Exercise or activity in high ambient temperatures offers a particular challenge to the thermoregulatory system. It is likely that mechanisms such as sweat evaporation alone are not sufficient for maintaining body temperature within a safe limit (~36.5-38.5˚C) and below 40˚C, which may result in impaired physiological function and performance. Exogenous cooling may be of benefit prior to, during and after events that place increased thermal strain due to increased metabolic heat production and elevated environmental temperatures upon the thermoregulatory system. Conversely, in situations where it is not possible to maintain body temperature via either continued physical activity or elevated ambient temperatures, exogenous heating may be required in order to allow optimal physiological performance. Few studies have directly aligned cooling devices with data detailing effective target regions for cooling to allow a pre-cooling garment to be of minimal weight but maximal cooling efficiency. Conversely, no study has considered the effect of muscle temperature maintenance during rest periods on subsequent power-based activities. The aim of this thesis was to determine ways in which body temperature manipulation is capable of improving exercise performance in both power and endurance-based events. It was hypothesised that the manipulation of body temperature will result in subsequent changes in body temperature that would improve performance. Specifically, the use of pre-cooling would result in a reduction of body temperature and improve endurance exercise performance. Conversely, maintaining Tm following warm up completion would have a beneficial effect on sprint and power related performance. Study one set out to determine differences in regional body heat loss in 12 individual anatomical zones using a water perfused suit. Data obtained from this initial study allowed for the specific targeting of regions that were identified as having high rates of heat loss in subsequent studies that focused on pre-cooling and performance. The anatomical regions identified as having high potential affinity for heat exchange with the surrounding environment and cooling devices were the hands, forearms, upper and lower back and torso. Subsequent studies demonstrated that cooling of these areas was capable of lowering thermal sensation and improving thermal comfort prior to and during exercise in moderate environmental conditions (24˚C, 50% RH). In these moderate conditions, there was no statistically significant improvement in treadmill based self-paced 5000m running performance. However, in hot conditions (35˚C 50% RH), the use of a cooling vest and sleeves did yield a significant improvement in cycling time trial performance, which equated to 4.8%. This leads to the suggestion that there may be a threshold ambient temperature, above which pre-cooling becomes an important tool in maximizing performance potential. A parallel area of investigation, on the other side of the temperature spectrum, was the effect of muscle temperature manipulation on power-based exercise performance. The relationship between increased muscle temperature and power output is well established, however little is known about the effect of enforced rest or recovery between two bouts of exercise. Therefore, two studies were conducted to establish what affect a delay between warm up completion and exercise has on muscle temperature and subsequent sprint cycling performance. It was shown that with 30-minutes of rest between exercise bouts wearing tracksuit trousers, muscle temperature declined significantly (~1-1.5˚C). This decline was attenuated with the use of external passive electrical heating during the recovery compared to recovery completed in tracksuit trousers alone. The attenuated decline in muscle temperature following the use of the heated trousers resulted in an improvement in sprint cycling performance (~9%), with the use of insulated trousers having no effect on any variables measured, all relative to wearing tracksuit trousers in the rest period. In a follow-up study, the effect of implementing the heated trousers during the warm up and in addition to the rest period had on muscle temperature increase and sprint performance. A secondary area of investigation in this study was to determine the linearity of muscle temperature decline following warm up cessation. This study demonstrated that there was no additional benefit of combining passive heating with an active warm up on either muscle temperature elevations or subsequent sprint performance compared to the active warm up alone. It was shown that when the no heating was used at any stage, muscle temperature declined exponentially. However, when the heated trousers were used during recovery and/or during warm up, muscle temperature levelled off at a higher value towards the end of the recovery period. This study was also able to show significant improvements in absolute, relative and mean power output following the use of the heated trousers in the warm up and recovery, or the recovery alone. This thesis has identified ways in which body temperature may be manipulated in order to benefit both sprint and endurance exercise performance, using both pre-cooling and active heating. A novel concept for minimizing muscle temperature decline during periods of inactivity between different rounds of competition was shown to maximize sprint performance yielding significant improvements in peak and mean power outputs.

