The Heck reaction has become a fundamental reaction for synthetic organic chemists over the last half century and is utilised heavily in the fine chemical industry and for natural product synthesis. This thesis describes some of the applications of the Heck reaction to modern day organic synthesis. Introduction: This section presents an overview of the Heck reaction starting from its conception during the late 1960s to present day understanding. A variety of ligand classes are described along with commonly accepted catalytic cycles for their activity during the reaction. Results and Discussion: In the first part of the thesis, the use of a cross-metathesis/Heck reaction protocol to synthesise a range of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines is described. Attempts were made to expand the scope of the methodology by employing vinyl Weinreb amides, but this proved unsuccessful for the synthesis of pyridines. Nevertheless, the Heck reaction on vinyl Weinreb amides worked efficiently and the scope of this arylation was explored. Following on, the functionalisation of the Weinreb amide products was studied to generate a range of enone products, some of which would be difficult to synthesise via direct Heck reaction on the respective precursor enone. In the second part of the thesis, previous syntheses of inthomycin B and inthomycin C are described. The synthesis of inthomycin B and inthomycin C were then attempted using an unprecedented Mukaiyama aldol/cross-metathesis based approach to generate the triene core of both natural products.

<p>Homogeneous palladium-catalyzed Heck vinylation of aryl chlorides was investigated under air using Herrmann’s palladacycle and the P(<i>t</i>-Bu)₃-liberating salt [(<i>t</i>-Bu)₃PH]BF₄. Based on the results, controlled microwave heating was utilized to accelerate model Heck reactions with aryl chlorides down to 30 min employing an electron-poor olefin and a mixture of an ionic liquid and 1,4-dioxane as solvent.</p><p>For the first time, a highly regioselective general protocol has been developed for palladium-catalyzed terminal (β-) arylation of acyclic vinyl ethers using inexpensive aryl chlorides as starting materials and the preligand [(<i>t</i>-Bu)₃PH]BF₄ as the key additive. This swift and straightforward protocol exploits non-inert conditions and controlled microwave heating to reduce handling and processing times, and aqueous DMF or environmentally friendly PEG-200 as the reaction medium. Somewhat higher selectivity for the linear β-product was observed in PEG-200. DFT calculations were performed at the B3LYP level of theory for the regioselectivity-determining insertion step in the Heck reaction following the neutral pathway. A series of <i>para</i>-substituted phenylpalladium(II) complexes was investigated in the computational study. The calculations support a ligand-driven selectivity rationale, where the electronic and steric influence of the bulky P(<i>t</i>-Bu)₃ ligand provides improved β-selectivity. The preparative methodology was used to synthesize the β-adrenergic blocking agent Betaxolol.</p><p>Highly stereoselective Pd(0)-catalyzed β-arylation and β-vinylation of a tetra-substituted cyclopentenyl ether have been accomplished using a chiral, pyrrolidine-based and substrate-bound palladium(II)-directing group under neutral reaction conditions. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this P(<i>t</i>-Bu)₃-mediated method represents the first examples of the successful utilization of aryl and vinyl chlorides in asymmetric Heck reactions. The Heck arylation products formed were hydrolyzed and isolated as the corresponding quaternary 2-aryl-2-methyl cyclopentanones in good to moderate two-step yields with excellent stereoselectivity (90-96% ee). Inclusion of vinyl triflates under neutral reaction conditions and one aryl triflate equipped with a strongly electron-withdrawing <i>para</i>-cyano substituent under cationic conditions increased the preparative usefulness of the methodology.</p><p>Furthermore, diastereoselective Heck arylation of both five- and six-membered cyclic vinyl ethers with aryl bromides, using the identical chiral auxiliary and suitable Pd sources, was performed. Arylated products from the tetra-substituted cyclopentenyl ether were also in this case hydrolyzed to the corresponding 2-aryl-2-methyl cyclopentanones with high to excellent enantioselectivity (85-94% ee). Despite low reaction rates and relatively modest yields, arylation reactions with the tri-substituted cyclohexenyl ether were found to be highly diastereoselective (94-98% de).</p><p>Thus, an attractive supplement to direct Pd(0)-catalyzed α-arylation protocols, particularly when the use of organic chlorides, aryl bromides, and milder reaction conditions are of great importance, have been developed.</p>

