som på ett eller annat sätt påverkade anläggningen i sin helhet. Det som upptäcktes var att undercentralen inte styr och regleras enligt projekteringen, retur- och framledningstemperaturer var för höga och att värmepumparnas drifttider absolut inte var enligt funktionsbeskrivningen. Dessa styr- och reglerfel gör så att Bogården måste köpa in mer fjärrvärme än vad som behövs vilket leder till mer kostnader än nödvändigt. / This paper takes its starting point from an old report named ”Samkörning mellan värmepumpar och fjärrvärme. – Bostadsrättsföreningen Bogården” from the year 2008. This report discusses a sub-station where there was a risk of proliferation of legionella bacteria. The 2008 report resulted in action proposals that were taken into account by tenant Bogården and thereafter efforts were implemented by SWECO in the form of a new projection of the entire sub-stationed facility. What happened next was that the sub- center was rebuilt completely in 2012 and a new management control settings were put into use. In this work, a broad picture of the energy situation in the world and in Sweden is presented, and after that the paper shifts focus on Gävle and the sub-center of tenant Bogården. In this study, many observation visits were made and during these notes were made to see how the plant and its control and regulatory flows occurred. The side effect of the visits consisted of discoveries that in one way or another affected the plant. What was discovered was that the sub-central did not control and regulate according to the design, the return and outflow temperatures in the radiator circuit were way too high and the heat pump operating hours were not at all according to the functional description that was provided to aid this report. These controls and regulate errors forces the tenant Bogården to buy more district heating than needed, which leads to more costs than necessary.

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect on horizontal ground heat exchanger performance of changing soil and load parameters, and pipe horizontal separation distance for ground-coupled heat pumps under Egyptian conditions.Egypt possesses a variety of energy resources; namely fossil and renewable. The amount of renewable energy available is significant and must be utilized perfectly for the sake of achieving sustainable use of energy resources. Soils in Egypt vary widely from being clay with its thermal conductivity of 1.11 (for clay particles) to sand with its thermal conductivity of 5.77 (for sand particles). Two soil samples were chosen from the literature to be used in the investigation held in this work with boundary conditions that match the weather and ground temperature distribution conditions in Egypt.Conduction heat transfer in soils is a very complicated process especially when it is combined with time dependant boundary conditions and temperature dependent thermophysical properties of the medium. A MATLAB code was used to estimate thermophysical properties of the soil samples with three different moisture contents (0, 0.2, and saturation %) and the upper boundary condition bases on two surface dryness conditions (dry and wet). The results of the code were fed to Abqaus/CAE to analysis and predict the temperature distribution in these soils with implementing the time dependant boundary conditions to investigate the ground thermal behaviour of these soils. Also the temperature distribution around two pipes per trench of horizontal ground heat exchanger with applying synthetic load based on estimated cooling and heating degree days for one set of weather conditions. The horizontal separation distance between pipes was investigated by changing it to be 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 metres.Both the MATLAB code and Abaqus environment were validated against measured data published in the literature and their results agreed well with this data.The results of the simulation showed that the ground thermal behaviour depends mainly on the boundary conditions applied on the model. Dry soils are the worst being affected by the variation of the boundaries, because of its low volumetric heat capacities. The moisture content in the soil should be kept around 0.2 or above to get the most benefits from the presence of moisture in the vicinity of ground heat exchangers. The effect of the soil surface dryness is less significant than that of the moisture content of the entire system but it is more controllable than the moisture content. Also it was found that the horizontal separation distance (HSD) between pipes must be selected on the bases of prior knowledge of the site parameters soil type and moisture level. The results showed that the 0.4m HSD is the optimum HSD for the conditions and load profile included in this study.