O apelo estético da odontologia moderna tem impulsionado a busca por materiais cerâmicos de alto desempenho estético e mecânico. Este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de fibras cerâmicas de alumina/aluminato de gadolínio (Al2O3/GdAlO3) obtidas por meio de fusão a laser (laser heated pedestal growth LHPG) e a sua aplicação como reforço de materiais odontológicos. Os pedestais foram obtidos a partir da mistura dos pós precursores (óxido de gadolínio (Gd2O3) e óxido de alumínio (Al2O3) pré-sinterizados para a obtenção de fibras de Al2O3/GdAlO3 de 0,8 mm de diâmetro médio. Variou-se: a velocidade de puxamento das fibras de 48mm/h a 240mm/h, em pedestais de composição eutética; e em outro grupo a composição dos pedestais (da composição eutética (23 mol% de Gd2O3 e 77 mol% de Al2O3) a 5 % (em peso) de excesso de Al2O3), puxadas com velocidade fixa de 96 mm/h. A melhor condição de obtenção da fibra foi com a velocidade de puxamento de 240mm/h que forneceu fibras com 0,6m de espaçamento médio entre as fases e 1790 MPa de resistência à flexão. Quando as fibras foram aplicadas como reforço de porcelana odontológica houve um aumento da resistência à flexão de 91MPa para 218MPa. Por meio desta metodologia, observou-se que as fibras cerâmica de Al2O3/GdAlO3 apresentaram elevado desempenho mecânico e compatibilidade com porcelanas odontológicas que indicam uma grande potencialidade de uso como reforço estrutural de cerâmicas odontológicas. / The esthetic appeal of modern Dentistry has prompted the search for ceramic materials with high esthetic and mechanical performance. This research aimed at the development of Al2O3/GdAlO3 ceramic fibers, obtained by laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) and its application as reinforcement of dental materials. Pedestals were obtained from the mixture of precursor powders (Gd2O3 e Al2O3), pre-sintered to form Al2O3/ GdAlO3 fibers with average diameter of 0,8 mm. Variables were: fiber pulling rates (in pedestals of eutectic composition): from 48 mm/h to 240 mm/h; and pedestal composition: from eutectic composition (23 mol% of Gd2O3 and 77 mol% of Al2O3) to 5 wt% of excess Al2O3, pulled at 96 mm/h. The best results were obtained with a pulling rate of 240 mm/h, which originated fibers with average distance between phases of 0.6 m and three-point bending flexural strength of 1790 MPa. When fibers were used as re-enforcement of dental porcelain (Cerabien- Noritake), an increase in flexural strength from 91 MPa to 218 MPa was obtained. The methods employed in this study allowed the observation that Al2O3/GdAlO3 ceramic fibers presented high mechanical performance and compatibility with dental porcelain, indicating a significant potential as re-enforcement of dental ceramics for infrastructure.

