Atualmente, a questão das drogas tem ganhado cada vez mais atenção no debate público, tendo em vista, sobretudo, o paradigma da \"epidemia do crack\" e as intervenções ocorridas nas denominadas \"Cracolândias\". Nesta perspectiva, estereótipos e discursos sociais hegemônicos a respeito do uso/usuário de drogas aparecem como meio de controle de políticas públicas e práticas sociais, culminando, muitas vezes, na adoção de medidas discriminatórias, desprovidas de evidências científicas e contrárias às diretrizes pautadas na tutela dos direitos humanos. Além disso, tal influência não se limita ao \"senso comum\", alcançado também profissionais de diversas áreas, dentre os quais os operadores do Direito. Neste sentido, o preconceito e a discriminação advindos dos estereótipos podem funcionar como barreiras ao acesso a tratamentos adequados, legitimando medidas que, na verdade, corroboram para a exclusão social e que não possuem eficácia comprovada, dentre as quais destacamos a internação compulsória. E, tendo em vista essa conjunção de fatores, o Poder Judiciário aparece como um agente importante na concessão desta medida, o que ocorre, muitas vezes, de maneira irrefletida e em total desarmonia com os direitos fundamentais. Dessa forma, fica evidente o modo como os estereótipos constituem uma questão essencial quando pensamos na consolidação de direitos humanos. É justamente nesta perspectiva que se insere a presente dissertação, que objetiva compreender o modo como os estereótipos e discursos hegemônicos a respeito do uso/usuário de drogas influenciam as decisões judiciais de internação compulsória - e até mesmo a sua adoção como política pública - e a tutela dos direitos humanos desse grupo estigmatizado. Para tanto, trabalharemos com o conceito de estereótipo e suas consequências em termos de preconceito e discriminação, em conjunto com a influência dos discursos sociais na consolidação de determinadas práticas em detrimento de outras. Posteriormente, apresentaremos os principais estereótipos e narrativas a respeito do uso/usuário de drogas, o que foi feito com base em uma revisão da literatura. Ainda com base nessa revisão, exporemos a posição à qual nos filiamos, ressaltando a necessidade de políticas públicas que se pautem em evidências e se mostrem em consonância com os direitos fundamentais. Por fim, a partir de uma análise de julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo, em ações de internação compulsória, refletiremos sobre as consequências dos estereótipos e discursos anteriormente mencionados no âmbito do Poder Judiciário e da tutela de direitos, o que nos mostrou a necessidade iminente de o Direito levar em conta a influência de fatores até então negligenciados - como os estereótipos - caso pretenda, de fato, efetivar direitos inerentes ao ser humano. / Currently, the issue of drugs has gained increasing attention in the public debate, especially considering the paradigm of the \"crack epidemic\" and interventions in the so-called \"Cracolândias\". In this perspective, stereotypes and hegemonic discourses regarding the use/user of drugs appear as a means of controlling public policies and social practices, often culminating in the adoption of discriminatory measures, devoid of scientific evidence and contrary to the human rights guideline. In addition, such influence is not limited to \"common sense\", also reached professionals from various fields, within which those responsible for applying the law. In this sense, prejudice and discrimination stemming from stereotypes can act as barriers to access to appropriate treatments, legitimizing measures that, in fact, corroborate to social exclusion and that do not have proven effectiveness, among which we highlight the compulsory hospitalization. And, in view of this conjunction of factors, the Judiciary appears as an important agent in granting this measure, which often occurs in an unrelenting way and in total disharmony with fundamental rights. In this way, it is clear how stereotypes are an essential issue when we think of the consolidation of human rights. It is precisely from this perspective that the present master thesis is inserted, which aims to understand how stereotypes and hegemonic discourses about drug use influence the judicial decisions of compulsory hospitalization - and even its adoption as a public policy - and the protection of the human rights of this stigmatized group. To do so, we will work with the concept of stereotype and its consequences in terms of prejudice and discrimination, together with the influence of social discourses in the consolidation of certain practices to the detriment of others. Subsequently, we present the main stereotypes and narratives regarding drug use/user, which was done based on a review of the literature. Also based on this review, we will expose the position to which we are affiliated, emphasizing the need for public policies that are based on evidence and are in line with fundamental rights. Finally, based on an analysis of the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo, in compulsory hospitalization, we will reflect on the consequences of the aforementioned stereotypes and speeches within the scope of the Judiciary and the protection of rights, which showed the imminent need for the Law to take into account the influence of previously neglected factors - such as stereotypes - if it intends, in fact, to implement the inherent human rights.

The thesis argues for the inclusion of the study of religion within the public school curriculum. It argues that the whole division between “religious” and “secular” spaces and institutions is itself rooted in a specific religious tradition. Using the theories of Jacques Derrida, I argue that, unless the present process of globalization is tempered with alternative models of organizing that don’t include this secular/sacred division, the very process of Western globalization acts as a moral religion. Derrida calls this process “globalatinization,” the imposition of Western defined institutions upon other cultures. The process creates a type of religious violence through act of imposing notions of “secular/public” and “sacred/private.” Drawing from Mark Juergensmeyer’s theory of religious violence, and Derrida’s and Foucault’s understanding of discursive formations, I argue that religious studies should enter this “secular/public” space in the form of educating about the world’s religions. Such education would go a long way in preventing the demonization of the “other” through promoting empathy, understanding, and respect for “other” traditions. Finally, education would provide a needed self-critique of the dividing of “secular/sacred” in contemporary Western life.

In this thesis, the competing and shifting hegemonic discourses in Turkey-EU relations in the period between 1999 Helsinki European Council and 3 October 2005 are discussed in the framework of neo-Gramscian perspectives. In this study, initially the classic theories of European integration are analyzed and on the basis of the argument that the classic theories of European integration exhausted their potentials in explaining the European integration process, the neo-Gramscian perspectives are presented as an alternative theoretical framework. Deriving from the wavering character of Turkey-EU relations, the turning points in the related time period are defined and competing and shifting hegemonic discourses for both sides are discussed. The main argument of this thesis is that, since the very beginning of Turkey-EU relations, it has a wavering character and these relations are reproduced through the redefinition of competing and shifting hegemonic discourses with the active contribution of social actors in the related time period.

Educational textbooks have the power to influence pupils’ perception of the world. In the subject of English, this specifically concerns learning about cultures in different parts of the world where English is used. The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of cultural representation in two English Language Teaching (ELT) textbooks with the aim to make the hidden curriculum visible and to raise awareness among publishing houses and teachers. Using a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) based on Fairclough’s (2001) three-dimensional model in combination with Barthes’ (1977) Visual Semiotics methodology, we investigated which regions and countries were presented and how their cultures were constructed through texts and images. These findings were further compared to the cultural values and content of the Swedish curriculum, the genre of textbooks, and existing hegemonic discourses in society. In the analysis, Kachru’s (1986) Circles of World Englishes, Machin and Mayr’s (2012) toolkit for CDA, McKay’s (2010) interpretation of Anderson’s (1983) imagined communities, and Said’s (2003) concept of Orientalism were applied. Our findings show that the inner circle dominates and is depicted as superior in contrast to the outer and expanding circles. Although the textbooks include a variation of different cultures which is in line with the curriculum, representation of the outer and expanding circles is often stereotypical and underdeveloped which reinforces hegemonic discourses instead of acting to restructure them. This corresponds to previous studies in the genre, and hence, educators must work to ensure that the hidden curriculum in ELT textbooks is continuously made visible and challenged.