There has been a significant increase in the interest and implementations of heat pump systems for HVAC purposes in general and of ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) in particular. Though these systems have existed for decades, primarily in Europe, there has been an upward trend particularly in the United States in recent years. With the world-wide push toward CO2 emissions reduction targets, interest in heat pump systems to reduce CO2 emissions from heating and cooling is likely to only increase in the future. However, more than ever, financial considerations are also key factors in the implementation of any system. Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) coupled to vertical borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) have been promoted as a viable heat pump system in climates where traditional air source heat pumps (ASHPs) may operate inefficiently. This type of system claims superior performance to ASHPs due to the relatively consistent temperature of the ground compared to the air, offering a higher temperature heat source in the heating season and a lower temperature sink in the cooling season. Projects designing and installing such a GSHP system have been implemented at large scales on several university campuses to provide heating and cooling. In this study, we aim to test the idea that a GSHP system, as a replacement for an existing CHP heating and conventional cooling systems, could reduce CO2 emissions, as well as provide a cost benefit to a large energy consumer, in this case the University of Massachusetts. This will be done using the existing heating and cooling loads provided by the conventional system and an established technique of modeling the heat pumps and BHEs. The GSHP system is modeled to follow the parameters of industry standards and sized to provide the best overall lifetime cost. The result on the overall annual costs, emissions, and university microgrid are considered.

<p>Space and water heating contribute over 50% of all the residential building energy consumption and are especially major energy consumers in the cold climates. Meanwhile, conventional furnaces and boilers with energy efficiency limited to below 100% dominate the residential heating in the cold climate, and the electric vapor-compression heat pump capacity and efficiency decline drastically at low ambient temperatures. Thermally driven ammonia-based chemical adsorption (chemisorption) heat pump (CSHP) systems utilize the reversible chemical reaction between the ammonia vapor and solid sorbent to generate heat pumping effect, which can provide heating with much higher energy efficiency than existing cold-climate heating technologies. Despite the significant potential of energy efficiency improvement from existing technologies, most studies in the literature on chemisorption heat pump systems focus on adopting the technology for refrigeration and energy storage applications, with very limited investigations available for using the technology for producing heating in cold climates. </p> This thesis study is thus conducted to characterize the operation behavior and performance of a CSHP system under cold ambient conditions and further identify optimal design and control for such systems to achieve high performance. In this study, both experimental and modelling approaches are pursued to investigate a CSHP heating system from the perspective of the sorption material using the multiple-stage LiCl-ammonia reactions, to the novel adsorber component with hybrid heat pipe heat exchanger, and finally to the performance of the complete heat pump system. The experimental studies are based on a prototype CSHP system tested to identify the chemical kinetics of the sorption material, as well as the transient performance of the adsorber and the system. The calibrated chemical kinetics are then used in the development of a transient adsorber model to analyze the operation and improve design of the adsorber. The heating COP of the prototype system was measured to be 0.75-1.16 under ambient temperatures of 8-20 C. Finally, a dynamic system model is developed based on the dynamic models of the adsorber and other components in the system. The system model is validated against the experimental data and used to analyze the detailed energy flow and operation dynamic. Based on the inefficiencies revealed by the simulation of the current prototype system, an improved system design with reduced thermal mass and heat loss is introduced. Simulation of the improved system results in heating COP of 1.17 to 1.23 under -13.9 C to 8.3 C ambient, respectively.