Rapid development of fiber-optic communications network requirements increasing in recent years, The WDM technology and invention of anhydrous optical fiber open the possibility for optical fiber transmission bands broaden form 1.3 £gm to 1.6 £gm. Chromium doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal fiber has characteristic of 300 nm broadband. Therefore, it¡¦s strongly desirable to develop a broadband fiber amplifier, laser or other active components for extending the flexibility of system architecture design in optical fiber communication. A few-mode chromium doped yttrium aluminum garnet double-clad crystalline fibers has been demonstrated by employing a modified version of LHPG technique, means using silica-YAG crystal co-drawing and multiple core-tuning process by precisely controlled inter-diffusion between YAG core and silica tube. In this thesis, electron probe x-ray micro-analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to confirm this fiber structure and composition. This fiber has gross gain about 2.3 dB with dual pumped by few hundred mini Watt. Significantly reduce the pump power threshold. Compared with the last large core size, few-mode (small core size) chromium doped yttrium aluminum garnet double-clad crystalline fibers has lower heat effect and higher power efficiency. To enhance the optical properties towards few modes or even single mode, not only reduce the transmission loss, but improve the device efficiency. Key words: Laser heated pedestal growth, Cr4+:YAG, Double-clad Crystal Fiber, gain

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Spray cooling is a high heat removal technique which has been used widely in many industries, especially metallurgical, where the control of the temperatures of metals is an important factor to obtain the desired microstructure; and also in microelectronics where is very important to obtain high heat fluxes at relatively low surface temperatures. In this study, an open loop spray cooling system has been fabricated to provide an upward-facing spray over a 12 mm diameter test surface. A full cone spray nozzle was used to deliver deionized water to the test surface at five pressures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 psi), and at three different distances to the test surface (3, 7 and 12 mm). The volumetric flow rate at the surface used in the experiments depended on both the pressures and the distances. For a distance of 3 mm and 7 mm, the volumetric flow rate range from 336.6 to 627 ml/min while for 12 mm, the range was from 336.6 to 484.28 ml/min. Heat fluxes of 1.92 to 451 W/cm2, 2.1 to 417.3 W/cm2 and 1.9 to 409.5 W/cm2 for distances of 3, 7 and 12 mm respectively were registered at different input power levels. For all the three distances, the volumetric flow rate affects the heat flux, especially for 3 mm; and this effect decreases for higher distances. However, the distance between the nozzle and the test surface has little effect on the heat flux at low pressures but at higher pressures, the difference in heat flux is mainly due to the fact that part of the spray does not impinge the test surface.

This work presents the novel applications of heated AFM tip in nanolithography. Different strategies were investigated for patterning materials using heated AFM tip. New materials were developed for these new nanolithography methods. Simulation and modeling work was done to further understand the heat transfer and chemical reactions involved in the thermal writing process. The selective thermal decomposition of polymer was the first thermal patterning method we¡¯ve investigated. A couple of different sacrificial polymers were used as the writing materials. Among these materials, the cross-linked amorphous polycarbonate (CPC-IV) was the best material for this application. The effect of cross-linking density on the performance of the material was investigated. A novel 3D thermal writing technology was developed by using cross-linked polymer as the writing material. A combined method utilizing the heated cantilever probe to pattern a polymer masking layer that can serve as a template for area selective atomic layer deposition techniques was developed. Another thermal probe nanolithography method, thermal probe top surface imaging, was also developed. In this method, the heated AFM tip was used to generate functional groups on the polymer surface, and ALD was used to selectively deposit TiO2 on the surface where contains those functional groups. A new poly (hydroxyl styrene) based copolymer was developed for this method. We also investigated self assembly monolayers (SAMs) as the thermal writing material. Two different SAMs were investigated. One the APTES and the other one is THP-MPTES. We demonstrated that the APTES can be patterned using thermal AFM probe, and other materials can be selectively deposited on the patterned APTES SAMs. Thermal AFM probe was used to selectively generate thiol groups from THP-MPTES SAMs, and then use these thiol groups to guide the deposition AuNPs. Some simulation and modeling works were also done to further understand these processes. FemLab was used to analyze the heat transfer in the thermal cantilever and between the heated tip and substrate. Based on kinetics of polymer thermal decomposition, we built a simple model for the selective thermal decomposition nanolithography. The experimental results can be very well fitted by this model.