Thesis advisor: Lawrence T. Scott / Carbon nanotubes are theorized to possess many extraordinary properties. To a certain extent, these properties have been demonstrated using the products of current nanotube growth technologies; however, the specific characteristics of distinct nanotube topographies remain untapped on the industrial scale. Carbon vaporization and “flame” methods produce mixtures of various nanotube chiralities and diameters. Although progress has been made, separation techniques are limited. Currently, organic synthesis and subsequent elongation of a select hydrocarbon template is the only approach that promises significant access to specific nanotube topographies without the need for separation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Homogeneous palladium-catalyzed Heck vinylation of aryl chlorides was investigated under air using Herrmann’s palladacycle and the P(t-Bu)3-liberating salt [(t-Bu)3PH]BF4. Based on the results, controlled microwave heating was utilized to accelerate model Heck reactions with aryl chlorides down to 30 min employing an electron-poor olefin and a mixture of an ionic liquid and 1,4-dioxane as solvent. For the first time, a highly regioselective general protocol has been developed for palladium-catalyzed terminal (β-) arylation of acyclic vinyl ethers using inexpensive aryl chlorides as starting materials and the preligand [(t-Bu)3PH]BF4 as the key additive. This swift and straightforward protocol exploits non-inert conditions and controlled microwave heating to reduce handling and processing times, and aqueous DMF or environmentally friendly PEG-200 as the reaction medium. Somewhat higher selectivity for the linear β-product was observed in PEG-200. DFT calculations were performed at the B3LYP level of theory for the regioselectivity-determining insertion step in the Heck reaction following the neutral pathway. A series of para-substituted phenylpalladium(II) complexes was investigated in the computational study. The calculations support a ligand-driven selectivity rationale, where the electronic and steric influence of the bulky P(t-Bu)3 ligand provides improved β-selectivity. The preparative methodology was used to synthesize the β-adrenergic blocking agent Betaxolol. Highly stereoselective Pd(0)-catalyzed β-arylation and β-vinylation of a tetra-substituted cyclopentenyl ether have been accomplished using a chiral, pyrrolidine-based and substrate-bound palladium(II)-directing group under neutral reaction conditions. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this P(t-Bu)3-mediated method represents the first examples of the successful utilization of aryl and vinyl chlorides in asymmetric Heck reactions. The Heck arylation products formed were hydrolyzed and isolated as the corresponding quaternary 2-aryl-2-methyl cyclopentanones in good to moderate two-step yields with excellent stereoselectivity (90-96% ee). Inclusion of vinyl triflates under neutral reaction conditions and one aryl triflate equipped with a strongly electron-withdrawing para-cyano substituent under cationic conditions increased the preparative usefulness of the methodology. Furthermore, diastereoselective Heck arylation of both five- and six-membered cyclic vinyl ethers with aryl bromides, using the identical chiral auxiliary and suitable Pd sources, was performed. Arylated products from the tetra-substituted cyclopentenyl ether were also in this case hydrolyzed to the corresponding 2-aryl-2-methyl cyclopentanones with high to excellent enantioselectivity (85-94% ee). Despite low reaction rates and relatively modest yields, arylation reactions with the tri-substituted cyclohexenyl ether were found to be highly diastereoselective (94-98% de). Thus, an attractive supplement to direct Pd(0)-catalyzed α-arylation protocols, particularly when the use of organic chlorides, aryl bromides, and milder reaction conditions are of great importance, have been developed.