Interest in indirect (secondary) refrigeration systems has grown since the discovery of the negative effect of environmentally hazardous refrigerants and leakage problems from direct expansion systems. Among the positive effects of indirect systems are: decreased quantities of primary refrigerant, factory built units and confinement of refrigerant to the machine room. Ground source heat pumps, ice rink and indirect system solutions for supermarket refrigeration are examples where indirect refrigeration systems are being used in Sweden. The secondary fluids circulating in the secondary systems are of great interest as its choice can affect heat transfer process; the overall performance of system; corrosion problems and maintenance costs as well as acceptable risks for the environment in case of leakage from the secondary system. A secondary fluid should have low viscosity, high thermal conductivity, high volumetric heat capacity, low freezing point, be non-corrosive, non-explosive, non-flammable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, give low pressure drop in the system, have good material compatibility, chemically stable and have low cost. The market for secondary fluids worldwide and in Sweden is complex and a comprehensive overview of the available secondary fluids has not been available. The purpose of this thesis is to compile most of the existing secondary fluids on the Swedish market and present them briefly in this report. Different brands of secondary fluids on the Swedish market based on ethylene and propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, potassium formate, potassium acetate, calcium chloride and other blends are presented in the thesis. Some of the most common brands are: Eco MPG, Dowcal 200, Dowcal N, Zitrec FC, Zitrec LC, Antifrogen L, Frigogel Neo, Heliogel CS80, Brineol MPG, Glytherm 20, Zitre MC, Dowcal 100, Antifrogen N, Neutragel Neo, Brineol MEG, Glytherm 10, Antifrogen Sol HT, Freezium, Hycool, Antifrogen KF, Brine 25, Swedbrine 25, Brenntag KBS, Brineol Bioethanol, E-Therm KBS Bio, Thermol, Zitrec S, Temper, Pekasol 50, Pekasol 2000, Greenway RTU, Greenway Heat Pump -30, greenway Solar -30, Thermera R and Thermera AC. Additionally, it is important to underline that a permit for installation of ground source heat pumps in Sweden is required. Swedish laws and regulations regarding secondary fluids and ground source heat pumps are complex and difficult to overview on municipalities’ levels.

A significant part of the environmental impact of a heat pump isgenerally related to the direct emission of the refrigerant fluid during thelife time of the machine. Although the Montreal Protocol has alreadylargely secured its status as a success story by cutting the ozone deplentationrefrigerants drastically, we still have to deal with the challengesresulting from climate change.Natural refrigerants such as Propane permits to design more ecofriendlysystem without sacrificing the performance of the machine. Thethesis work is part of a European project called Next Generation of HeatPumps working with Natural fluids (NxtHPG) whose primary aim is thedevelopment of heat pumps working with Natural refrigerant that aresafe, reliable, with high efficiency and high capacity. Royal Institute oftechnology (KTH) is one of the partner of the project and responsiblefor the experimental campaign of two large propane heat pumps: an airsource heat pump (Case 1 ) and a ground source heat pump suitablefor boreholes (Case 2 ). Few cases in literature report on studies aboutlarge capacity heat pumps using propane as refrigerant.This thesis project focuses on the experimental evaluation of theCase 2 from an energy point view. The safety issues about the use of flammable refrigerant, i.e propane, are briefly reported; however theyare not considered strictly part of the thesis work since they are coveredin other phases of NxtHPG project. Experimental tests for Case 1 werenot conducted during this thesis work because of delays in the prototypedelivery from the manufacturer. However, concerns about the hydraulicloop of the test rig of both the heat pumps was identified and a newdesign was suggested and implemented.During the experimental campaign for Case 2 a significant numberof tests were performed according to a specific text matrix definedfrom the EN 14285 standard. A simple heat pump model has beenused to evaluate the overall performance of the machine from the directmeasurements. The heat pump components (compressors, condenser,evaporator, expansion valve) have been analysed in details by definingspecific analysis model for each one. The results have been comparedwith the manufacture expectation.The prototypes demonstrated to have potentially very good performance,since in the first set of tests the machine behaved as expectedby the IMST-ART software. On the other hand, a