Submitted by ALAN LIMA VIEIRA null (alan.vieira@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-23T00:12:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação ALAN LIMA VIEIRA.pdf: 3306402 bytes, checksum: bb2ced7b7ded44be46ee02b3cbf5db60 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-23T13:36:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_al_me_araiq.pdf: 3306402 bytes, checksum: bb2ced7b7ded44be46ee02b3cbf5db60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-23T13:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_al_me_araiq.pdf: 3306402 bytes, checksum: bb2ced7b7ded44be46ee02b3cbf5db60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estabelecer procedimentos simples, rápidos, eficientes e com preparo de amostras de baixo custo para determinar elementos em amostras de carne é um aspecto relevante para fins nutricionais e de saúde. Por esta razão, um sistema de digestão com aquecimento condutivo em frasco fechado (CHDS), foi avaliado recentemente para a decomposição de amostras “in natura” de músculo, fígado e rim (bovino, suíno e frango) visando a determinação de macronutrientes (Ca, Mg, Na, K, S e P), micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se e Zn) e contaminantes inorgânicos (As, Cd, Cr e Pb) por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES) e espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-MS). O aperfeiçoamento feito no CHDS foi planejado para melhorar a segurança, a praticidade e a robustez do sistema. Entre elas destaca-se a adaptação de um pistão a gás na tampa do gabinete de digestão; isolamento dos frascos no interior do gabinete de digestão; tampa de Teflon com sistema simples de alívio de pressão ao fim da decomposição sem manuseio do frasco. A precisão foi avaliada analisando três materiais de referência certificados digeridos pelo CHDS. As recuperações para Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, K, S, P e Zn determinados por ICP OES, variaram entre 85 a 106%. Para As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Pb e Se determinados por ICP-MS, foram obtidas recuperações entre 92 a 110%. A eficiência da digestão também foi avaliada pela determinação do teor de carbono residual, que variou de 10 a 12% m m-1. Quando as amostras de carne foram digeridas usando o CHDS, os resultados para Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, K, S, P e Zn determinados por ICP OES e para As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Pb e Se determinados por ICP-MS foram concordantes com aqueles obtidos após digestão ácida assistida por radiação micro-ondas em frasco fechado (MW-AD). Ao utilizar o CHDS, os limites de quantificação foram similares aos obtidos com a MW-AD para todos os analitos. O CHDS é capaz de digerir 800 mg de amostra de carne “in natura” utilizando 2 mL de HNO3 e 1 mL H2O2. O procedimento proposto foi capaz de atender a Instrução Normativa da Secretária de Defesa Agropecuária (SDA) nº 13 que trata do monitoramento de resíduos e contaminantes em carnes para As, Cd e Pb. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo estendem as aplicações do CHDS para amostras com maior teor de gordura, tais como músculo, fígado e rim. Este sistema de digestão simples e de baixo custo pode ser utilizado para preparar amostras para determinação subsequente de um grande número de elementos por espectrometria de ICP, incluindo espécies voláteis, tais como, As, Cd e Se. / Establishing simple, fast, efficient and low-cost sample preparation procedures to determine elements in meat samples is a relevant aspect for nutritional and health purposes. For this reason, the recently proposed closed-vessel conductivelyheated digestion system (CHDS) was evaluated for the decomposition of muscle, liver and kidney (cattle, pigs and chickens) samples fresh aiming for the determination of macronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, K, S and P), micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se and Zn) and inorganic contaminants (As, Cd, Cr and Pb) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The optimization of the CHDS was planned to improve safety, practicality and robustness such as adaptation of a gas piston in the digestion cabinet cover, isolation of vessels inside the digestion cabinet and a Teflon cap with a simple pressure relief system in the end of the decomposition without handling the vessel. The accuracy was evaluated by analyzing three certified reference materials digested by the CHDS. Recoveries for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, K, S, P and Zn determinations by ICP OES varied from 85 to 106%. For As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Pb and Se determinations by ICP-MS, recoveries within the 92-110% were obtained. The digestion efficiency was also evaluated by determining the residual carbon content, which varied from 10 to 12% m m-1. When fresh meat samples were digested using the CHDS, results for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, K, S, P and Zn determinations by ICP OES and for As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Pb and Se determinations by ICP-MS were in agreement with those obtained after closed-vessel microwave-acid digestion (MW-AD). When using the CHDS, limits of quantification were similar to those obtained with the MW-AD for all analytes. The CHDS enabled the digestion of 800 mg of fresh meat with 2 mL of HNO3 and 1 ml of H2O2. The proposed procedure was able to attend the normative instruction of agricultural defense secretary SDA N°. 13 for As, Cd and Pb. The results obtained in this study extend the applications of the CHDS to samples with higher contents of fat such as muscle, liver and kidney. This simple and low-cost digestion system can be used to prepare samples for subsequent determination of a large number of elements by ICP spectrometry, including volatile species such as As, Cd and Se.