The electronic structures and reaction mechanisms of transition-metal complexes can be calculated accurately by density functional theory (DFT) in cooperation with the continuum solvation model. The palladium catalyzed Heck reaction, iron-model complexes for cytochrome P450 and superoxide reductase (SOR), and tetrairon hexathiolate hydrogenase model were investigated. The DFT calculations on the catalytic Heck reaction (between phenyl-bromide and ethylene to form the styrene product), catalyzed by palladium diphosphine indicate a four-step mechanism: oxidative addition of C6H5Br, migratory insertion of C6H5 to C2H4, b-hydride transfer/olefin elimination of styrene product, and catalyst regeneration by removal of HBr. For the oxidative addition, the rate-determining step, the reaction through monophosphinopalladium complex is more favorable than that through either the diphosphinopalladium or ethylene-bound monophosphinopalladium. In further study, for a steric phosphine, PtBu3, the oxidative-addition barrier is lower on monopalladium monophosphine than dipalladium diphosphine whereas for a small phosphine, PMe3, the oxidative addition proceeds more easily via dipalladium diphosphine. Of the phosphine-free palladium complexes examined: free-Pd, PdBr-, and Pd(h2-C2H4), the olefin-coordinated intermediate has the lowest barrier for the oxidativeaddition. P450 and SOR have the same first-coordination-sphere, Fe[N4S], at their active sites but proceed through different reaction paths. The different ground spin states of the intermediate FeIII(OOH)(SCH3)(L) model {L = porphyrin for P450 and four imidazoles for SOR} produce geometric and electronic structures that assist i) the protonation on distal oxygen for P450, which leads to O-O bond cleavage and formation of (FeIV=O)(SCH3)(L) H2O, and ii) the protonation on proximal oxygen for SOR, which leads to (FeIII-HOOH)(SCH3)(L) formation before the Fe-O bond cleavage and H2O2 production. The hydrogen bonding from explicit waters also stabilizes FeIII-HOOH over FeIV=O H2O products in SOR. The electrochemical hydrogen production by Fe4[MeC(CH2S)3]2(CO)8 (1) with 2,6-dimethylpyridinium (LutH ) were studied by the DFT calculations of proton-transfer free energies relative to LutH and reduction potentials (vs. Fc/Fc ) of possible intermediates. In hydrogen production by 1, the second, more highly reductive, applied potential (-1.58 V) has the advantage over the first applied potential (-1.22 V) in that the more highly reduced intermediates can more easily add protons to produce H2.

No description available.

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T04:40:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_KarenFabianeCanto_D.pdf: 2096574 bytes, checksum: b7fd48d07ff428a29ed0b7b0b0c1ad8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O primeiro capítulo deste trabalho concentra-se no estudo metodológico da reação de Heck com anidrido maleico empregando diversos sais de arenodiazônio. A reação foi investigada em diversas condições e, num primeiro momento, foi possível, utilizando acetato de paládio como catalisador, preparar uma série de anidridos maleicos mono e diarilados através da reação com sais de diazônio contendo grupos doadores de elétrons. Também investigou-se a reação empregando sais de diazônio contendo grupos retiradores de elétrons, entretanto, com o sistema catalítico utilizado inicialmente, não foi possível obter os correspondentes anidridos maleicos substituídos. A utilização do catalisador POPd solucionou o problema do emprego de sais de diazônio contendo grupos retiradores de elétrons. Desse modo foi possível preparar uma série de anidridos maleicos mono e diarilados, com diferentes demandas eletrônicas e padrões de substituição, em rendimentos satisfatórios. Além disso, foi possível preparar também anidridos maleicos dissubstituídos simétricos e não simétricos. Vários dos anidridos maleicos preparados apresentaram fluorescência. O segundo capítulo mostra a aplicabilidade da metodologia desenvolvida. É apresentada a síntese do alcalóide de origem marinha Policitrina A através de uma rota sintética curta, que tem como etapas chaves duas reações de Heck consecutivas com anidrido maleico empregando sal de diazônio. Neste capítulo também são mostrados os esforços visando à síntese total do alcalóide Policitrina B e a síntese formal do mesmo / Abstract: Chapter one of this work deals with methodological studies of the Heck reaction with maleic anhydride using several arenediazonium salts. Several reaction conditions were investigated and at first, it was possible by the use of palladium acetate as catalyst, to prepare a series of mono and diarylated maleic anhydrides through reaction with diazonium salts bearing electron donating groups. The reactions using diazonium salts bearing electron withdrawing groups were also investigated although, with the previous catalytic system used, the correspondent substituted maleic anhydrides weren¿t obtained. The use of POPd catalyst solved the problematic use of diazonium salts bearing electron withdrawing groups. In this way, it was possible to prepare a series of mono and diarylated maleic anhydrides, with different electron demanding conditions and substitution patterns, with satisfactory yields. Besides this, it was possible to prepare symmetric and non-symmetric bi-substituted