drop of the unitefficiency and capacity have been registered during the experimentalcampaign for similar working condition. Two different explanations areinvestigated to clarify the strange phenomenon. The first hypothesisconsiders minor internal damage in the compressor, as check valve leakage;consequence of the use of the compressor in a tandem layout. Itgenerates a back-flow in the non working compressor. The second explanationregards inert gas infiltration in the system. On the otherhand they are not able to explain entirely the system issues and theyneed to be confirmed by the manufacturer analysis of the open compressor.The further improvements, proposed and discussed with themanufacture companies involved, can help to solve the question markson the strange system behaviour during the future work. The nextexperimental campaign for Case 1 that will start on April 2015.The software IMST-ART, used to predict the performance of theheat pump, is demonstrated to be a fast and useful tool. The model ofthe software for propane as refrigerant and brazed plate heat exchangerpredicts adequately the experimental measurement. / Una parte significativa dell’impatto ambientale relativo a una pompadi calore è legato alle emissioni dirette di refrigerante durante ilperiodo di vita della macchina. Nonostante l’accordo di Montreal siagià stato considerato come un successo storico per il drastico taglio deirefrigeranti dannosi per lo strato di ozono, bisogna ancora fronteggiarele sfide relative al cambiamento climatico.Refrigeranti naturali, come il Propano, permettono di realizzaremacchine più ambientalmente compatibili senza però sacrificare le prestazionidella macchina stessa. Questo lavoro di tesi fa parte di unprogetto Europeo chiamato Next Generation of Heat Pumps workingwith Natural fluids (NxtHPG), in cui obiettivo primario è quello di svilupparepompe di calore che lavorano con fluidi Naturali che allo stessotempo siano sicure, affidabili, con elevata efficienza e taglia.Royal Institute of technology (KTH) è uno dei partner del progettoe anche responsabile della campagna sperimentale di due pompe dicalore a propano di grossa taglia: una pompa ad aria Case 1 e unageotermicaCase 2. Sono pochi gli esempi in letteratura che riguardanolo studio di macchine di questo tipo di grande taglia, questo costituiscela novità del lavoro.Il lavoro di tesi presentato è incentrato principalmente sulla valutazionesperimentale da un punto di vista energetico di Case 2. Leproblematiche legate alla sicurezza legate all’utilizzo di refrigeranti infiammabili,quale è il propano, sono solo citate; d’altra parte non sonoconsiderate strettamente facenti parte del lavoro di tesi in quando altrefasi del progetto NxtHPG sono incentrate su questo argomento.Misure sperimentali per Case 1 non sono state condotte durante illavoro di tesi a causa di ritardi nella consegna dei prototipi da parte dell’aziendaproduttrice. Ad ogni modo sono stati individuate problematichelegate ai circuiti idraulici dell’installazione sperimentale di entrambele pompe di calore e successivamente risolte con l’implementazione diuna nuova proposta di circuito idraulico.Durante la campagna sperimentale di Case 2, sono stati svolti undiscreto numero di misurazioni secondo una ben specifica test matrixderivata dalla normativa europea EN 14285. Un semplice modello dipompa di calore è stato utilizzato per la valutazione delle prestazionigenerali della macchina a partire dalle misurazioni dirette. I componenti della pompa di calore, quali compressore, condensatore, evaporatore,valvola di espansione, sono state analizzati separatamente definendouno specifico modello per ognuno di essi e comparato con i risultatiattesi dai produttori.Il prototipo di Case 2 dimostra avere ottime potenzialità come prestazioni,in quanto, durante il primo set di test, il comportamento dellamacchina era in linea con le previsioni del software IMST-ART. D’altraparte, durante la campagna sperimentale, si è evidenziato un fortecalo delle prestazioni nonostante le condizioni di funzionamento fosseropressoché simili. Per spiegare questa anomalia, due differenti ipotesisono state formulate. La prima assume la presenza di di deterioramentiminori nel compressore, come perdite nella valvola di non ritorno (checkvalve), conseguente ad l’utilizzo in configurazione tandem. Si genererebbeun flusso riverso di refrigerante nel compressore non funzionante.La seconda ipotesi riguarda infiltrazione di gas inerte all’interno dellamacchina. D’altra parte tali ipotesi non sono in grado di spiegareinteramente le problematicità nel sistema e hanno necessità di essereconfermate dall’analisi a compressore aperto da parte della aziendaproduttrice.Successivi perfezionamento dei prototipi sono stati proposti e discussicon le aziende produttrici coinvolte, e questo permetterebbe dirispondere ai punti di domanda riguardo lo strano comportamento delsistema. La prossima campagna sperimentale per Case 2 inizierà adAprile 2015. Il software IMST-ART, usato per predire le performancedella pompa di calore, ha dimostrato essere uno strumento veloce e utile.Il modello implementato nel software per il propano e per gli scambiatoridi calore a piatti predice adeguatamente le misure sperimentali. / Next Generation of Heat Pumps working with Natural fluids (NxtHPG)