Les effets des transferts radiatifs sur les écoulements de convection naturelle sont étudiés en régimes transitionnel et turbulent. On considère des mélanges air/H2O/CO2 confinés dans des cavités cubiques différentiellement chauffées. Des simulations numériques de référence sont entreprises jusqu'à Ra=3x108 en couplant une méthode spectrale de collocation pour l'écoulement et une méthode de lancer de rayons, associée à un modèle ADF, pour le rayonnement. Pour l'étude du régime turbulent, une modélisation des transferts radiatifs basée sur un filtrage spatial est proposée : les contributions filtrées sont résolues par la méthode de lancer de rayons sur un maillage lâche et les contributions de sous-maille sont résolues de manière analytique dans l'espace de Fourier. Ce modèle est combiné à la simulation numérique directe de l'écoulement à Ra=3x109. Les transferts radiatifs ont pour effet de diminuer la stratification thermique verticale et d’augmenter la circulation générale. Lorsque les six parois de la cavité sont noires et le gaz transparent, deux zones de stratification thermique instable apparaissent en amont des couches limites verticales. Dès Ra=5x106, une instabilité de type Rayleigh-Bénard se développe dans ces zones, induisant des écoulements instationnaires. Lorsque les parois adiabatiques sont parfaitement réfléchissantes, les parois isothermes noires et le gaz rayonnant, des écoulements instationnaires chaotiques sont obtenus à partir de Ra=3x107. Des rouleaux contra-rotatifs à la sortie des couches limites verticales sont observés, ce qui suggère qu'une instabilité de force centrifuge soit responsable de la transition. / Radiative transfer effects on natural convection flows are investigated in transitional and turbulent regimes. Air/H2O/CO2 mixtures contained in cubical differentially heated cavities are considered. Benchmark numerical simulations are carried out up to Ra=3x108 by coupling a spectral collocation method for the flow and a ray tracing method, associated with an ADF model, for radiation. In order to study the turbulent regime, a radiative transfer model based on spatial filtering is proposed: filtered contributions are solved with the ray tracing method on a coarse grid and sub-grid contributions are obtained analytically in Fourier space. This model is combined with the direct numerical simulation of the flow at Ra=3x109. The effects of radiative transfer are a decrease of the vertical thermal stratification and an increase of the flow driven in the cavity. When the six cavity walls are black and the gas is transparent, two unstably stratified zones appear upstream the vertical boundary layers. From Ra=5x106, a Rayleigh-Bénard type instability in these zones triggers the unsteadiness. When the adiabatic walls are perfectly reflecting, the isothermal walls are black and the gas is participating, unsteady chaotic flows are obtained in this case from Ra=3x107. Counter rotating rolls at the exit of the vertical boundary layers are observed, which suggests that transition to unsteadiness is due to centrifugal forces.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux réponses comportementales des poissonsd’un grand fleuve aménagé aux variations fréquentes et contrastées de l’environnement (débit,température et photopériode), de manière à comprendre (1) comment les poissons réagissent àces variations et (2) s’ils ont mis en place des stratégies comportementales en réponse à cesvariations.Le jeu de données comportementales utilisé dans cette thèse est issu d’un suivi télémétriquede 89 jours permettant l’enregistrement en continu de positions de 61 poissons, dont 23barbeaux, 19 chevaines et 11 silures. Le site d’étude est un secteur du Rhône de 2 km soumis àdes éclusées et situé au droit de la centrale nucléaire du Bugey qui rejette de l’eau échauffée enrive droite. Il est le sujet d’une modélisation hydrodynamique 2D permettant de connaitre en toutpoint du site et pour toutes valeurs du débit, les conditions abiotiques locales.De manière à connaitre la qualité des positions acquises durant le suivi télémétrique etcomprendre comment la performance du système de télémétrie est susceptible de varier au coursdu suivi des déplacements de poissons, la