maleic anhydrides too. Several of this maleic anhydrides prepared displayed fluorescence. Chapter two presents applications of the methodology developed in chapter one. The synthesis of marine alkaloid Polycitrin A is presented through a short synthetic route which has as key steps two consecutive Heck reactions with maleic anhydride using diazonium salt. Efforts towards total synthesis of alkaloid Polycitrin B as well as its formal synthesis are also shown in this chapter / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T03:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_KeziaPeixotoda_D.pdf: 3885447 bytes, checksum: c1e76b6f7330c1ac6f030347c8be0e06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O estudo das reações de arilação de Heck utilizando como olefina, uma desidroprolina quiral, tendo como grupos de arilação vários sais de arenodiazônio, leva a formação de uma série de 4-aril-2-desidroprolinas de grande interesse biológico. A aplicação de sais de diazônio nesta reação oferece diversas vantagens sobre a Heck tradicional, tais como condições suaves de reação e livres de fosfinas, além do curto tempo de reação. Nosso interesse nessa reação deriva na aplicação sintética de análogos do ácido acromélico, que vem a ser um composto de origem natural fortemente neuroexcitatório. A reação de arilação de Heck da 3-desidroprolina quiral foi obtida em ótimos rendimentos usando vários sais de tetrafluoroboratos arildiazônios, tendo duas condições de reação com acetonitrila-água ou em metanol; os dois métodos usam condições suaves livres de fosfinas. Realizamos um estudo comparativo com as reações de Heck tradicionais que utilizam como agentes arilantes haletos ou triflatos de arila. Nas condições tradicionais testadas (Jeffery, Crisp e Fu), apenas a reação nas condições de Jeffery levou à formação do produto de Heck, porém em muito baixo rendimento. O composto o-anisilado, análogo do acido acromélico que apresentou maior atividade neuroexcitatória, pode ser obtido a partir do composto vindo da reação de arilação de Heck por uma seqüência de reações que envolvem uma reação conjugada de Michael, selenilação e posterior eliminação oxidativa. Em seguida as reações de hidrogenação, descarboxilação, epimerização do centro em C-2 levaram ao produto desejado protegido dos ácidos acromélicos após 13 etapas e com um rendimento global de 8% a partir da 4-trans-hidroxi-prolina. Comparação dos dados espectrais da literatura e do valor de [a]D dos análogos do ácido acromélico obtidos comprovaram a formação dos adutos da Heck, as 4-aril-2-desidroprolinas, de forma altamente régio e estereosseletiva / Abstract: The Heck arylation of chiral 3-dehydroprolines using various aryldiazonium salt resulted in the formation of a series of 4-aryl-dehydroprolines of potential biological interest. The application of aryldiazonium salt in this arylation reaction offers several advantages over traditional Heck reactions such as mild reactions conditions of phosphine-free conditions and shorter reaction times. The 4-aryl-dehydroprolines were envisioned as potential precursors for the synthesis of a number of acromelic acid analogues, a potent neuroexcitatory neurotransmitter. The Heck arylation reaction of chiral 3-dehydroprolines was obtained in high yields under two basic protocols using acetonitrile-water or methanol as solvent; both methods use mild and phosphine-free conditions. A comparative study was designed involving the Heck arylation of 3-dehydroprolines using traditional electrophiles, such as aryltriflates and arylhalides. Among the traditional conditions tested (Jeffery, Crisp and Fu) only the conditions of Jeffery resulted in the formation of the Heck adduct, in rather low yields. The o-methoxyphenyl acromelic acid analogue, which displays high neuroexcitatory activity, was obtained from a Heck adduct by a sequence of reations involving Michael addition, selenylation and oxidative deselenylation. Next, catalytic hydrogenation, decarboxylation, and epimerization resulted in the desired protected analogue of the acromelic acid after 13 steps and with an overall yield of 8% from 4-trans-hydroxyproline. Comparison of the spectral data obtained for the compound synthesized herein and those published in the literature confirmed the structure of the acromelic acid analogue, including its absolute stereochemistry / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:17:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Machado_AngeloHenriquedeLira_D.pdf: 4915983 bytes, checksum: 89834cce52979553f868c0a1e9937eba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A reação entre n-butilviniléter e vários sais de arenodiazônio mediada por paládio (0) foi metodologicamente investigada neste trabalho. O sistema catalítico empregado baseou-se naquele descrito por T. Matsuda e colaboradores onde a fonte de paládio é o complexo Pd2dba3.dba, acetonitrila é o solvente e acetato de sódio atua como base. As reações se deram à temperatura ambiente e os rendimentos variaram em função da natureza eletrônica do sal de arenodiazônio sendo que aqueles com grupos doadores de elétrons ligados no anel aromático levaram a rendimentos de até 90% e aqueles com substituintes retiradores de elétrons ligados ao anel aromático não conduziram aos produtos de arilação desejados. A seletividade para o produto de arilação na posição