Nowadays, Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) are more frequently acting as a main or the only device covering the building heat/cool demand. The most efficient way to extract/dissipate the low-temperature heat from/to the ground is by means of Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE). In this Master of Science Thesis various aspects related to this technology are studied, focused on summarizing the possibilities of installing this tech-nology in Poland. Borehole drilling methods used in Poland and Sweden are analyzed and the most proper and economical ones according to Polish geological structure are proposed. Approximately for 80 % of Poland the ground should be penetrated with Mud Rotary Drilling, while for the rest 20 % DTH Air or Water driven hammer should be used. Solutions of Thermal Insulated Leg (TIL) Borehole Heat Exchanger cooperation with mechanical ventilation system are proposed and simple preliminary estimations show higher Coefficient of Performance (COP) in comparison to normal, common situation, where standard U-pipe BHE works. The possibility of using a new product (Energy Capsule - EC) in Polish conditions is surveyed, found hard to prosper at Polish market according to its high costs. Profitability of Ground Source Heat Pumps with Borehole Heat Exchanger in different geological regions of Poland is investigated. After conducted simulations it occurred that Polish lowland regions are cheaper in exploita-tion, while uplands regions are less expensive at investment level. Finally, the most ef-ficient BHE conception from those currently available at market as well as recently in-vented is suggested. Annular coaxial BHE in a form of Energy Capsule seems to be the most beneficial from all designs taken into account during performed simulations because of its low price and good thermal properties.

This report is done as master thesis for the education mechanical engineering with emphasis on sustainable and innovative product development. The master thesis is done in collaboration with the company CTC which is a part of Enertech AB. The purpose of the project is to develop a new solution to their packaging of heat pumps. The methodology used to develop the new packaging is design thinking which keeps the stakeholders in focus during the whole project. The result for the new packaging is a solution based on corrugated board which is better in both a sustainable aspect, economically and overall handling of the product. The new packaging will remove the current possibility of stacking multiple heat pumps on top of each other. The new packaging will although be able to stack one pair of the outside module (EcoAir) to optimize transport capacity. The sustainability analysis is done using OpenLCA which is a free software and the analysis has been done on both the current packaging and the new packaging that is proposed during this project. The result from this life cycle assessments is that the new packaging will reduce environmental impact drastically. The new concept is also more cost efficient for the company as it will show that an investment of approximately 500 000 SEK will payoff in less than seven months with the newsolution. The new packaging can be seen as a good packaging solution for bigger products like these since there are multiple advantages to other types of packaging solutions. The new solution will be presented in the result chapter of this report with pictures of a prototype that was made during the project. The process of assembling the prototype to the heat pump is also described with both text and pictures. Background: In the background there will be some necessary information aboutthe project and about the tools that was used. The background will include someinformation about the current packaging as well. Objectives: The objectives for this thesis is to develop a new packaging for heatpumps. The new packaging will heavily rely on on sustainability and economics. Method: The methodology used for the project is a design thinking approach.Which is heavily focused on the different stakeholders. The method has many goodtools to promote new designs and innovations. Results: The result is a new packaging made out of corrugated board. The LCAindicated that the new packaging is more environmentally sustainable. The pay offcalculation displays a pay off time that translates into about six to seven