précision de ce système a été préalablement étudiéedans cette thèse. Pour la meilleure des combinaisons de variables intrinsèques possibles, laprobabilité de détection varie de 0 à 80 %, et l’erreur moyenne est de 3-5 m dans le chenal et <10 m en berges. La configuration géométrique des hydrophones situés autour de l’émetteuracoustique ajuste la probabilité de détection, alors que le réglage des paramètres de traitementdes signaux acoustiques ajuste l’erreur de positionnement.Les données de position couplées au modèle hydrodynamique ont permis de déterminer lespréférences d’habitat des poissons, leur distribution spatiale et leur mouvement en fonction desvariations de l’environnement (phases de la photopériode, valeur du débit et température del’eau). Les préférences d’habitat des trois espèces sont orientées vers des profondeurs < 1.4 m,des vitesses < 0.4 m.s-1 et un substrat grossier (plutôt caillou et pierre). La différence principaleest observée avec la température de l’eau : les cyprinidés préfèrent des températures < 22°C,alors que les silures préfèrent des températures > 23°C. Ces préférences d’habitat varientmajoritairement avec le débit puisque les trois espèces préfèrent à débit élevé (> 630 m3.s-1) deshabitats ayant des caractéristiques physiques hydrauliquement moins contraignantes(profondeurs et vitesses moins importantes et un substrat plus grossier). La photopériode agitprincipalement sur le mouvement des poissons (les barbeaux sont crépusculaires, les chevainesdiurnes et les silures nocturnes) alors que le débit et la température modifient la distributionspatiale des espèces. Les cyprinidés utilisent très peu la zone échauffée (< 10 % du temps) alorsque les silures passent ~ 55 % de leur temps dans cette zone. Lors des heures de débit élevé, lespoissons utilisent majoritairement les berges et exploitent rarement le chenal. Enfin, les variablesenvironnementales agissent de manière combinée sur le comportement des poissons, parexemple pour les cyprinidés qui profitent des débits faibles durant leurs phases d’activité pourexploiter temporairement des habitats devenus accessibles.Les poissons du Bugey ont donc mis en place des stratégies comportementales baséesessentiellement sur une utilisation importante des zones de berge qui leur permettent de réaliserla majorité de leurs fonctions vitales. Les différentes espèces présentent une grande fidélité àquelques habitats clé qu’ils utilisent fréquemment tout au long de la journée, mais qu’ils peuventquitter durant certaines combinaisons de variations environnementales / In this thesis, we studied the behavioral responses of fish to contrasting variations of theenvironment (flow, temperature and photoperiod) in order to understand (1) how fish react tothese changes and (2) if they have developed behavioral strategies in response to thesevariations.The behavioral data set used in this thesis comes from a continuous telemetry monitoringrealized during 89 days and recording positions of 61 fish of which 23 of barbel, 19 chub and 11catfish. The study site is an area of 2 km of the Rhone River subject to hydropeaking and locatedfront of the Bugey nuclear power plant that generates water heated on the right bank. The studysite is the subject of a 2D hydrodynamic modeling to know, at any point of the site and for allflow values, the local abiotic conditions.In order to know the quality of positions acquired during telemetric monitoring and how theperformance of the telemetry system is likely to vary during the monitoring of fish movements,the accuracy of this system has been previously studied in this thesis. To the best of possiblecombinations of intrinsic variables, the probability of detection varies from 0 to 80%, and theaverage error is 3-5 m in the channel and <10 m in banks. The geometrical configuration of thehydrophones located around the acoustic transmitter adjusts the probability of detection, whilethe setting of processing acoustic signals parameters adjusts the positioning error.The position data coupled with the hydrodynamic model were used to determine the habitatpreferences of fish, their spatial distribution and their movement, in response to changes in theenvironment (phases of photoperiod, water