a do butilviniléter também se mostrou dependente da natureza eletrônica do substituinte ligado ao anel aromático do sal de diazônio. Estes procedimentos não conduziram aos produtos de arilação de enamidas e enecarbamatos acíclicos. Tentativas de uso de carbenos N-heterocíclicos como ligantes para reação destas olefinas também se mostraram frustradas. As espécies envolvidas no ciclo catalítico dos procedimentos otimizados para o butilviniléter foram detectadas e identificadas por técnicas de espectrometria de massas (ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS) e ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN¹H, RMN¹³C, NOESY e PFGSE). A reação entre um íon N-acilimínio com carboníla endocíclica e 2-fenil-[1,3,2]- dioxaborolano foi investigada e o procedimento levou majoritariamente à formação do produto de transesterificação do ácido borônico com álcool de partida. Apesar das alterações realizadas nas condições experimentais, o produto desejado, cis-2-fenil-3- hidróxi-N-benzilpirrolidona, foi apenas detectado como componente minoritário de uma mistura de dióis provenientes da hidrólise do precursor do íon N-acilimínio (2% CG) / Abstract; The reaction between n-butylvinylether and arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates mediated by palladium (0) was methodologically investigated in this work. The catalytic system described by T. Matsuda and co-workers (Pd2dba3.dba, NaOAc and acetonitrile at room temperature) were optimized after screening of the solvent, base, palladium and base concentration, temperature and reaction time. Arenediazonium salt with EDG yields the best results. EWG causes the suppression of the catalytic activity. The regioselectivity (Ca vs Cb arylation) was also evaluated and shows the same dependence with respect to the electronic nature of the arenediazonium salts. The best results (Ca/Cb > 99:1) were obtained to EDG containing arenediazonium salts. The optimized reaction conditions to enolether arylation don¿t yield the desired products to acyclic enamides and enecarbamates. Attempts to use of N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands to yield the desired acyclic enamides e enecarbamates arylation failed. The species involved in the catalytic cycle of optimized catalytic system for the butylvinylether were detected and identified by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS and ESIMS/ MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN¹H, RMN¹³C, NOESY and PFGSE). The role of dba and acetate anion was also understudied. The reaction between an endocyclic carbonyl N-acyliminium ion and 2-phenyl-[1,3,2]-dioxaborolane was investigated. Instead the desired cis-2-phenyl-3- hydroxy-N-benzylpyrrolidone, only detected by gas chromatography, the reaction yields a chiral 2-phenyl-[1,3,2]-dioxaborolane formed by the transestherification reaction between the starting materials. Attempts to improve the formation of the desired product by change the reaction conditions failed / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Carlos Roque Duarte Correia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarceloRodriguesdos_M.pdf: 3262231 bytes, checksum: bb662dc4c97ef3d912795cf1e9624aad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Produtos naturais são uma rica fonte de compostos de valor medicinal, e também têm inspirado a confecção de agentes não-naturais de grande importância farmacêutica. A relação da estrutura com a atividade biológica do produto natural pode servir como inspiração para o cientista. Nesse sentido, a (-)-isoaltolactona serviu de modelo para a síntese da (-)-aza-isoaltolactona, seu aza-análogo. Em nossa estratégia sintética, a reação de arilação de Heck é a etapa chave, na qual ocorre o acoplamento do tetrafluoroborato de benzenodiazônio com um enecarbamato endocíclico rico eletronicamente. O enecarbamato endocíclico foi eficientemente obtido a partir do ácido L-piroglutâmico em quatro etapas, com rendimento de 58%. A arilação de Heck mostrou ser dependente das características eletrônicas da olefina bem como do sal de arildiazônio. Essa dependência é refletida também na seletividade observada. Neste trabalho, a primeira síntese total da (-)-aza-isoaltolactona foi realizada em 13 etapas com rendimento global de 7% a partir do ácido L-piroglutâmico. / Abstract: Natural products are a rich source of medicinal compounds, and have also inspired the design of non-natural product of relevant pharmaceutical importance. The structure-activity relationship in natural product are an interesting area for research. In this work, we describe the synthesis of (-)-aza-isoaltholactone, an analogous of the (-)-isoaltolactone. The synthetical strategy, uses a Heck arylation reaction was the key step, involving the coupling the benzenediazonium tetrafluorborate salt with an electron rich endocyclic enecarbamate. The endocyclic enecarbamate was eficiently obtained fron L-pyroglutamic acid in four steps, with 58% overall yield. The Heck reaction showed dependence on the olefin electronic characteristics as well as on the arenediazonium salt. This dependence is also reflected on the observed selectivity. In this work, the first total synthesis of (-)-aza-isoaltholactone was accomplished in 13 steps with 7% overall yield from L-pyroglutamic acid. / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química