months. Conclusions: The new packaging is a more resource efficient solution and the changewould be desirable as it would also result in a higher safety. To continue the work itwould need further testing as well as an extensive risk analysis. / Denna rapport är gjord som en master uppsats till utbildningen civilingenjör inom maskinteknik med inriktningen hållbar och innovativ produktutveckling. Arbetet är gjort i samarbete med CTC som är en del av Enertech AB. Syftet är att utveckla en ny lösning för att förpacka deras värmepumpar. Metoden som är vald för att genomföra projektet är Design thinking som genom hela projektet fokuserar på intressenterna som är relaterade. Resultatet av projektet är en lösning som är baserad på wellpapp som är mer hållbar, mer kostnadseffektiv och resulterar i en lättare hantering av produkten genom hela livscykeln. Det nya emballaget tar dock bort den nuvarande möjligheten att stapla många värmepumpar på varandra. Det kommer dock fortfarande gå att stapla utomhusmodulen (EcoAir) totalt två lager högt för att transporterna ska optimeras. Hållbarhetsanalysen är gjord med mjukvaran OpenLCA som är ett kostnadsfritt program och har använts tidigare i kurser på Blekinge tekniska högskola. Analysen resulterar i att det nya emballaget visar sig ha drastiskt mindre effekter på klimatförändringarna. Emballaget som denna rapport presenterar visar sig också vara mer kostnadseffektiv för Enertech och en investering på cirka 500 000 SEK kommer att vara återbetalad på under sju månader. Den nya lösningen presenteras i resultatdelen av denna rapport, där kommer även bilder på prototypen som gjordes finnas. Processen av en monteringa av emballaget är också beskrivet i både ord och bilder. Bakgrund: I bakgrunden kommer nödvändig information att presenteras, både för att kunna förstå projektet och verktygen som användes. Bakgrunden kommer även att ta upp information om det nuvarande emballaget för värmepumparna. Syfte: Syftet för detta projekt är att utveckla ett nytt emballage för värmepumpar. Det nya emballaget kommer ha mycket fokus på både miljöpåverkan och ekonomiska aspekter. Metod: Metodiken som anänds i detta projekt är ett design thinking tillvägagångssätt. Denna metodik fokuserar mycket på de olika intressenterna som är inblandade. Design thinking inkluderar flera verktyg för att främja nya idéer och tankesätt. Resultat: Resultatet för det nya emballaget är ett emballage som är tillverkat i wellpapp. Livscykelanalysen visar att det nya emballaget är mer hållbart ur en miljöaspekt. Enligt en payoff beräkning så väntas de nödvändiga investeringarnavara återbetalda efter sex till sju månader. Slutsatser: Det nya emballaget är mer resurseffektivt och ett skifte av emballage skulle vara önskvärt då det även skulle öka säkerheten för intressenterna. Framtida arbete för lösningen är fortsatta tester och en omfattande riskanalys.

Heat pumps are a key technology for decarbonising residential buildings, yet their current market share in Canada remains very low at approximately 5%. To promote heat pump adoption, governments in Canada have introduced supportive policies such as purchase subsidies, and it is often assumed that increasing consumer awareness of such policies increases heat pump adoption. Using a survey of Canadian homeowners who do not own heat pumps (n=3,138), this study assesses: (1) levels of willingness to adopt air source and ground source heat pumps across Canada; (2) the effect of information provision on willingness to adopt heat pumps, (3) levels of heat pump policy awareness across Canada; (4) whether perceived technical characteristics of heat pumps can be categorized as functional or symbolic, and as private or societal, and (5) the role of policy awareness and other drivers in explaining willingness to adopt heat pumps. The study finds that a third of Canadian homeowners are willing to adopt heat pumps. These homeowners are found predominantly within the Atlantic region and show higher levels of adoption willingness for air source rather than ground source heat pumps. Awareness of existing heat pump supportive policy is low, with only 5% of respondents able to name any policies from memory. Awareness tends to be higher in British Columbia, and for heat pump subsidies and carbon taxes. Policy awareness without cues is a predictor of willingness to adopt air source heat pumps only. When provided with a list of policies to aid reporting, policy awareness is not associated with heat pump adoption. Other significant predictors include perceptions of heat pumps’ functionality and their environmental benefits, having a technology-oriented lifestyle, being a younger homeowner, and the financial and inconvenience costs during installation. Based on findings, insights into targeted policy designs to accelerate residential building decarbonisation are provided. / Graduate