temperature and flow value). Habitat preferences ofthe three species are referred to depths <1.4 m, velocities <0.4 m.s-1 and coarse substrate (ratherrock and stone). The main difference is observed with the water temperature: cyprinids prefertemperatures <22 ° C, while catfish prefer temperatures> 23 ° C. These habitat preferences varymainly with the flow since the three species prefer during high flow (> 630 m3.s-1) habitats thatare hydraulically less stringent (lower speeds and depths and a coarser substrate). Photoperiodprimarily affects the movement of fish (barbel are crepuscular, the chub are diurnal and catfishare nocturnal) while the flow and temperature affect the spatial distribution of species. Cyprinidsuse very little the heated zone (<10% of the time) while catfish spend ~ 55% of their time in thisarea. During hours of high flow, the fish mostly use the banks and rarely exploit the channel.Finally, environmental variables acting in combination on fish behavior, such as cyprinids thatbenefit low flows during their phases of activity to exploit temporary habitats became available.Bugey fish have therefore implemented behavioral strategies based primarily on extensive useof shoreline areas that allow them to conduct most of their vital functions. The different speciesshow high fidelity to a few key habitats they use frequently throughout the day, but they canleave during certain combinations of environmental variations

O apelo estético da odontologia moderna tem impulsionado a busca por materiais cerâmicos de alto desempenho estético e mecânico. Este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de fibras cerâmicas de alumina/aluminato de gadolínio (Al2O3/GdAlO3) obtidas por meio de fusão a laser (laser heated pedestal growth LHPG) e a sua aplicação como reforço de materiais odontológicos. Os pedestais foram obtidos a partir da mistura dos pós precursores (óxido de gadolínio (Gd2O3) e óxido de alumínio (Al2O3) pré-sinterizados para a obtenção de fibras de Al2O3/GdAlO3 de 0,8 mm de diâmetro médio. Variou-se: a velocidade de puxamento das fibras de 48mm/h a 240mm/h, em pedestais de composição eutética; e em outro grupo a composição dos pedestais (da composição eutética (23 mol% de Gd2O3 e 77 mol% de Al2O3) a 5 % (em peso) de excesso de Al2O3), puxadas com velocidade fixa de 96 mm/h. A melhor condição de obtenção da fibra foi com a velocidade de puxamento de 240mm/h que forneceu fibras com 0,6m de espaçamento médio entre as fases e 1790 MPa de resistência à flexão. Quando as fibras foram aplicadas como reforço de porcelana odontológica houve um aumento da resistência à flexão de 91MPa para 218MPa. Por meio desta metodologia, observou-se que as fibras cerâmica de Al2O3/GdAlO3 apresentaram elevado desempenho mecânico e compatibilidade com porcelanas odontológicas que indicam uma grande potencialidade de uso como reforço estrutural de cerâmicas odontológicas. / The esthetic appeal of modern Dentistry has prompted the search for ceramic materials with high esthetic and mechanical performance. This research aimed at the development of Al2O3/GdAlO3 ceramic fibers, obtained by laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) and its application as reinforcement of dental materials. Pedestals were obtained from the mixture of precursor powders (Gd2O3 e Al2O3), pre-sintered to form Al2O3/ GdAlO3 fibers with average diameter of 0,8 mm. Variables were: fiber pulling rates (in pedestals of eutectic composition): from 48 mm/h to 240 mm/h; and pedestal composition: from eutectic composition (23 mol% of Gd2O3 and 77 mol% of Al2O3) to 5 wt% of excess Al2O3, pulled at 96 mm/h. The best results were obtained with a pulling rate of 240 mm/h, which originated fibers with average distance between phases of 0.6 m and three-point bending flexural strength of 1790 MPa. When fibers were used as re-enforcement of dental porcelain (Cerabien- Noritake), an increase in flexural strength from 91 MPa to 218 MPa was obtained. The methods employed in this study allowed the observation that Al2O3/GdAlO3 ceramic fibers presented high mechanical performance and compatibility with dental porcelain, indicating a significant potential as re-enforcement of dental ceramics for infrastructure.